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英國新編曆史課本: 中國印象

(2010-08-23 12:44:41) 下一個



英國曆史課本:中國印象(1)

  最近看了一套新編的英國中學曆史教科書 (2008年出版)。
  
  這套教科書,竟然提到了中國。
  
  History in Progress (出版社:Heinemann)的這套書,第一冊裏,有四頁介紹中國,第二冊共有八頁。
  
  在英國的中學工作,過去從沒有看過一本教科書有提到中國,更不會提到鴉片戰爭。所謂的世界史,隻讀歐洲和美國。就算是談二戰,重點也是在歐洲。
  
  因此,看到了這套新的教科書裏有提到中國,我認真看了一下。
  
  英國新編曆史課本:開始對中國有興趣了(出版社:Heinemann)
  


英國新編曆史課本:開始對中國有興趣了(出版社:Heinemann)

  第一冊是給七年級的學生讀的(11-12歲)。這本書的第二單元是:生活和工作,有以下的幾個主題:
  
  1)公元1000年,英格蘭人的生活是怎麽樣的?(How did people live in England in 1000)
  
  2) 在諾曼人的統治下,人們的生活如何改變? (How did life change under Norman rule?)
  
  3) 在中世紀時,在中國生活的情況怎麽樣?(What was life like in China in the Middle Ages?)
  
  4)在中世紀時,在倫敦生活的情況怎麽樣?(What was life like in London in the Middle Ages?)
  
  5)中古時期的英國人害怕什麽?(What did medieval English people fear?)
  
  6) 在中世紀時期,女人的生活如何?(What was life like for women in the Middle Ages?)
  
  7) 印刷機如何改變世界? (How did the printing press change the world?)
  
  8)在都鐸時期,誰照顧窮人?(Who looked after the poor in Tudor times?)
  
  9) 在都鐸時期,人們如何享樂?(How did people enjoy themselves in Tudor times?)
  
  介紹了這九個主題後,還有一個文化總結。總結的標題是:“比較中古時期,在中國和英格蘭的生活”(Life in medieval China and England)
  
  單看這個單元介紹,我就看到了中國的力量。
  
  過去,對英國學生而言,中國是不存在的。可是,這一個單元裏,重點卻是中國和英格蘭的比較。為什麽不比較英格蘭和東京?為什麽不比較英格蘭和曼穀?
  
  在介紹中國的這四頁裏,第一個重點是中國的發明(Chinese inventions),第二個重點是“在元大都(汗八裏)城市的生活是怎麽樣的?”(What was life like in the city of Khanbaliq?)
  
 

  “中國的發明”共占兩頁,課文放了上麵這一張古畫,古意盎然。
  
  標題是:What do you know about China?(中國你知道多少?)
  
  課文是這麽寫的:These days China is one of the most important countries in the world. It has a population of about 1.3 billion. That’s more than 20 times the population of the United Kingdom. Many of the things that we use in our day-to-day lives are made in China.
  
  (現在,中國是世上最重要的國家之一。中國人口約有13億,比英國多出了20倍。我們今天日常使用的東西,很多都是在中國製造的。)
  
  接著又談了中國的幾大發明:Postal service, cannons, porcelain, paper money, silk, canals, printing, gunpowder, iron and steel. (郵遞服務、火炮、瓷器、紙幣、絲綢、運河、印刷術、火藥、鋼鐵)
  
  看到了‘郵遞服務’,我還真嚇了一跳。原來,課文是這麽說的:“在十三世紀,中國有出色的郵遞服務。皇帝享有最佳的服務。可靠的使者騎馬替皇帝送信。每隔幾公裏,就換一匹新的馬,這樣,一天就可以走上400公裏。第二等的信件,由信使步行送信,5裏一站。”
  
  (In the thirteenth century China had an efficient postal service. The best service was for the Emperor’s letters. These were carried by trusted messengers on horseback. They were given fresh horses every few kilometres so that they could travel up to 400 kilometres a day. Second class messages were carried by foot-runners with relay-stations 5 kilometres apart.  )

轉載自:http://janetwilliams.wordpress.com/

英國曆史課本:中國印象(2)

忽必烈:英國初中生認識中世紀的中國


        昨天提到了英國一本新的曆史教科書裏,提到了中國的發明。(教科書:History in Progress,第一冊,出版社Heinemann)
  
  課文的第二個重點是:“在元大都(汗八裏)城市的生活是怎麽樣的?”(What was life like in the city of Khanbaliq?)
  
  這兩頁課文裏,簡介了蒙古人、忽必烈,還列出了馬可波羅傳記裏,四則有關中國的文字。
  
  課文說:十三世紀初,英格蘭這一方,國王約翰和貴族男爵爭執不休,亞洲和東歐的百姓,遭受巨大威脅。凶悍的騎士大軍從蒙古直衝而下:他們就是蒙古人。蒙古人毀壞了村莊城鎮,還把擋路的人都殺掉了。到了十三世紀中期,盤大的蒙古帝國占據了亞洲的大部分。

(At the beginning of the thirteenth century, when King John was arguing with the barons in England, people in Asia and even Eastern Europe faced a far more serious threat. From Mongolia came huge armies of fierce warrior horsemen: the Mongols. The Mongols destroyed villages, towns and cities killing those who got in their way. By the middle of the thirteenth century the huge Mongol empire had spread across most of Asia.)
  
  為了激發學習興趣,課文穿插了一則傳聞(至於是不是聳人聽聞,讀者自己去決定吧!):
  
  你知道嗎?
  
  蒙古人是真的很凶悍的。蒙古人占據了梅爾夫城(當今位於土庫曼斯坦境內)後,殺掉了70萬居民,還吃掉了居民所有的貓和狗–至少傳言是這麽說的。)
  
  Did you know?
  
  (The Mongols were very fierce indeed. When they took the cityof Merv (which is in Turkmenistan these days) the Mongols killed all 700,000 inhabitants and ate all the cats and dogs – or so the story goes.)
  
  課文是如此介紹忽必烈的:誰是忽必烈?(Who was Kublai Khan?)
  
  從1260到1294年,忽必烈是蒙古帝國的可汗(偉大的領袖)。他是成吉思汗的孫子。蒙古軍凶悍,但忽必烈智慧過人,待人寬容。他推行紙幣,改善水利,他也修築道路、運河和發展大城市。
  
  (Kublai Khan was the Great Khan (great leader) of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294. He was the grandson of the First Great Khan, Genghis Khan. The Mongols were known as fierce soldiers but Kublai Khan was a wise and tolerant ruler. He introduced paper money and improved the water supply. Kublai Khan also built roads, canals and great cities.)
  
  課文列出了馬可波羅對中國的描寫。讀完之後,學生要回答兩個問題:
  
  1)在十三世紀,你覺得中國最讓你吃驚的事是什麽?(What is the most surprising thing you have found out about China in the thirteenth century?)
  
  2)你覺得中國最有趣的事是什麽?(What is the most interesting thing you have found out about China?)
  
  課文裏記錄了馬可波羅傳裏的四則文字,如下:
  
  (之一:有關忽必烈的皇宮):宮廷大而美,廳堂和寢殿處處。宮頂閃爍著七彩顏色,鮮紅、翡翠、湛藍、金黃,燦然光輝,晶瑩剔透,光耀奪目,遠目可及。
  
  (“There is a palace of great size and beauty with many halls and residential quarters. The roof blazes with scarlet and green and blue and yellow and every colour, so brilliantly varnished that it glitters like crystal and the sparkle of it can be seen far away.”)
  
  (之二:有關使用煤炭–雖然煤炭已在歐洲使用,但馬可波羅還未見過):他們使用一些石子般的東西,燒起來,像木頭一樣。他們當然也有柴薪。當地人口眾多,澡堂很多,澡堂的水總是熱的,柴薪不可能夠用。在那裏,每個人每星期至少到澡堂兩、三回,如果可能的話,冬天則每天都洗澡。有身份地位的人,家裏都有自己的浴室。這些石子般的東西,多又便宜,省下了很多木頭。
  
  (“They use stones that burn like logs. It is true that they have plenty of firewood, too. But the population is so enormous and there are so many bath-houses and baths constantly being heated, that it would be impossible to supply enough firewood, since there is no one who does not visit a bath-house at least three times a week to take a bath- in winter every day, if he can manage it. Every man of rank or means has its own bathroom in his house. So these stones, being very plentiful and very cheap, effect a great saving of wood.”)
  
  (之三:城市裏的生活):城裏有1萬2千座石橋,橋下可通大船。商賈富裕,夫人養尊處優。成吉思汗的臣民崇拜偶像,使用紙幣。他們吃狗肉和其他野獸,為基督教徒所不為。這個城市裏有4000個澡堂,男女幹淨無比,澡堂之大,澡堂之華麗,為世界之最。
  
  (“The city has 12,000 stone bridges, and beneath most of these bridges a large ship might pass. Here are many merchants who are very rich. Their ladies do nothing with their own hands and they live in the most elegant manner. The people are idolaters, subject to the Great Khan, and use paper money. They eat the flesh of dogs and other beasts, such as no Christian would touch for the world. In the city are 4,000 baths, in which the people, both men and women, keep their persons very cleanly. They are the largest and most beautiful baths in the world.”)
  
  (之四:夜幕之城):街道筆直寬敞,從城門的一頭,可以看見城門的另一頭。良舍華宮處處。有座大宮殿,尖塔上有巨鍾,午夜敲三下後,不可出城。每一道城門都有1000名衛兵駐守,保衛忽必烈,防止盜竊。
  
  (“The streets are so broad and so straight that from one gate another is visible. It contains many beautiful houses and palaces, and a very large one in the middle which has a steeple with a large bell which at night sounds three times, after which no man must leave the city. At each gate a thousand men keep guard to keep Kublai Khan safe and prevent injury by robbers.”)
  
  讀完了這四段文字,學生(11歲到12歲)描述在中世紀,在元大都(汗八裏)城裏,人們的生活如何。最後,學生要用五個英文字,來總結中世紀的中國的生活。(Back to the start: Which five words would you use to sum up life in China in the Middle Ages?)


英國曆史課本:中國印象(3)

馬戛爾尼伯爵:拜見乾隆皇帝(1793年)

 
         英國的這本新曆史教科書,第二冊裏,有關中國的重點是:“清朝:人們遺忘了的帝國? ”。(教科書:History in Progress, 第二冊,出版社Heinemann)
  
  使用這一冊的學生,上八年級(12-13歲)。
  
  課文提到英國派出了馬戛爾尼伯爵(Lord Macartney)出使中國,場麵浩大。
  
  課文簡介了清朝有個朝貢製度(tributary system),各國使節要向乾隆皇帝叩頭。“要下跪叩頭三次,然後,臉部朝地,額頭著地三次。這樣,皇帝才會接受贈禮。(kowtowing – (kneeling) three times, then lying fully face down on the floor and touching the ground with your forehead three times. The emperor would then receive gifts.)
  
  課文刊出了兩段文字,節錄自馬戛爾尼返回英國後,乾隆皇帝寫給英格蘭國王喬治三世的信。其中一段文字如下:
  
  “欲與本帝國建立貿易關係的野蠻異邦,不隻英格蘭一個。試想想,如果諸國都模仿英格蘭的惡行,要本君主賜予土地做貿易,本君主豈能同意?”
  
  (“England is not the only barbarian land that wishes to establish trade with our empire. Supposing that other nations were all to imitate your evil example and ask me to present them each and all with a site for trading purposes, how could I possibly agree?”)
  
  課文用這段話來總結:中國人克盡地主之誼,英國的使命,卻失敗了。(Although the Chinese were good hosts, the mission failed.)
  
  學生要回答兩個問題。根據課文的舉例,請說出(1)中國人對帝國的看法;英國人對帝國的看法,(2)兩國的看法有何相似和差異之處?
  
  根據以上的圖片(馬戛爾尼伯爵拜見乾隆皇帝),回答下列問題:
  
  1)馬戛爾尼伯爵如何拜見乾隆皇帝?
  
  2)你認為,馬戛爾尼伯爵又是如何拜見他自己的(英格蘭)國王喬治三世的?
  
  3)馬戛爾尼伯爵說,如果一個和他級位相等的中國人,向喬治三世的圖片叩頭,那麽他才會向乾隆皇帝叩頭。中國人不答應。如果馬戛爾尼伯爵真的叩頭了,和喬治三世的權力相比,這將如何說明中國皇帝的權力?
  
  (Lord Macartney said he would only perform the kowtow if a Chinese person of his rank kowtowed to a picture of King George. The Chinese refused. If he had performed the kowtow, what would this have said about the power of the Chinese emperor compared to the power of King George?)


英國曆史課本:中國印象(4)

1804年,一個在中國的犯人遭打

  今天繼續前文,記錄英國一本新曆史教科書裏,提到中國的重點。(教科書:History in Progress,第二冊,出版社Heinemann)
  
  課文第一段,用大白話來介紹清帝:“1662年到1795年,清朝共隻有三個皇帝。這三個皇帝都非常努力,把國家治理得很好。”(From1662 to1795 the Qing Dynasty was ruled by only three emperors. All three worked hard and ran the country well.)
  
  (這一點,未免說得太草率了吧!)
  
  “清朝:人們遺忘了的帝國?”(The Chinese Qing: a forgotten empire?)裏,介紹了清朝的政治製度。在“清朝的統治”(How was the Qing Dynasty run?)裏,記載了清朝設六部(吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工),每一部,隻用一句話概括。例如:
  
  Board of Civil Appointments: promoted and fired staff in the government.(吏:政府內,官員的升降)
  
  有趣的是,課文裏隻對‘刑’部(The Board of Punishment)感興趣,深入介紹,還加插了上圖。
  
  課文裏引用了兩段資料。課文說,第一則取自清朝法之第一法令(Article 1 of the Qing Legal Code):
  
  Five punishments:(五種刑罰)
  
  01)Beating with a light bamboo stick.用細竹枝擊打
  
  02)Beating with a heavy bamboo stick.用粗竹枝擊打
  
  03)Penal servitude (slavery). 苦役監禁
  
  04)Exile.放逐
  
  05)Penalty of death.死刑
  
  課文說,第二則資料取自清朝法之第二法令(Article 2 of the Qing Legal Code):
  
  The ten great wrongs:(十大罪狀)
  
  01)Plotting rebellion.圖謀造反
  
  02)Plotting to overthrowing the emperor.圖謀推翻皇帝
  
  03)Plotting treason.圖謀叛國
  
  04)Killing close family.殺害近親
  
  05)Dismembering a person or making poisons.肢解他人或生產毒藥
  
  06)Lack of respect (making mistakes while preparing food).不尊敬(準備食物時犯錯)
  
  07)Cursing one’s parents or grand parents.詛咒父母或祖父母
  
  08)Killing relatives.殺害親人
  
  09)Killing your teacher or a superior officer.殺害老師或上級
  
  10)Sexual relations with your own family.血親相奸
  
  把重點放在‘刑’,可能是因為是中國太遙遠了,陌生了,一定要來點兒辛辣刺激的內容,才會激發好奇心。(學生長大後,什麽都忘光了,一定會記得中國人的刑罰!)
  
  英國學生要回答這個問題:以上的‘五種刑罰’和‘十大罪狀’,這樣的司法製度,好處是什麽?壞處是什麽?
  
  課文還摘錄了兩段近代文章,要學生做出比較。
  
  近代文章片斷一:
  
  “皇帝晚年昏庸。他把權力移交給他偏寵的一個護衛,也沒有意識到人口膨脹帶來的社會問題。1644年,中國的人口是1億人,1850年,人口膨脹到4.3億。但是,公務員人數並沒有增加。政府官員把責任交給了缺乏經驗的人,或把控製權交給富有的地方鄉紳。”(2008年,一個現代的史學家的描寫)
  
  (“The emperor’s judgement failed in his later years. Not only did he pass much of his authority to a young bodyguard he favoured, he also failed to recognise social problems caused by overpopulation. The population had grown from 100 million in 1644 to 430 million in 1850. However, the number of government officials was not increased. Government officials gave responsibilities to less experienced members of staff or gave control of works to local rich gentry.”)
  
  “到了18世紀末,在中國的歐洲人,關注被控者的權利未受到重視一事。1773年,在澳門的葡萄牙當局逮捕了一個英國人,指他殺害一個中國男子,最後卻判他無罪,將他釋放了。中國官員卻認為,死者是個中國人,因此中國有權處理這宗案件。中國將這個英國人逮捕了,判他罪名成立,將他處決了。”(1996年,改編自一個現代史學家的作品)
  
  (“By the end of the eighteenth century, Europeans in China worried about a lack of concern for the rights of the accused. In 1773 the Portugese authorities in Macao arrested an Englishman accused of killing a Chinese man but after finding him innocent, they released him. The Chinese officials insisted that since the victim was Chinese they should have jurisdiction. They arrested him again, found him guilty, and executed him.”)
  
  總結課文:清朝的政府製度看起來非常嚴謹。但是,這樣的製度也有弊端。(A)根據以上兩段文字,你認為,這樣的統治製度有何弊端?(B)以上兩段文字都是現代史學家所寫的。你認為,為什麽政府官員當時不可能提出這些問題呢?(Why do you think government officials would not have raised the issues at the time?)
  

英國曆史課本:中國印象(5)


  七月29,2010//2翻開英國一套新的中學曆史教科書,中國開始露麵了。(教科書:History in Progress,第二冊,出版社Heinemann)。今天寫第五篇,重點介紹,做為係列總結。
  
  “清朝是否水平高、有文化、平等?”(Was the Qing Dynasty educated, cultured and equal?)
  
  這一個主題,共占四頁課文,我將在這一篇短文裏做個簡述。
  
英國中學生:從蔭餘堂看文物保護

  課文以“清朝房屋”開始,有一張蔭餘堂的鳥瞰圖。
  
  英國中學生:從蔭餘堂看文物保護
  
  課文說,蔭餘堂屬於清朝一個黃姓商人。1996年,黃姓家族的後人把此古宅賣給了美國麻州塞冷鎮碧波地博物館(Peabody Essex Museum)。
  
  學生有幾個問題要思考:
  
  1)找出蔭餘堂裏和現代房子共有的五個特色。
  
  2)假設你是個房屋經紀,1996年,你參觀了黃氏的蔭餘堂。黃先生說,他們想把古宅賣了。請設計一張宣傳單,替這棟古宅打廣告,要記得多描述古宅的特色。
  
  3)搬家可真累人啊!為什麽古宅不在中國修複?為什麽不在中國開一個博物院?思考:古宅在中國的壞處;古宅在美國的好處。
  
  
William Morris(威廉莫裏斯):古建築保護協會宣言(1877年)

  課文還有一小段文字,改寫自William Morris(威廉莫裏斯)1877年的“古建築保護協會”宣言。威廉莫裏斯是英國工藝美術運動的領導人。
  
  課文列出的文字如下:


學生要分析威廉莫裏斯的宣言
  
  學生要分析威廉莫裏斯的宣言
  
  這段話的最後一句是:“惟有妥善保護古建築,才能教育、啟發後來者。”
  
  認識了蔭餘堂後,再讀了威廉莫裏斯的重要宣言,在總結時,同學們要思考三個題目:
  
  1)為何威廉莫裏斯說維護曆史建築很重要?
  
  2)維護建築,可讓人學習到什麽?
  
  3)維護建築,能如何讓我們了解到當時的社會、信念和做法?
  
  接下來有兩頁,描述了清代婦女的生活(The life of a Qing Dynasty woman).
  
 X光照片:纏足婦女的腳

  課文放了以上這張X光照片,把英國孩子帶入中國纏足的曆史裏。
  
  另有兩則短文。一是一名清代婦女的日記,寫著她11歲時奉父之命嫁人的一生。日記裏說:“現在我的丈夫死了,我必須做個忠心的寡婦,永不再嫁。如果我沒有孩子,別人會希望我了結自己的生命。”
  
  另一則短文是教媽媽替女兒纏足的指示。“要從6歲開始……最理想是三寸金蓮。”(The desired length is 3 inches – the lotus foot.)
  
  課文以中西文化的對比做結束。“中國清代的纏足看起來似乎很野蠻,但是,這和同一時期裏,歐洲婦女的束腹(corset wearing)曆史很相似。穿著束腹會導致婦女身體變畸形。沒了束腹,女人無法坐著或站立,她無法深呼吸……。”
  
  (Chinese foot binding during the Qing Dynasty may seem barbaric. However, it bears a striking resemblance to European corset wearing, which was happening at the same time. Wearing a corset left a woman’s body deformed. She would be unable to sit or stand without a corset. She would find it impossible to draw deep breath…….)
  
  課文有一個思考題:比較中國的纏足(foot binding)和歐洲的束腹(corset wearing)。當時的男人如何看待女人?當時的女人如何看待自己?
  
 【END】 

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