3月17日,《Naturemedicine》發表了一篇題為“The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2”的文章:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9
此文一出即被大量中文媒體廣泛引用,稱“美國專家否認新冠病毒是人工合成,病毒不是起源於武漢,甚至添油加醋聲稱已經流傳十幾年了”。
實際上原文中說的是SARS-CoV-2不是起源於武漢海鮮市場,並沒有說不是起源於武漢,隻是因為要明確是指哪裏的海鮮市場,所以出現“WuHan”一詞,至於“已經流傳十幾年”更是無中生有,原文中沒有一字提到新冠病毒“已經流傳十幾年”。
至於“不是人工合成”,原文中確實多次提到,根據基因序列數據分析可以判斷此病毒人工合成的可能性很小,但並沒有完全否定這種可能性。原文最後總結了病毒三種可能的來源,特別值得關注的是列出了第三種可能,下麵就是這段原文(和筆者譯文):
3. Selection during passage. (遷移/傳代中的選擇)
Basic research involving passage of bat SARS-CoV-like coronaviruses in cell culture and/or animal models has been ongoing for many years in biosafety level 2 laboratories across the world27, and there are documented instances of laboratory escapes of SARS-CoV28.
We must therefore examine the possibility of an inadvertent laboratory release of SARS-CoV-2.
包括SARS-CoV類似冠狀病毒的細胞培養和/或動物模型的基礎研究在全球很多生物安全二級(P2)實驗室中已經做了很多年,而且曾經有SARS-CoV實驗室逃逸的文獻記錄。
所以,必須檢查SARS-CoV-2實驗室非故意泄漏(釋放)的可能性。
In theory, it is possible that SARS-CoV-2 acquired RBD mutations (Fig. 1a) during adaptation to passage in cell culture, as has been observed in studies of SARS-CoV11. The finding of SARS-CoV- like coronaviruses from pangolins with nearly identical RBDs, however, provides a much stronger and more parsimonious explanation of how SARS-CoV-2 acquired these via recombination or mutation19.
理論上說,像在SARS-CoV研究中已經觀察到的一樣,SARS-CoV-2在細胞培養中由適應性傳代(遷移)可能獲得RBD變異。穿山甲(體內)類似SARS-CoV冠狀病毒的發現為SARS-CoV-2如何通過重組或變異獲得(RBD)提供了更有力更簡約的解釋。
The acquisition of both the polybasic cleavage site and predicted O-linke dglycans also argues against culture-based scenarios. New polybasic cleavage sites have been observed only after prolonged passage of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in vitro or in vivo17. Furthermore, a hypothetical generation of SARS-CoV-2 by cell culture or animal passage would have required prior isolation of a progenitor virus with very high genetic similarity, which has not been described. Subsequent generation of a polybasic cleavage site would have then required repeated passage in cell culture or animals with ACE2 receptors similar to those of humans, but such work has also not previously been described. Finally, the generation of the predicted O-linked glycans is also unlikely to have occurred due to cell-culture passage, as such features suggest the involvement of an immune system18.
多堿基切割位點和O-鏈接聚糖的獲得也對通過細胞培養(變異)提出爭議。隻有在長期低致病性禽流感病毒體內體外長期傳代後才觀察到多堿基切割位點。此外,細胞培養或動物傳代產生SARS-CoV-2的假設需要事先分離出具有非常高遺傳相似性的祖病毒,這種(工作)還沒有見到記述。一個多堿基切割位點的後續產生需要在細胞培養中或者在具有與人類相似的ACE2受體的動物中反複傳代,這類工作以前也沒有記述。最後,希望得到的O-鏈接聚糖也不太可能在細胞培養中發生,因為這種特性需要一個免疫係統的參與。
筆者按:綜上所述,此文在詳細分析了SARS-CoV-2基因序列後,得出的結論是:究竟新冠病毒的源頭是什麽目前仍然沒有定論,全文並沒有否定任何一種可能性的猜測,隻是更傾向於不是有意實驗室人工合成,但在第三種可能性中卻又提出必須檢查實驗室非故意泄漏的可能性,後麵雖然說明細胞培養需要長期的更嚴格的條件,但同時提到了動物實驗的可能性,指出兩種情形以前沒有記述並不等於沒有實驗室在做類似的工作。
本人以前就曾提出:比較SRAS-CoV-2在野生動物體內自然環境中傳代變異的概率 vs 病毒在實驗室人工細胞培養和/或動物實驗傳代變異的概率,哪個更大?