Geology
Reference: Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling, and Production by Norman J. Hyne.
Earth = 4.5 billion years old
Clean Sand => well sorted sandstone
Dirty Sand => clay-sized grains
Water table
Parts Per Thousand (PPT) salt content
Fresh water = 0 ~ 1 ppt
Sea water = 35 ppt
Brines = 300 ppt
percolate ['p/&r/ k/&/ leit] 動 過濾;使滲出;使浸透
silt [silt] 名 淤泥.[被]以淤泥塞住
granule ['gr/a/ nju:l] 名 小粒;細粒;顆粒
pebble ['pebl] 名 鵝卵石;水晶[透鏡];瑪瑙;粗麵
cobble ['k/o/ bl] 名 圓石;鵝卵石;圓石子路;圓煤塊 動 鋪鵝卵石;修;拙劣地修補;粗劣地修補
Boulder > Cobble > Pebble > Granule > Sand > Silt > Clay-sized
Poorly sorted rock
cementation [s/E/ men'tei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 水泥接合;接合
Clastic sediments: => by breakdown of rocks and were transported and deposited as whole particles
Organic sediments => seashells
Crystalline sediments => precipitation of salt out of water
crystalline ['kristlain] 形 水晶的;透明的
clastic ['kl/a/ stik] 形 碎片性的
Plutonic [plu:'t/o/ nik] 形 Pluto的;陰間的
Plutonic igneous rock => crystallized and solidified while still below the surface of the earth. It takes thousands of years to solidify, => large crystals.
Volcanic igneous rocks => crystallize on the surface of the earth as lava. As the lava flows out of a volcano, it immediately comes in contact with air or water and rapidly solidifies. =>very small crystals the naked eyes cannot distinguish.
Black oil or low-shrinkage oil=>long heavey non-voatile molecules, usually black;
Volatile oil or high-shrinkage oil=>intermediate size molecules
Retrograde gas=>a gas in reservoir under original pressure and liquid condensate forms in the subsurface as the pressure decreases with production
Wet gas=>entirely as gas in reservoir during production but prodeces a liquid condensate on the surface.
Dry gas=>pure methane, it does not produce condensate either in the reservoir or on the surface
British Thermal Unit (btu)=heat given by burning 1 wooden match
1 cubic feet of natural gas = 1000 btu
1 BOE = 6040 cubic ft of averaged natural gas
condensate [k/&/ n'deinseit] 名 濃縮物[液];固化物
hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
coke [k/O/ k] 名 焦炭;製成焦炭;成焦炭;可口可樂
kerosene ['k/ar/ /&/ s/E/ n] 名 燈火;火油;煤燈
naphtha ['n/a/ f/th/ /&/ ] 名 揮發油
butane [bju:'tein] 名 丁烷[碳化氫的一種]
propane ['pr/O/ pein] 名 丙烷[碳氫化合物之一種]
ethane ['e/th/ ein] 名 乙烷[石油中發出的可燃氣體]
methane ['me/th/ ein] 名 甲烷;沼氣
naphthene n. [化] (石油)環烷, 環烷(屬)
butylene n. [化]丁烯
propylene ['pr/O/ p/&/ l/E/ n] 名 丙烯
ethylene ['e/th/ /&/ l/E/ n] 名 乙烯
methane ['me/th/ ein] 名 甲烷;沼氣
Feedstock: material used for production
Gasline => 5 ~ 10 carbon atoms
1 barrel = 42 gallons
Pour Point: 52 degree centigrade to –60 degree centigrade
Cloud Point: is 1 or 2 degrees lower than the Pour Point.
Sulfur:
Sweet crudes: < 1% sulfur by weight
Sour crudes: > 1% sulfur by weight
Heavy oil => in general sour; Light oil => sweet
Low sulfur crude: 0 ~ 0.6% sulfur
Intermediate sulfur crude: 0.6 ~ 1.7% sulfur;
High sulfur: above 1.7% sulfur.
American Petroleum Institute:
API = 141.5 / specific gravity at 60 degree Feriheit – 131.5
Average weight crude oils: 25 ~ 35 API
Heavy oilds are below 25 API
asphaltic [/a/ s'foltik] 形 柏油的
Asphaltic molecules > 40 carbon atoms
pungent ['p/A/ nd/zh/ /&/ nt] 形 苦痛.刺激性.嚴厲.尖的
近義詞： acid; biting; bitter; sharp; spicy; stinging; tangy
benzene ['benz/E/ n] 名 苯[煤焦油提的溶劑]
aromatic [/a/ r/&/ 'm/a/ tik] 形 香氣濃的;芬芳[族]的
Aromatic molecules and benzene molecules: CnH2n-6, with double bounds, with some unsaturated (double) bounds.
waxy ['w/a/ ksi] 形 像蠟的;蒼白的;上蠟的 形 蠟樣變性的;震怒;易怒的
paraffin ['p/a/ r/&/ fin] 名 石蠟;地蠟;石蠟油;煤油
Paraffin or alkane molecule is a straight chain of carbon atoms (CnH2n+2), (n>=5) when the paraffin modecule is longer than 18 carbons in length; it is a wax (waxy crude oil)
naphthene n. [化] (石油)環烷, 環烷(屬)
Naphthene or cycloparaffin modecule is a closed circle with saturated bonds between the carbon atoms (CnH2n), oil with high naphthene content tend to have a large asphalt content that reduces the value of the oil.
wildcat ['wailk/a/ t] 名 山貓;急性;有勇無謀 名 試井;危險的;投機的
derrick ['d/ar/ ik] 名 起重機之一種;鐵架塔[油井]
Black shale (organic-rich) is the most common for source rock;
Oil is formed between 65 to 150 degree centigrade at a depth of 2km; Gas at >150 degree centigrade and at depth of 5.5km;
In Tulsa, there are up to 1500m of well-layered sedimentary rocks. (About 100 layers)
Basement rocks = unproductive rocks = igneous and metamorphic rocks = very old rocks
When drilling encounters base rock, the drilling is usually stopped.
A Shield area= basement rocks exposed to the surface (no sediment rocks) => such as Canadian Shield in eastern Canada, tends to be a large low-lying area. Ore minerals such as iron, copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver are mined from the basement rock in shield areas.
Basin = sedimentary rocks are very thick. The Caspian basin has about 26km sedimentary rock cover. Most gas and oil is found and produced from the sedimentary rock basins.
Source rock = buried deep enough in the geological past to generate gas and oil. The deep part the basin where the gas and oil forms is called the kitchen or oven.
There are 600 sedimentary rock basins in the world, among them 40% are very productive, while the rest are barren. The unproductive basins either have no source rocks, the source rocks have never been buried deep enough to generate gas ad oil, or the basin has was overheated, and the oil was destroyed.
Minerals = crystals and grains in rocks.
amorphous [/&/ 'morf/&/ s] 形 無定形的;非結晶質的
Amorphous = minerals that have no crystal form
plum [pl/A/ m] 名 李.梅子;葡萄乾;精華;十萬磅金錢 名 報償;意外收益;近深藍色的紫色
cleavage ['kl/E/ vid/zh/ ] 名 劈開;分裂;劈裂性
近義詞： break; division; split
Cleavage = the tendency for some minerals to break along smooth surfaces
Moh’s scale = the hardness of a mineral: mineral talc=1, diamond =10
talc [t/a/ lk] 名 滑石;雲母
Specific gravity = relative weight of a mineral compared to the weight of an equal volume of water.
mica ['maik/&/ ] 名 雲母
Mica = a common mineral that breaks along one perfect cleavage plane, forming very thin, elastic flakes. KAl3Si3O10(OH)2.
Quartz = SiO2
calcite ['k/a/ lsait] 名 方解石
Calcite = CaCO3
halite ['h/a/ lait] 名 岩鹽
Halite = NaCl is common table salt
gypsum ['d/zh/ ips/&/ m] 名 石膏
Gypsum = CaSO4 2H2O = alabaster
pyrite ['pairait] 名 黃鐵礦
Pyrite = (FeS2) = fool’s gold
igneous ['igni/&/ s] 形 火的;似火的;火成的
igneous rock 火成岩
Granite is the most common intrusive, igneous rock. It has the coarse grained texture characteristic of all plutonic rocks. It consists of the minerals quartz, feldspar, biotite and hornblende.
Basalt = the most abundant volcanic rock. It has the fine-grained texture characteristic of lava. Gas bubbles were frozen in the basalt.
gneiss [nais] 名 片麻岩
Gneiss = product of intense metamorphism. It is easily identified by its foliated texture.
conglomerate [k/&/ n'gl/o/ m/&/ rit] 形 密集而固結的
Conglomerate = a clastic rock with a wide range of pebble- to clay-size grains.
Sandstone = composed primarily of sand grains that have been naturally cemented together.
Shale = composed of clay-sized particles and is the most common sedimentary rock. It is usually well-layered and relatively soft. Shell breaks down to mud when exposed to water. Shale is commonly deposited on river floodplains and on the bottom of oceans, lake or lagoons.
Black Shale = common source rocks for gas and oil.
Gray Shale = a caprock on a reservoir rock in a petroleum trap.
Mudstone = similar to shale but is composed of both silt- and clay-sized grains.
Limestone = composed of calcite mineral grains that range in size from very fine to large, sparking crystals.
Many animals that live in the sea such as corals and clams secrete shells of lime (CaCO3).
Fossil Assemblage = a group of fossils found in the same sedimentary rocks.
Paleontologists = scientists who study fossils.
Weathering = the breakdown of solid rock.
Erosional Process = those that transport and deposit sediments.
Unconformity = Buried, ancient erosional surfaces are called unconformities.
Disformity = an erosional channel in which the sedimentary rock layers above and below the erosional surface parallel. It is an ancient river channel that is usually filled with sand that has become sandstone.
Angular unconformity = an ancient erosional surface in which the sedimentary rock layers below the unconformity are tilted at an angle to the layers above the unconformity. Angular unconformity can form gas and oil traps. The sedimentary rock layer above it must be a caprock that acts as a seal; usually a shale or salt layer; the gas and oil forms below the unconformity in a source rock as black shale. Angular unconformities can cover large subsurface areas, they can form giant gas and oil fields. (East Texas field discovered in 1930 by random drilling 72km by 8km with more than 30,000 wells with 5 billion bbls and the Prudhoe Bay field in Alaska are both angular unconformity traps.
Young Anticline = prolific petroleum producers occur as a line of hills that cross the LA basin. If the anticlines are relatively young, they haven’t been eroded and appear as topographic ridges on the surface.
Plunging anticlines/synclines = most anticlines and synclines are not level and are tilted with respect to the surface of the earth.
plunge [pl/A/ nd/zh/ ] 動 鑽進;使陷入;投入;全埋在地
近義詞： dive; drop; fall; plummet
Nose = the pattern of an eroded plunging anticline or syncline is lobate-shaped, called a nose.
lobate ['l/O/ beit] 形 有lobe的
Dome = a circular or elliptical uplift. When eroded flat, a dome forms a bull’s eye pattern of concentric rock layers with the oldest rock in the center.
Middle East oil fields = anticline and dome traps.
Cushing oil field southwest of Tulsa = an anticline with three domes superimposed on it, which reservoir rock is the Bartlesville Sandstone along with several other sandstones and a limestone. It was the largest oil field during WWI.
Homoclines = sedimentary rocks dipping uniformly in one direction are known as a homocline. Alternating layers of hard and soft sedimentary rocks in a homocline will be eroded to form a series of parallel ridges on the surface of the ground.
Joints = fractures in the rocks without any movement of one side relative to the other. Joints in sedimentary rocks improve the reservoir qualities of the rock.
Faults = breaks in the rocks along which one side has moved relative to the other. The relative movement of each side is used to classify faults: dip-slip faults move primarily up and down; whereas strike-slip faults move primarily horizontal; oblique-slip faults have roughly equal dip-slip and strike-slip displacements.
Footwall = the side of a fault that extends under the fault plane
Hanging Wall = the side that protrudes above the fault plane
Throw = the vertical displacement on a dip-slip fault.
Downthrown Side = the side of the dip-slip fault that goes down
Upthrown Side = the side that goes up
Normal dip-slip fault = if the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall.
Graben is the down-dropped block between two normal faults.
horst n. 地壘
Horst = the ridge left standing between two grabens.
Reverse dip-slip fault = if the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall. It is possible to drill through this fault and encounter the same rock layers twice in a double section. Reverse fault is caused by compression; while a normal fault is caused by tension (the opposite).
Sealing Fault = it prevents fluid flow across or along the fault.
Fault Traps = common but are usually relatively small because a single fault is linear and doesn’t have sides to contain large volumes of petroleum.
Two most common petroleum reservoir rocks are sandstones and carbonates (limestones and dolomites). Most sandstones and limestones however, are not reservoir rocks. Some reservoir rocks, such as limestone reefs and river channel sandstones, were deposited completely encased in shale. Because the shale below is a source rock for gas and oil and the shale above is a caprock, the reef or channel contains gas and oil. This is called a primary stratigraphic trap.
limestone ['laimst/O/ n] 名 石灰石
dolomite ['d/ol/ /&/ mait] 名 白雲石;白雲石山脈
encase [in'keis] 動 裝進容器內;包;圍繞
Sand Dunes are formed by wind in both desert and coastal environment. The only size is only clay-size and silt-size and is always well-sorted and can be excellent reservoir rock.
Rocky Mountain Overthrust Belt oil and gas fields = ancient dune sandstones formed extensive subsurface sandstone reservoirs (Jurassic age Nugget Sandstone).
Point Bars = the crescent-shaped well-sorted sand bars deposited on the inside of the river meanders
Incised Valley Fills = most river channel sandstones are deposited and preserved during a fall and rise of sea level. During sea level fall, the river incises (erodes) a valley; and during sea level rise, the valley is filled with sands. If the sands are overlain by a caprock, it can form a gas or oil trap.
Reefs = mounds of shells formed by a plant or animal. If the ancient reef is covered with a shale or salt caprock, it forms a gas and oil trap.
A large portion of the oil production in Canada comes from buried Devonian age atolls and carrier reefs, located primarily in Alberta.
atoll ['/a/ tol] 名 環礁
Limestone Platform = a large area covered with shallow tropical seas where limestones are being deposited.
Oolites = As water saturated with calcium carbonate flows over the limestone platform, calcium carbonate precipitates out of the water forming sand- and silt-size spheres called oolites.
oolite n. [地質]魚卵石, 魚卵狀石灰石,鮞粒岩
Oolitic limestones = limestones composed of oolites. They have excellent original porosity and can be good reservoir rock.
Karst Limestone = A highly dissolved (by water with carbon dioxide = carbonic acid) limestone and can have excellent porosity and permeability. Some karst limestones have caves but more often they have solution pores up to several inches in diameter called vugs. The great Middle East oil fields are primarily in limestone reservoir rocks. Their excellent porosity and permeability come from vugs in the karst limestone.
karst [ka:st] 名 石灰岩地區常見的地形
Chalks = extremely fine-grained limestones composed of microfossil shells (single-celled animals).
Dolomites = (CaMg(CO3)2) sedimentary rock that forms only by the alteration of a pre-existing limestone. Dolomite is often a good reservoir rock. Limestones tend to lose porosity when they are buried deeper due to compaction. Dolomites, however, are harder and less soluble than limestones and retain porosity. The dolomitized oil field reefs of western Canada have an average of 1% more porosity and 10 times greater permeability than the limestone reefs.
Sweden = no petroleum.
Middle East = more than one-third. Where the sedimentary rocks are thick, a large amount of petroleum is likely to occur. Where there are no sedimentary rocks, there is no petroleum.
Basin = a large area with thick sedimentary rocks. A basin is formed by subsidence of the basement rock. The depression is originally filled with ocean water and, eventually, with sediments. Subsidence occurred during the Paleozoic time and very thick carbonates and evaporates accumulated during the Silurian time at the Michigan basin.
Half-graben basins = formed by subsidence along one side of a normal fault.
Coastal Plains = formed by thick sediments deposited adjacent to an ocean. They originate when mountains are uplifted adjacent to a coast. As erosion lowers the mountains, streams deposit sands along the beaches, and waves carry the silts and clays offshore. The sandy beaches are deposited (prograde) out into the ocean, forming the coastal plain.
Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain = 12km to 18km of sedimentary rocks. It is the of the most prolific petroleum producing areas of the world.
Atlantic Coastal Plain = barren for gas and oil, possibly due to the lack of source rock;
facies n. 麵容, 外觀, 表麵, 外表, (生態學中的)演替係列優種社會, 演替係列變群叢, [地]相
A single layer of sedimentary rock can be composed of several different rock types, each is a facies, a distinctive portion of the rock layer.
A Facies Change = change between rock types.
Sediments being deposited along the margin of an ocean have both a sandstone and shale facies.
As waves wash ashore, silt and clay are suspended in the water. The mud is carried offshore and deposited in deep water to become shale. Sand, too heavy to be suspended in the water by the waves, is deposited on the beach to become sandstone. This forms a layer of sediments with a shale (deep-water) and sandstone (beach) facies.
Jurassic Age Smackover Limestone = subsurface of the northern GOM coastal plain (4.6km to 6km) and in some area it is good reservoir rock. The best reservoir rock is the oolite facies. In Texas, parts of the oolite facies have been dolomitized, increasing the porosity to 30%. The salt facies, in contrast, is impermeable and acts as a caprock.
Sandstone pinch or wedge out in a shale layer = trap
Pinch out of dolomite in salt along the edge of a basin = trap
Sometimes the boundary between two facies is harp, and the rock interfinger or wedge out in another rock layer.
Topographic map = shows the elevation of the earth’s surface.
Geological Map = shows where each rock layer crops out on the surface of the earth. Each rock layer is given a different pattern, color, and symbol on the map.
A formation = the basic sedimentary rock layer used for geologic mapping. A formation is a mapable rock layer with a definite top and bottom. Geologists have divided all sedimentary rocks into formations.
A formation = has a two-part name. The first part is a town, where the layer crops out on the surface; the second part is the dominant rock type, such as sandstone or limestone. E.g. Bartlesville Sandstone.
If the sedimentary rock layer is a mixture of rock types, the word formation is used: The Coffeyville Formation (composed of both sandstone and shale).
Members = Formations ca be subdivided into smaller units. A member is a distinctive but local bed in a formation. It is also given a formal, two-part name. For example, the Layton Sandstone Member is part of the Cofferyville Formation.
If the member is only found in subsurface, it is given a letter and number such as the H5 Sands Member. Adjacent formations of similar rocks can be jointed to form a group and given a geographic name (i.e. the Chase Group).
A geologic map is a flat, two-dimensional representation of the earth’s surface.
Strike = horizontal orientation of a plane, such as a sedimentary rock layer or a fault.
Dip = the direction and vertical angle of the plane, it is measured perpendicular to the strike line.
A Base Map = a map that shows the position of the wells that have drilled in an area.
Spotting a well = involves that location of a wellsite and placing the well symbol on a base map.
A Structure Map = uses contours to show the elevation of the top of a subsurface sedimentary rock layer. An important structural map would be one contoured on the top of a potential reservoir rock or drilling target. Faults are shown as a straight line.
An Isopach Map = uses contours to show the thickness of a surface layer. If an oil or gas field has been drilled, an Isopach map can be made of the pay zone.
Pay Zone = the vertical distance in a well that produces gas and/or oil.
Gross Pay = contours the entire reservoir thickness including nonproductive water-bearing and tight zones.
Net Pay = contours only the productive thickness of the reservoir. A net pay isopach map of a reservoir is used to calculate the reservoir volume and the oil and gas reservoir.
Sandstone Pinch or Wedge Out = the isopach contour becomes zero.
A Percentage Map = plots the percentage of a specific rock type such as sandstone in a formation. Higher percentages of reservoir quality rocks, such as sandstones and carbonates, imply a larger reservoir net pay.
The continents are surrounded by a shallow, almost flat platform, the Continental Shelf. It extends from the beach out with a slope of less than 1 degree to the shelf break.
The Shelf Break is located in an average water depth of 140m. The width of the continental shelf varies from 0.8km to 800km with an average with of 80km.
Continental Slope = seaward of the continental shelf and slope break. The continental slope leading down to the bottom of the ocean has a slop of about 4 degrees and is the geological edge of the continents.
Trubidity current deposits are called turbidites and can be sandstone reservoirs.
turbidity [t/&r/ 'bid/&/ ti] 名 混濁;混亂
Deep-water production on the continental slopes of the GOM, western African, and Brazil are from turbidite sands deposited in submarine canyons and submarine fan distributary channels now buried in the surface. The sands are relatively young and have not been buried too deep. Because of that they often have porosites of 20 to 30%, thousands of millidarcy permeability, and are excellent reservoir rocks. They riled oil and gas a high rate to wells to justify the cost of drilling in deep water.
The deepest parts of the seafloor are Ocean Trenches.
The basement rock that forms the crust of the earth is basalt lava rock. It averages 8km in thickness. Continents are high in elevation because they also have granite, averaging 27km. Much thicker than basalt.
A Source Rock is a rock that forms gas or oil. The source of gas and oil is organic matter preserved in sedimentary rocks. Some organic matter is preserved when quickly buried by other sediments before it decayed or was deposited on the bottom of a sea with stagnant, oxygen-free waters. The black color of sedimentary rocks include coal, shale and some limestones.
Plant material is transformed into coal by temperature and time. Wood and coal have a specific chemistry that can generate only methane (CH4) gas. That’s why coalmines are dangerous. Wells are often drilled to Coal Bed to produce Coal Bed or Coal Seam Gas (methane gas).
The gas occurs adsorbed to the surface of the coal along natural fractures called Clints. A coal seam gas well first produces water for a period of time up to a year as the fractures drain. As the pressure in the coal decreases, the methane gas is released from the surface of the coal. (including non-woody plant, algae).
Black Shale = commonly 1 to 3% organic matter by weight; it can have up to 20%.
Green Shale or Gray Shale = 0.5%
Middle East, Dark Limestones are also source rocks.
Biogenic or Microbial gas = large volumes of methane gas (swamp or marsh gas) generated by bacterial action on the organic matter at relative4 shallow depths. Generation of biogenic gas decreases with depth as bacterial action decreases with increasing temperature.
microbial
microbe
Immature Oil = Heavy oil 150 F-200 F
Mature Oil = light oil 250 – 300 F
> 300F crude oil is irreversibly transformed into graphite and natural gas. This temperature can only happens at a depth of about 5.5km in a sedimentary rock basin.
The generation of a liquid or gas from a solid causes a large increase in volume. This stresses the source rock and fractures the shale.
Carrier Beds = rock layers that are very permeable and transmit fluids.
Migration = the vertical and lateral flow of the petroleum from the source rock
Only about 0.3 to 36% of all the gas and oil that forms in a sedimentary rock basins, is ever trapped.
Light Oil and Thermogenic Gas can migration a long distance.
Free Gas Cap = Once the gas and oil migrate into the trap, the gas being lightest, goes to the top of the trap to form the free gas cap.
Oil Reservoir = the oil goes to the middle of the trap
Salt Water = the heaviest goes to the bottom.
A Saturated Pool = always has a free gas cap on top of the oil reservoir. The oil in the reservoir has dissolved all the natural gas it can hold and is saturated.
An Unsaturated Pool = lacks a free gas cap. The oil has some dissolved gas but it can hold more and is unsaturated.
Sometime there is only a gas reservoir on water.
Gas-oil Contact = the boundary in the reservoir between the free gas cap and the oil.
Oil-water Contact =
Crest = the top of the trap.
The exploratory well is usually drilled on structure (on the crest).
Off Structure = when a well is drilled to the side of the crest.
A Dry Hole, Duster or Wet Well = If a well is drilled too far off structure, it might not encounter commercial amounts of oil or gas
duster
Caprock or Seal = in a trap the reservoir rock must be overlain by caprock or seal, an impermeable rock layer that doesn’t allow fluids to flow through it.
Shales and Salt Layers = two common caprocks. Well-cemented or shaly rocks, micrite, chalk and permafrost can also be caprocks.
Oil in Oklahoma = generated and trapped during the Pennsylvanian time. (325 – 290 Million Years—Coal Deposites)
North Slope of Alaska = Cretaceous time (144-65 Million Years—Flowering plants, modern insect, bird and mammal groups)
Gulf of Mexico = some of the oils are very young, just a couple million years old, and some oil is probably still forming and accumulating today.
A Reservoir Rock = a rock that can both store and transmit fluids. A reservoir rock must have both porosity and permeability.
Porosity = is the percent volume of the rock that is not occupied by solids.
Pore = the spaces of a porous rock.
There are several accurate methods to measure porosity using well cuttings, cores, and wireline well logs.
Well Cutting or Rock Chips = made by the drill bit are flushed up the well by the drilling mud. Well cutting are exampled by geologists using binocular microscope to identify the rock types and see the pores.
A Core is a cylinder of rock that is drilled from the well. A small Plug in the shape of cylinder is cut from the core. The plug is then dried to remove the fluids from the pores. Porosimeter is used then to measure the porosity of the plug.
Three sideline well logs—Neutron Porosity, Formation Density and Sonic-Velocity logs.
Very deep gas reservoirs need very little porosity because of the very high pressure.
Porosity=0~5% is insignificant; 5~10% is poor; 10~15% fair; 15~20% good; 20~25% excellent.
Porosity Cutoff = a minimum porosity value is often used to help decide whether or not to complete an oil well. (Sand stone is 3~5% porosity cutoff).
Permeability = a measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through a rock. Permeability is measured in Darcies (D) or milidarcies (md). A millidarcy is 0.001 Darcy.
A Darcy = the permeability that will allow a flow of a cubic centimeter under a differential pressure of a atmosphere.
Permeameter = used to measure the permeability of the dried plug by measuring the flow of air or nitrogen through it.
10md = poor; 10-100md = good; 100-1000md is excellent (for an oil reservoir)
Tight or Tight Sands = A very low or no permeability sandstone or carbonate.
Any fractured rock can be a reservoir rock. Fractured shales, cherts and chalks are reservoir rocks in many fields.
serpentine
IN East of Austin, volcanoes erupted during the Cretaceous time; the area was covered with GOM waters. The submarine lava spread out along the ocean bottom, forming mushroom-shaped deposits of basalt. The surface of the basalt was highly fractured and weathered by seawater, giving it porosity and permeability. Sediments then covered the volcanoes that are not buried in the Texas coastal plain. Oil later migrated up into the weathered basalt that is called serpentine by the drillers.
Granite Wash = potential reservoir rock formed by the weathering of granite. Granite is composed of large, well-sorted, sand-sized mineral grains and weathers to form well-sorted sandstone that can be very thick. After the granite and granite wash have been buried in the subsurface, oil and gas can form in source rocks at a lower elevation. The oil and gas can then migrated up and into the granite wash.
Saturation = the relative amount of the oil/gas and water sharing the pores of the reservoir will vary from reservoir to reservoir and is called saturation. It is expressed as a percent and always adds up to 100%.
Oilfield Brine = very salty water that shared the pores with the oil. Saturation is why most oil wells pump not only oil, but also water called oilfield brine.
Oil Shales = sedimentary rocks rich in a type of organic matter called kerogen. Oil Shales are organic-rich source rocks that are old enough but have never been buried deep enough for heat to transform the organic matter into oil. They are immature source rocks.
Shale Oil = when the oil shale is heated to about 350C, kerogen is transformed into crude oil called Shale Oil.
Because the oil shale crops out, it can be surface-mined. The oil shale on the sides of the cavern is set on fire for heat to generate oil in the subsurface.
Tar Sands = composed of very heavy oil mixed with sands. The oil is too viscous to be produced by conventional methods. Very large tar sand deposits occur in northern Alberta and Venezuela.
Spill Point = The trap can be filled down to a level, called the spill point, at which it cannot hold any more.
Field = the surface area directly above one or more producing reservoirs on the same trap such as an anticline. The field is commonly given a geographic name such as a town, hill or creek.
A Reservoir = a subsurface zone that produces oil and gas but does not communicate with other reservoirs.
Structural Traps = formed by deformation of the reservoir rock, such as a fold or fault – anticlines and domes
Primary stratigraphic traps = formed by deposition of the reservoir rock, such as a river channel sandstone or limestone reef that is often completely encased in shale.
A Secondary Stratigraphic Trap is formed by an angular unconformity.
A Combination Trap has both structural and stratigraphic elements.
Rollover Anticline = a large potential gas and oil trap, commonly occurs on the basin side of the growth fault.
Sealing Faults = divide the structure into individual procuring compartments or pools. They may have different oil-water and gas-oil contacts in reservoir level, or pressure level.
Drag Folds = formed by friction generated along a fault plane when a fault moves. Friction causes the beds on either side of the fault to be dragged up on one side and down on the other side of the fault.
Overthrust or Disturbed Belts = where most mountain ranges on land were formed by compressional forces and display compressional features such as folds, reverse faults and thrust faults. (Rocky Mountains, numerous thrust faults and the drag folds in the Nugget Sandstone at 3km below the surface)
Secondary Stratigraphic Traps = Angular Unconformities angular unconformities can form giant gas and oil traps when a reservoir rock is terminated under an angular unconformity and overlain by a seal. Example: East Texas field with 5 billion bbls and Prodhoe Bay field with 13 billion bbls (Permian-Triassic age Sadlerochit Sandstone).
Primary Stratigraphic Traps = Reefs, Beaches, River Channels and incised valley fills and updip pinch outs of sandstones form primary stratigraphic traps.
Salt = composed primarily of halite, is a solid that flows slowly as a viscous liquid under pressure. A salt layer is formed by the evaporation of water.
halite
Piercement Dome = When sands and shales are deposited on the salt layer, the weight of the overlying sediment presses down on the salt layer. The salt lifts up a weak area in the overlying sedimentary rocks,. As the salt rises, it uplifts and pierces overlying sedimentary rocks to form a piercement dome.
Large amounts of salt are dissolved as the rising salt dome comes in contact with water in the overlying sediments. However 1 to 5% of the salt is insoluble anhydrite. As the salt dissolves, an insoluble layer called the caprock builds up on the top of the dome. This caprock ranges from 30 to 300M thick. The caprock if often highly fractured and has vugular pores.
anhydrite
Individual salt domes often have numerous petroleum traps. There can be hundreds of Salt Overhangs in all directions.
cavernous
dolomite
spindle
The Spindletop slat dome near Beaumont, TX was the first salt dome successfully drilled for petroleum (1901). A large mound with gas seeps marked the surface expression of the Spindletop salt dome. A well on that mound was drilled into the Spindletop caprock at just below 300m in 1901. The caprock was very cavernous dolomite with high-pressure oil in it. The well blew out as the world’s first great gusher at the rate of 100k bbls of green-black oil per day to a height of 30m above the derrick.
gusher
Within 9 months, 64 more wells were completed into the Spindletop caprock, each producing a gusher. Production was depleted in 1903 because of unrestricted production. It was not until 1925 that the deeper oil along the flanks of Spindletop was discovered. Spindletop created more than 100 companies, including Texco.
Petroleum Geologist = exploration and development of petroleum reservoirs
Exploration Geologist = searches for new gas and oil fields
Development Geologist = directs the drilling of wells to exploit a field
Petroleum Geochemist = uses chemistry to explore for and develop petroleum reservoirs.
A Marker Bed = a distinctive rock layer that is easy to identify. Volcanic ash layers, thin beds of coal, limestone, or sandstone, and fossil zones are good marker beds.
A Key Horizon = the top or bottom of a thick, distinctive rock layer, can also be used to start the correction.
A Stratigraphic Cross Section is made by hanging the well logs from the same market bed in each well.
Scouts = Large oil companies use scouts who gather information on any petroleum-related activity in their assigned region. A scout uses all kinds of ethical methods to find out where competitors are exploring, leasing and drilling. The scout fills out a form, called a scout ticket.
Scouts from different oil companies meet periodically to coordinate their efforts and exchange information in scout checks or meetings.
Well-cutting Libraries = collect well cutting for a regional area.
Well-core Libraries = collect cores drilled in that state, province, or country.
A Play = a combination of trap, reservoir rock, and seal that has been shown by previously discovered fields to contain commercial petroleum deposits in an area.
A Tread or Fairway is the area along which the play has been proven, and more fields could be found.
fairway
A Prospect = the exact location where the geological and economic conditions are favorable for drilling and exploratory well.
Gravity Meter = very sensitive to the density of the rocks in the subsurface. It measures gravity in units of acceleration called milligals. A mass of relatively light rocks such as a slat doom or porous reef can be detected by the gravity meter because of lower than normal gravity values over it.
Salt has lower reading in magnetics because the salt is light in density and has no magnetite mineral grains compared to the surrounding sedimentary rocks
A dome or anticline can be identified by both a high gravity and high magnetic anomaly. This is caused by dense and magnetite-bearing basement rock that is closer to the surface int eh center of the structure.
Fee Land = In the US and parts of Canada, private land is called fee land and has two, separate ownerships, a surface rights and a mineral rights owner.
Surface Rights Owner = can build a house, ranch or farm on the land
Mineral Rights Owner = explore and drill for gas and oil and owns and can produce the gas and oil.
About one-third of the mineral rights on land in the US is owned by the federal or state government in public land.
Landman = to identify and locate the mineral rights owner of free land.
Authority or Authorization for Expenditure (AFE) = is completed. This form estimates the cost o drilling and completing the well, both as a dry hole and a producer. Costs such as drilling intangibles, completion intangibles, and equipment are listed.
Intangibles = salaries, services, and e2quipment that cannot be salvaged after the well is drilled.
A Wildcat or Controlled Exploratory Well = a well drilled to discover new oil or gas reserves.
Discovery Well = if the well does discover a new field, it is called the discovery well for that field.
Developmental Wells = wells drilled in the known extent of the field
Infill Wells = wells drilled between producing wells in an established field to increase the production rate
Cable Tool Rig is relatively simple, had been in use for hundreds of years. An engine, originally a steam engine, and causes a wooden walking beam to pivot up and down on the Sampson Post. Cable Tool Rig is very slow (7.5m a day).
Rotary Drilling Rig = replaced the cable tool drilling rig in 1895 to 1930. Must faster (several hundreds or several thousand feet per day.)
Rotary Drilling Rig rotates a long length of steel pipe with a bit on the end of it to cut the hole called the wellbore. The rotary rig consists of four major systems=>power, hoisting, rotating and circulating systems.
Power = diesel engines. => Most power goes to the hoisting and circulating systems. Some new and on most marine rigs, a silicon-controlled rectifier is used in a diesel-electrical system.
Hoisting System = the Derrick or Mast
mast
動 支配;熟練;裝桅竿
mast- (=masto-)表示“乳頭, 乳房”之義(用於元音之前)
Drillstring = the turning drillpipe, bit and related equipment is called the drillstring.
Swivel = allows the drillstring below it to rotate on bearings in the swivel while the weight of the pipe is suspended from the derrick.
Kelly = below the swivel is located a very strong 4- or 6-sided, high-grade molybdenum steel pipe called the Kelly. The Kelly has sides to enable it to be gripped and turned by the rotary table. The Kelly turns all the pipe below it to drill the hole.
swivel-eyed adj. 斜視的
Rotary Table = a circular table in the derrick floor that is turned clockwise by the prime movers. If it were turned in the opposite direction, the drillpipe would unscrew.
Drillpipe = the round, heat-treated alloy steel drillpipe ranges from 5.5~14m long but is commonly 10m long. The pipe is threaded with male connections on each end. There is a female connection.
Circulating System = mod tank, mud agitator and a mud gun.
Geothermal gradient = 3.6C/100M. In OK, surface temperature = 13 C (averaged), oil in a 3km reservoir is 90 C, so it is very hot.
There are two separate pressures in the subsurface. The pressure on the rock is called earth or lithostatic pressure. The pressure on the fluids in the pores of the rock is reservoir, formation or fluid pressure.
During drilling, the pressure of the drilling mud is usually slightly higher (overbalance) than hydrostatic pressure to keep the fluids back in the rocks.
Fishing = a common drilling problem is that something breaks in or falls down the well during drilling. Fishing tools are leased from a service company to grapple for the fish in a process called fishing.
grapple
A Blowout = abnormal high pressure, an uncontrolled flow of fluids up the well. Natural gas flowing out the well can catch fire, causing the loss of the drilling rig.
A Kick = fluids flow out to the subsurface rocks into the well in what is called a kick.
Pit-volume totalizer uses floats in the mud tanks to continuously monitor and record drilling mud volume. It sounds an alarm if the mud volume decreases due to lost circulation or increases due to a kick.
Kill Mud = heavier drilling mud is pumped into the well through the choke manifold.
Directional or Deviation Drilling
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 m = 3.2808 ft
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 gallon = 3.7854 L
tectonic [tek't/o/ nik] 形 築造的;建築的;構造的
foreland ['forl/&/ nd] 名 沿海地區;海角;海岸地
反義詞： hinterland
fluidics [flu:'diks] 名 [單數用]應用流體學
impedance [im'p/E/ dns] 名 阻抗
impede [im'p/E/ d] 動 妨礙;阻礙;阻止
近義詞： arrest; check; confine; cramp; curb; delay; hamper; hinder; inhibit; interrupt; limit; obstruct; retard
impediment [im'ped/&/ m/&/ nt] 名 妨礙;障礙;口吃
incubator ['inkj/&/ beit/&r/ ] 名 孵卵器;細菌培養器
incubate ['inkj/&/ beit] 動 抱;孵;培養;籌訂;潛伏
incubatory [in'kju:b/&/ tori] 形 孵蛋的;潛伏的
incubation [inkj/&/ 'bei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 抱蛋;孵化;熟慮
cerebrum ['s/ar/ /&/ br/&/ m] 名 大腦;腦
indispensable [indi'spens/&/ bl] 形 不可缺少的
近義詞： essential; necessary; needed; required; vital
反義詞： dispensable
indispensable to 為…所不可缺少的
freehand ['fr/E/ h/a/ nd] 形 憑手畫的;徒手畫
baccalaureate [b/a/ k/&/ 'loriit] 名 學士學位
discount ['diskaunt] 名 折扣;貼現息;斟酌.折讓
近義詞： allow for; consider; deduct; remove; subtract; take into account
反義詞： premium
know-how n. <口> 實際知識, 技術秘訣, 訣竅
volcanism ['v/ol/ k/&/ nizm] 名 火山作用[現象]
petrology [pi'tr/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ i] 名 岩石學
mineralogy [min/&r/ '/a/ l/&/ d/zh/ i] 名 礦物學
paleontology [peili/o/ n't/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ i] 名 古生物學
geomorphology [d/zh/ /E/ /&/ mor'f/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ i] 名 地形學
paleolith ['peili/&/ ] 名 舊石器
stricture ['strikt/ch/ /&r/ ] 名 狹窄;苛評;非難;拘束
striated ['straieitid] 形 有條紋的;有條痕的
escarp [is'ka:p] 名 內岸;內牆
stria ['strai/&/ ] 名 線痕;條紋;細溝
brinkmanship ['bri/ng/ km/&/ n/ch/ ip] 名 緊急致策
moratory adj. 延期償付的
acrimony ['/a/ kr/&/ m/O/ ni] 名 嚴厲;辛辣
moratorium [mor/&/ 'tori/&/ m] 名 延期償付[令]
scud [sk/A/ d] 動 輕輕地跑;輕快地飛翔;掠過..而飛
Sorry. Can't find this word in the database!
shale [/ch/ eil] 名 頁岩.泥板岩
mortality [mor't/a/ l/&/ ti] 名 必死命運;死亡率
mortal ['mortl] 形 會死的;人類的;生命修關的
近義詞： body; deadly; destructive; fatal; human being; individual; killing; lethal; malignant; man; person; soul
反義詞： least
ore [or] 名 礦石;金屬;[尤指]黃金
hinge [hind/zh/ ] 名 鉸鏈;關鍵;要點;樞紐.裝鉸鏈
近義詞： clasp; depend; fasten; lock; rest on; separate
breccia ['bret/ch/ i/&/ ] 名 角礫岩;角蠻岩
footwall n. 底幫, 下盤
incipient [in'sipi/&/ nt] 形 起初的;發端.初期的
近義詞： beginning; initial; introductory
horst n. 地壘
immaterial [im/&/ 'tiri/&/ l] 形 非物質的;無形的
transcurrent adj. 橫亙的, 橫貫的,[地]橫推的
dyke [daik] 名 堤;堤防;濠;障物;岩脈;女同性戀
deformation [d/E/ for'mei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 毀壞;改醜;畸形
mineralogical [min/&/ r/&/ 'l/o/ d/zh/ ikl] 形 礦物學的
oolite n. [地質]魚卵石, 魚卵狀石灰石,鮞粒岩
devoid [di'void] 形 全無的;缺乏的
近義詞： bare; blank; empty; vacant
notoriety [n/O/ t/&/ 'rai/&/ ti] 名 惡名;醜名;聲名狼籍
atoll ['/a/ tol] 名 環礁
substrate n. (=substratum)底層,下層,[地]底土層,基礎,本源,[生]培養基,[生化]酶作用物,[攝](膠片)感光底層
photosynthesis [f/O/ t/&/ 'sin/th/ /&/ sis] 名 光合作用
coral ['kor/&/ l] 名 珊瑚;珊瑚蟲;珊瑚製品
coral-bells n. [植]珊瑚鍾
encrust [in'kr/A/ st] 動 覆以皮;形成外皮;化妝
sedentary ['sednt/ar/ i] 形 坐著的;不活潑的
反義詞： migratory
silica ['silik/&/ ] 名 矽石.無水矽酸;矽土
secrete [si'kr/E/ t] 動 隱秘;隱藏;隱匿;分泌
近義詞： discharge; eliminate; excrete; exude
equitable ['ekwit/&/ bl] 形 公正的;正當的
近義詞： due; even; fair; fit; just; proper; rightful; square
chalk [t/ch/ ok] 動 用粉筆記;白粉擦;記錄 名 粉筆;白粉;記帳出售;眾所珍愛的馬
eyesore ['aisor] 名 看了令人不愉快的東西
eyesome adj. 媚人的, 可愛的
refuse [ri'fju:z] 動 拒絕;辭職;拒婚;向後撤退 名 殘屑;渣滓的;廢物的
近義詞： decline; garbage; junk; litter; rebuff; reject; rubbish; rubble; trash; waste
反義詞： accept
potash ['p/o/ t/a/ /ch/ ] 名 堿水
gravelly ['gr/a/ v/&/ li] 形 多碎石的;鋪有碎石的
pebbly ['pebli] 形 多礫石的
placer ['pl/a/ s/&r/ ] 名 [采]衝積礦
adit ['/a/ dit] 名 入口;橫坑
fleck [flek] 名 斑點;雀斑;微片
近義詞： dot; mark; speckle; spot
chromium ['kr/O/ mi/&/ m] 名 鉻[金屬元素]
chromite ['kr/O/ mait] 名 鉻鐵礦;亞鉻酸鹽
stall [stol] 名 畜舍;陳列台;牧師職采礦場;口實 動 使失速;哄騙;進退維穀
近義詞： block; booth; cell; compartment; dawdle; delay; dillydally; hinder; procrastinate
stall-fed adj. 在廄中養肥的
stall-feed vt. 在畜舍飼養使長肥
stall-keeper n. 攤販
haulage ['holid/zh/ ] 名 拖曳;運搬;牽引量;牽引力
hydraulic [hai'drolik] 形 水力的;用水的;水力
seam [s/E/ m] 名 縫合線;接合口;傷疤;境界線 動 使起皺紋;使成波狀起伏線;發生裂痕
shaft [/ch/ /a/ ft] 名 箭杆.箭;槍;鋒芒;嘲諷;莖;羽軸
coalfield ['k/O/ lf/E/ ld] 名 煤田
lignin ['lignin] 名 木質素
Carboniferous [ka:b/&/ 'nif/&/ r/&/ s] 名 石炭紀[層]
subsidence [s/&/ b'said/&/ ns] 名 沈澱陷沒;平息消退
peat [p/E/ t] 名 泥煤;泥煤塊
peat-reek n. 燃燒泥炭以蒸餾威士忌的特殊香味
stagnant ['st/a/ gn/&/ nt] 形 淤塞的;腐敗了;蕭條的
近義詞： dormant; inactive; inert; sluggish; static; still
oxidation [/o/ ks/&/ 'dei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 氧化
oxidant ['/o/ ks/&/ d/&/ nt] 名 氧化劑
sulfide ['s/A/ lfaid] 名 硫化物
oxide ['/o/ ksaid] 名 氧化物
anoxic adj. [醫]缺氧的
merely ['mirli] 副 隻是;單單;全然
近義詞： barely; only; purely; simply
seep [s/E/ p] 動 滲出;滲流;漏水陸兩用的吉普車
近義詞： emit; excrete; ooze; trickle
rubble ['r/A/ bl] 名 粗石;破碎的磚;粗石堆;碎石堆
rubbly adj. 碎石狀的, 碎石構成的
graphite ['gr/a/ fait] 名 黑鉛;石墨
firedamp ['faird/a/ mp] 名 甲烷;沼氣
methane ['me/th/ ein] 名 甲烷;沼氣
ethane ['e/th/ ein] 名 乙烷[石油中發出的可燃氣體]
propane ['pr/O/ pein] 名 丙烷[碳氫化合物之一種]
butane [bju:'tein] 名 丁烷[碳化氫的一種]
moss [mos] 名 苔蘚;泥沼;泥炭地
moss-grown adj. 生苔的, 落伍的
inconspicuous [ink/&/ n'spikju/&/ s] 形 不顯眼的
近義詞： unnoticed; unseen
vascular ['v/a/ skj/&/ l/&r/ ] 形 脈管的;血管的
fauna ['fon/&/ ] 名 動物;動物區係;動物誌
vertebra ['v/&r/ t/&/ br/&/ ] 名 脊椎骨;椎骨
chordate ['kordeit] 形 具有脊索[動物]的
vertebrate ['v/&r/ t/&/ breit] 名 脊椎動物 形 有椎骨的;有脊椎的
echinoderm [i'kain/&/ d/&r/ m] 名 棘皮動物類的動物
crustacean [kr/A/ s'tei/ch/ i/&/ n] 形 甲殼類的[動物]
trilobite ['trail/&/ bait] 名 三葉蟲
chitinous ['kaitin/&/ s] 形 殼質的
arthropod ['a:/th/ r/&/ p/o/ d] 名 節肢動物[的]
phylum ['fail/&/ m] 名 門[動植物的最高分類];語係
chromosome ['kr/O/ m/&/ s/O/ m] 名 染色體
algal ['/a/ lg/&/ l] 形 [像]海藻的
translucent [tr/a/ ns'lu:snt] 形 半透明的;透明的
painstaking ['peinzteiki/ng/ ] 名 苦幹;費心;苦心 形 費力的;勤勉的;不辭辛勞的;苦心的[作品]
近義詞： accurate; careful; diligent; elaborate; exacting; meticulous; particular; precise; scrupulous; thorough
chert [t/ch/ /&r/ t] 名 黑矽石;角岩
filament ['fil/&/ m/&/ nt] 名 細絲.線;花絲;白熱絲
cyano- [前綴]表示“藍色, 深藍色”之義
sewage ['sju:id/zh/ ] 名 汙水;汙穢物
membrane ['membrein] 名 薄膜;膜皮;羊皮紙
近義詞： covering; layer; tissue
sterile ['st/ar/ /&/ l] 形 不毛的;收成不好的;呆板的 形 不含蓄的;無用的;無菌的;中性的;不生胞子
反義詞： fertile
meteoroid ['m/E/ ti/&/ roid] 名 流星體
cometary [k/&/ 'met/ar/ i] 形 彗星的;彗星似的
ammonia [/&/ 'm/O/ nj/&/ ] 名 氨[氣體];氨水
amino adj. [化]氨基的
amino- 表示“氨基”之義
pyroclastic adj. 火成碎屑的 n. 火成碎屑物
peridotite [p/ar/ i'd/O/ tait] 名 橄欖岩
Moho ['m/O/ h/O/ ] 名 地球外殼與不連續界線
epoch ['ep/&/ k] 名 新紀元;新時代;時期;時代;紀
近義詞： age; era; period
Pleistocene ['plaist/&/ s/E/ n] 名 更新世[的]
Pliocene ['plai/&/ s/E/ n] 名 鮮新世的
Miocene ['mai/&/ s/E/ n] 名 第三紀中新世[的]
Oligocene ['/ol/ ig/O/ s/E/ n] 名 漸新世[的]
Eocene ['/E/ /&/ s/E/ n] 名 始新世[的];第三紀下層[的]
Paleocene ['peili/&/ s/E/ n] 名 [第三紀的]古新世[的]
cretaceous [kri'tei/ch/ /&/ s] 形 白堊[質]的;白堊係
Jurassic [d/zh/ u'r/a/ sik] 形 侏羅紀的;侏羅係的
Triassic [trai'/a/ sik] 形 三疊紀的
Permian ['p/&r/ mi/&/ n] 形 二疊紀的;二疊係的
Carboniferous [ka:b/&/ 'nif/&/ r/&/ s] 名 石炭紀[層]
Devonian [d/&/ 'v/O/ ni/&/ n] 名 泥盆紀[係][地層的]
Silurian [s/&/ 'ljuri/&/ n] 形 希留利亞人的
Ordovician [ord/&/ 'vi/ch/ /&/ n] 名 [古生代的]奧陶紀
Cambrian ['k/a/ mbri/&/ n] 形 Cambria的;寒武紀層
Sorry. Can't find this word in the database!
Proterozoic [pr/o/ t/&/ r/&/ 'z/O/ ik] 名 原生地;原生代的
Archean [a:'k/E/ /&/ n] 形 太古代的
eon ['/E/ /&/ n] 名 無限長的時代;永久
Hadean adj. 地獄的, 陰間的
Hadean adj. 地獄的, 陰間的
throe [/th/ r/O/ ] 動 非常苦痛;苦悶;劇痛;陣痛
planetesimal [pl/a/ n/&/ 'tes/&/ ml] 名 小行星體[的]
anorthite n. [礦]鈣長石
founder ['faund/&r/ ] 名 創立者;捐出基金者;蹄葉炎 動 浸水;挫折;陷落;倒;使摔;打進泥地中
近義詞： author; break down; builder; collapse; creator; fail; fall; inventor; maker; originator; producer; sink; stumble; topple; tumble
founder-member n. 創辦人, 發起人
asunder [/&/ 's/A/ nd/&r/ ] 動 [分]開;碎散;離開地;分別
近義詞： apart; divided; separate
反義詞： together
primordial [prai'mordi/&/ l] 形 原始的;最初的
upheaval [/A/ p'h/E/ vl] 名 舉起;隆起;動亂;劇變
engulf [in'g/A/ lf] 動 卷入;吸進;投[卷]入深淵
近義詞： devour; flood; inundate; swallow
grandeur ['gr/a/ nd/zh/ /&r/ ] 名 壯偉;莊嚴;壯觀;偉觀
monsoon [m/o/ n'su:n] 名 季節風;其季節;雨季
近義詞： storm
crescendo [kri'/ch/ end/O/ ] 副 漸次加強[音]
interlude ['int/&r/ lju:d] 名 中間[時間];插劇;插曲
近義詞： break; interim; intermission; interruption; interval; pause; recess; respite
plume [plu:m] 名 羽毛;前飾;名譽的標誌;羽狀部 動 整理;自誇;自負;奪取;掠取;升起煙柱
plume-line vt. 用鉛垂線測量, 探測
Ural ['jur/&/ l] 形 烏拉爾山脈的
Ural-Altaic n. 烏拉爾阿爾泰語群 adj. 烏拉爾一阿爾泰語群的
denude [di'nju:d] 動 使裸露;剝下;剝奪;剝蝕
batter ['b/a/ t/&r/ ] 名 [棒球]打擊手;緩斜度 動 以物易物;交換;連續打;打壞
近義詞： beat; mixture; pound; smash; thrash
Caledonian [k/a/ li'd/O/ ni/&/ n] 形 古蘇格蘭的
orogeny [o'r/o/ d/zh/ /&/ ni] 名 山嶽之形成
attest [/&/ 'test] 動 證明;立證據;證實;發誓
近義詞： certify; swear; testify; vouch
prodigious [pr/&/ 'did/zh/ /&/ s] 形 巨大.非凡.異常的
近義詞： colossal; enormous; exceptional; extraordinary; gigantic; great; huge; immense; mammoth; marvelous; miraculous; remarkable; stupendous; vast; wonderful
straddle ['str/a/ dl] 動 兩腿叉開;不明確讚成與否 名 指定價格的交易
近義詞： perch
astride [/&/ 'straid] 副 跨
Baltic ['boltik] 形 波羅的海
accrete [/a/ 'kr/E/ t] 動 共生;合生;[使]附著
assemblage [/&/ 'semblid/zh/ ] 名 集合;集合物;組合
hitherto [hi/th_/ /&r/ 'tu:] 動 迄今;到此
amalgamation [/&/ m/a/ lg/&/ 'mei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 合並;聯合;混合
silt [silt] 名 淤泥.[被]以淤泥塞住
precipitation [prisipi'tei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 投.落下;急速 名 突進;輕率;急救促進;沈澱[物];降水;降水量
近義詞： haste; moisture; rain; rashness; snow; speed
detrital adj. 由岩屑形成的
slate [sleit] 名 板色;核準登記的候選人名單 動 用石板瓦蓋上;預定;[把書等]嚴加批評;痛叱
slate-coloured adj. 石板色的
foliation [f/O/ li'ei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 生葉;發葉;綠葉的狀態
metamorphic [met/&/ 'morfik] 形 變化的;變態的
bewildering [bi'wildri/ng/ ] 形 為難的;不知所措
rhyolite ['rai/&/ lait] 名 火山岩之一種
alkali ['/a/ lk/&/ lai] 名 堿;堿質平原;堿質平原居民
imperceptible [imp/&r/ 'sept/&/ bl] 形 不能感知的
近義詞： slight; unclear; vague
反義詞： perceptible
corundum [k/&/ 'r/A/ nd/&/ m] 名 剛玉;金剛砂
topaz ['t/O/ p/a/ z] 名 黃晶;黃玉;蜂雀
quartz [kworts] 名 石英
feldspar ['feldspa:] 名 長石
apatite ['/a/ p/&/ tait] 名 磷灰石
calcite ['k/a/ lsait] 名 方解石
fluorite ['flu:/&/ rait] 名 氟石
talc [t/a/ lk] 名 滑石;雲母
gypsum ['d/zh/ ips/&/ m] 名 石膏
gully ['g/A/ li] 名 小峽穀;排水溝
近義詞： ditch; gorge; gulch; gulf; ravine; valley
clad [kl/a/ d] .. clothe的過去[分詞]
近義詞： attired
flint n. 打火石, 極硬的東西, 燧石
clinometer [klai'n/o/ m/&/ t/&r/ ] 名 測斜器;傾斜儀
laceration [l/a/ s/&/ 'rei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 劃破;割破;裂傷
shard [/ch/ a:d] 名 瓷器的碎片;碎片;翅鞘;外殼
splinter ['splint/&r/ ] 名 碎片;刺;破片[炮彈等的]
lichen ['laikin] 名 地衣類的植物;青苔;苔癬
smudge [sm/A/ d/zh/ ] 名 汙點;髒汙;為除蟲而升的熏火
近義詞： blacken; mark; smear; soil; spot; stain
enquiring [in'kwairi/ng/ ] 形 尋問.打聽的;懷疑的
foliation [f/O/ li'ei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 生葉;發葉;綠葉的狀態
riddle ['ridl] 名 粗篩;謎;不可解的人物 動 猜;篩分;細查;質問;出謎題;說謎似的話
近義詞： conundrum; enigma; puzzle
ecologist [i'k/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ ist] 名 生態學者
botanist ['b/o/ t/&/ nist] 名 植物學者
layman ['leim/&/ n] 名 俗人;凡人;外行;門外漢
反義詞： clergyman; priest
laypeople n. 外行,非專業人員,未擔任神職的一般信徒
buoyant ['boi/&/ nt] 形 能浮的;輕快的;快活
近義詞： carefree; cheerful; elastic; floating; light; lighthearted; springy
反義詞： dismal; gloomy; melancholy
buoyancy ['boi/&/ nsi] 名 浮力;輕快;樂觀
rubble ['r/A/ bl] 名 粗石;破碎的磚;粗石堆;碎石堆
fissure ['fi/ch/ /&r/ ] 名 裂縫;裂開;分裂;裂成縫;割
近義詞： break; crack; crevice; gap; opening; split
degas [d/E/ 'g/a/ s] 動 除[抽]去瓦斯
subsidiary [s/&/ b'sidi/ar/ i] 形 補助的;從屬性的
conduit ['k/o/ nduit] 名 導管;水管;溝渠;線管
fumarole ['fju:m/&/ r/O/ l] 名 噴孔[火山的]
monoxide [m/o/ n'/o/ ksaid] 名 一氧化物
chloride ['kloraid] 名 氯化物;漂白粉;消毒
sulfide ['s/A/ lfaid] 名 硫化物
magma ['m/a/ gm/&/ ] 名 岩漿;糊劑;糊
strato- 表示“層雲”之義
strato-cirri n. [氣]層卷雲
strato-cumuli n. [氣]雨積雲
conical ['k/o/ nikl] 形 圓錐的;圓錐形的
Andean ['/a/ ndi/&/ n] 形 Andes山脈[中的住民]的
kink [ki/ng/ k] 動 [使]糾結;[使]紐絞 名 紐結;蜷縮;頸背處之抽筋;偏執;神經混亂
近義詞： complication; curl; quirk; twist
terrane [t/&/ 'rein] 名 岩層[群]
oblique [/&/ b'l/E/ k] 形 斜的;歪曲的;惡的;轉彎抹角
sideway ['saidwei] 名 邊道;小巷;背胡同;人行道
rupture ['r/A/ pt/ch/ /&r/ ] 名 破裂;決裂;不和;脫腸;疝氣
近義詞： break; burst; crack; fracture
fringe [frind/zh/ ] 名 緣飾;前額的垂發;偏激論者
近義詞： border; brim; edge; rim; trimming
asthenosphere [/a/ s'/th/ en/&/ sfir] 名 岩流圈
suture ['su:t/ch/ /&r/ ] 名 縫合;縫合處;縫合用的線
thrust [/th/ r/A/ st] 動 推刺;衝入;伸出;戳;插入;迫使
近義詞： bear; drive; goad; press; prod; propel; push; ram; shove
thrust at somebody 用刀、劍等向..猛刺
crust [kr/A/ st] 名 麵包皮;口糧;殼;堅硬表麵
反義詞： crumb
perk [p/&r/ k] 動 趾高氣揚;逞能;出風頭;瀟灑地穿
percolate ['p/&r/ k/&/ leit] 動 過濾;使滲出;使浸透
silica ['silik/&/ ] 名 矽石.無水矽酸;矽土
manifestation [m/a/ n/&/ fes'tei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 顯示;明示
basaltic [b/&/ 'soltik] 形 玄武岩[似]的
tremor ['trem/&r/ ] 名 戰栗;發抖;顫聲;微動;震動
近義詞： quake; quiver; shaking; shiver; trembling
sulfide ['s/A/ lfaid] 名 硫化物
therapeutic [/th/ /ar/ /&/ 'pju:tik] 形 治療的;治療學的
geyser ['gaiz/&r/ ] 名 噴泉;間歇泉;燒水裝置
近義詞： fountain; gush; jet; spring; steam
gush [g/A/ /ch/ ] 名 湧出;迸發;感情等情緒
近義詞： babble; chatter; flood; flow; flush; pour; prattle; spout; spurt; surge
反義詞： ooze
precursor [pr/E/ k/&r/ s/&r/ ] 名 先驅者;前導;前兆
pliable ['plai/&/ bl] 形 易曲折的;圓滑的;順從的
近義詞： compliant; elastic; flexible; limber; plastic; suggestible; supple; yielding
反義詞： rigid
edifice ['ed/&/ fis] 名 [大]建築物;組織
近義詞： building; construction; establishment; structure
oxidize ['/o/ ks/&/ daiz] 動 使氧化;氧化;使生鏽
morphology [mor'f/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ i] 名 形態學;形態論
plume [plu:m] 名 羽毛;前飾;名譽的標誌;羽狀部 動 整理;自誇;自負;奪取;掠取;升起煙柱
plume-line vt. 用鉛垂線測量, 探測
rift [rift] 名 裂口;隙縫;切口;失和
近義詞： alienation; breach; break; cleft; crack; crevice; difference; estrangement; falling-out; fissure; fracture; gap; parting; separation; split
pathway ['p/a/ /th/ wei] 名 路;人行道
caldera [k/a/ l'd/ar/ /&/ ] 名 噴火口形盤層
harrowing ['h/a/ r/&/ wi/ng/ ] 形 痛心的;悲慘的
harrow ['h/a/ r/O/ ] 名 耙;以耙掘;使苦惱;傷害
近義詞： afflict; agonize; distress; hurt; irritate; pain; plow; rake; torment; torture; wound
pumice ['p/A/ mis] 名 輕石;浮食
froth [fr/o/ /th/ ] 名 泡;泡沫;瑣物;空談;發泡;吹泡
近義詞： foam; lather; rubbish; trivia
froth-blower n. 愛喝啤酒的人
pyroclastic adj. 火成碎屑的 n. 火成碎屑物
ooze [u:z] 動 滲出;泄漏;漸漸消失.滲出;沼澤地
近義詞： drip; filter; flow; leak; seep
irrespective [iri'spektiv] 形 不顧的;無關的
sear [sir] 動 燒烤;打烙印;使失去感覺;使枯萎
近義詞： burn; char; scorch; singe
massif ['m/a/ sif] 名 叢山;斷層塊
radiogenic [reidi/O/ 'd/zh/ enik] 形 由放射能產生的
thorium ['/th/ ori/&/ m] 名 釷[金屬元素]
uranium [ju'reini/&/ m] 名 鈾[放射性金屬元素]
overburden [/O/ v/&r/ 'b/&r/ dn] 動 裝載過多;負擔過多
emplacement [im'pleism/&/ nt] 名 安放;定位置;位置
scathe [skei/th_/ ] 名 危害;損傷;損害.損傷;傷害
unscathed [/A/ n'skei/th_/ d] 形 沒有受傷的;未受傷的
pluck [pl/A/ k] 動 采;鼓起;掠奪;使不及格;猛拉 名 內髒;勇氣;鮮明度;不及格;猛拉
近義詞： jerk; pick; pull; tug; yank
assimilate [/&/ 'simleit] 動 同化;比較;比喻;消化
近義詞： absorb; blot up; digest; soak up
反義詞： dissimilate
brittle ['britl] 形 易碎的;短暫的
近義詞： breakable; crisp; fragile; frail
pastime ['p/a/ staim] 名 消遣;遊戲;娛樂;遣懷
近義詞： amusement; diversion; enjoyment; recreation; relaxation
enthralling adj. 迷人的
enthrall [in'/th/ rol] 動 迷惑;迷醉;迷住;奴役
近義詞： captivate; charm; delight; enchant; fascinate; intrigue; thrill; titillate
cleavage ['kl/E/ vid/zh/ ] 名 劈開;分裂;劈裂性
近義詞： break; division; split
biotite ['bai/&/ tait] 名 黑雲母
Muscovite ['m/A/ sk/&/ vait] 名 俄國人;莫斯科的
amphibole ['/a/ mfib/O/ ] 名 角閃石
mica ['maik/&/ ] 名 雲母
plagioclase ['pleid/zh/ i/&/ kleis] 名 斜長石
feldspar ['feldspa:] 名 長石
potassium [p/&/ 't/a/ si/&/ m] 名 鉀[金屬元素]
sodium ['s/O/ di/&/ m] 名 鈉[金屬元素]
peridotite [p/ar/ i'd/O/ tait] 名 橄欖岩
pyroxene ['pair/o/ ks/E/ n] 名 輝石
magnesium ['m/a/ g'n/E/ /ch/ i/&/ m] 名 鎂
olivine [/ol/ i'v/E/ n] 名 橄欖石;黃綠[色]
granitic [gr/a/ 'nitik] 形 [似]花崗石的
metallic [m/&/ 't/a/ lik] 形 金屬的;嚴厲的;冷酷的
反義詞： wooden
quartz [kworts] 名 石英
silica ['silik/&/ ] 名 矽石.無水矽酸;矽土
silicate ['silikit] 名 矽酸鹽
crystalline ['kristlain] 形 水晶的;透明的
igneous ['igni/&/ s] 形 火的;似火的;火成的
igneous rock 火成岩
metamorphism [met/&/ 'morfizm] 名 變態;變形;變質
preferential [pref/&/ 'ren/ch/ /&/ l] 形 優先的;選擇的
fluorine ['flu:/&/ rin] 名 氟[非金屬元素]
volatile ['v/ol/ /&/ tl] 形 揮發性;快活;易變的
caldera [k/a/ l'd/ar/ /&/ ] 名 噴火口形盤層
swarm [sworm] 名 群;蜜蜂群;群眾;浮遊的生物群 動 聚集一塊;充滿;攀登[樹木等]
近義詞： assemble; cluster; collect; crowd; gather; meet; throng
dike [daik] 名 堤;堤防;濠;障物;岩脈;女同性戀
mush [m/A/ /ch/ ] 名 濃粥;感傷的話;膽怯;傘;出租人 動 粉碎;帶狗撬在雪上前進;走!
ephemeral [i'fem/&/ r/&/ l] 形 限於一日的;短暫的
gabbro n. [礦]輝長岩
batholith ['b/a/ /th/ /&/ li/th/ ] 名 底盤
massif ['m/a/ sif] 名 叢山;斷層塊
wavy ['weivi] 形 有波浪的;起伏的;滾動的
schist [/ch/ ist] 名 片岩
sheen [/ch/ /E/ n] 名 光輝.光彩.光澤光輝的;發光的
近義詞： brightness; gleam; gloss; glow; luster; shine
zeolite ['z/E/ /&/ lait] 名 沸石
slate [sleit] 名 板色;核準登記的候選人名單 動 用石板瓦蓋上;預定;[把書等]嚴加批評;痛叱
slate-coloured adj. 石板色的
foliate ['f/O/ lieit] 動 打成箔;加葉飾;記張數生葉
foliation [f/O/ li'ei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 生葉;發葉;綠葉的狀態
agglomeration [/&/ gl/o/ m/&/ 'rei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 結塊;凝結
encompass [in'k/A/ mp/&/ s] 動 圍繞;包圍;包含;含
近義詞： encircle; enclose; include; surround
assemblage [/&/ 'semblid/zh/ ] 名 集合;集合物;組合
kyanite n. (=cyanite) [礦] 藍晶石
limestone ['laimst/O/ n] 名 石灰石
aureole ['ori/O/ l] 名 光環;圓光;光輪;日[月]暈
andalusite n. [礦]紅柱石
sillimanite ['sil/&/ m/&/ nait] 名 矽線石
splintery ['splint/&r/ ri] 形 破片的;呈鋸齒狀的
clot [kl/o/ t] 名 [血液等的]凝塊;傻瓜;癡漢;凝結
weathering ['we/th_/ /&r/ i/ng/ ] 動 風化;瀉水簷
rot [r/o/ t] 動 腐壞;墮落;開玩笑;糟蹋;虐待
近義詞： crumble; decay; disintegrate; spoil
rot away 腐爛，爛掉
interglacial [int/&r/ 'glei/ch/ /&/ l] 形 間冰期的
glaciation [gleisi'ei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 凍結成冰[冰河]
bedrock [bed'r/o/ k] 名 底盤;床岩;根底;基礎
outcrop [autkr/o/ p] 名 露出;露頭
striation [strai'ei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 加線紋線痕;細溝
scrape [skreip] 動 磨擦;收集;挖掘;擦地而行
近義詞： brush; complication; embarrassment; grate; graze; mess; muddle; pinch; plight; predicament; rub; skim; strait; trouble
scrape through 勉強通過
etch [et/ch/ ] 動 蝕刻;蝕鏤..施行蝕刻法
近義詞： engrave; impress; imprint; stamp
angular ['/a/ /ng/ gj/&/ l/&r/ ] 形 有角[棱]的;尖的;瘦的;笨
jaggy ['d/zh/ /a/ gi] 形 有缺口的;有鋸狀的;鉤破的
jag [d/zh/ /a/ g] 名 鋸齒狀缺口;岩石突出端;小量負荷
jagged ['d/zh/ /a/ gid] 形 有缺口的;有鋸狀的;鉤破的
chunky ['t/ch/ /A/ /ng/ ki] 形 矮矮胖胖的
abrade [/&/ 'breid] 動 擦掉;擦傷;磨損
prise [praiz] 動 用杠杆推動;撬開
abrasive [/&/ 'breisiv] 形 研磨的;磨擦的 名 研磨劑;金剛砂
strand [str/a/ nd] 名 河濱大道;一股[繩子等] 動 擱淺;拆開繩股;打
近義詞： abandon; cord; desert; leave; line; string; thread
ion ['ai/&/ n] 名 離子
bicarbonate [bai'ka:b/&/ nit] 名 重碳酸鹽
soluble ['s/ol/ j/&/ bl] 形 溶解的;可以解決[解釋]的
反義詞： unsolvable
hematite ['hem/&/ tait] 名 赤鐵礦
quarry ['kwori] 名 鑿石場;智識的泉源;目地物 動 鑿出;挖出;苦心找出;苦心尋找
quarry-faced adj. (石料)粗麵的
kaoline ['kei/&/ lain] 名 高嶺土;陶土
hydrolysis [hai'dr/ol/ /&/ sis] 名 加水分解
clay [klei] 名 黏土;泥土;人體;肉體;人
imperceptible [imp/&r/ 'sept/&/ bl] 形 不能感知的
近義詞： slight; unclear; vague
反義詞： perceptible
detritus [di'trait/&/ s] 名 岩屑;碎岩;碎石
carbonate ['ka:b/&/ neit] 動 使成碳酸鹽;碳化
quartzite ['kwortsait] 名 石英岩;矽岩
intersperse [int/&r/ 'sp/&r/ s] 動 散布;配置於各處
blob [bl/o/ b] 名 滴;小斑點;零分;濺
近義詞： bubble; bulge; globule
sinuous ['sinju/&/ s] 形 彎彎曲曲的[河等];迂回的
inlet ['inlet] 名 海口;入口;通路;插入物
近義詞： entrance; entry; opening; passageway
archetype ['a:t/ch/ 'taip] 名 原型
archetypal ['a:kitaipl] 形 原型的
flocculate v. 絮凝, 絮結
alluvial [/&/ 'lu:vi/&/ l] 形 衝積的;衝積期的;衝積土
estuary ['est/ch/ u/ar/ i] 名 [大河的]河口;江口
levee ['levi] 名 君王的接見;[君主]早晨接見 名 總統的招待會;衝積堤;河川的堤防;碼頭
piece [p/E/ s] 名 片;塊;個;例子;工作;一份;貨幣 名 作品;炮;槍;棋子;人;家夥;點心;玩牌;性交 動 繼續;連接;修補;結合;吃點心
近義詞： bit; division; part; portion; section; segment; share
piece together 拚合，拚湊在一起
piece up 修補
coroner ['kor/&/ n/&r/ ] 名 驗屍官;原持有者
moraine [m/O/ 'rein] 名 堆石
imbrication [imbri'kei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 瓦[鱗]狀重疊
pebble ['pebl] 名 鵝卵石;水晶[透鏡];瑪瑙;粗麵
laminate ['l/a/ m/&/ neit] 動 製成薄板;製成箔
sculpt [sk/A/ lpt] 動 雕刻;造形
plaster ['pl/a/ st/&r/ ] 名 膠泥;熟石膏;膏藥 動 塗滿;貼膏藥;出醫藥費;賠償;用石膏處理
entrain [in'trein] 動 使乘火車
trench [trent/ch/ ] 動 切;皺起;渠溝;開畦溝;掘;耕
近義詞： channel; ditch; dugout; foxhole; moat
turbid ['t/&r/ bid] 形 混濁的;泥水的;濃的;紊亂的
crescent ['kresnt] 名 新月;月形街巷;土耳其國 形 新月的;逐漸生長的;逐漸增加的
crescent-shaped adj. 新月形的
lee [l/E/ ] 名 下風;背風;下風處;庇護下風的
saltation [s/a/ l'tei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 飛躍;跳躍;突變;急變
silt [silt] 名 淤泥.[被]以淤泥塞住
clastic ['kl/a/ stik] 形 碎片性的
detrital adj. 由岩屑形成的
hospitable ['h/o/ spit/&/ bl] 形 招待周到的
近義詞： amiable; cordial; friendly; generous; gracious; neighborly; receptive; inhospitable
amoeba [/&/ 'm/E/ b/&/ ] 名 阿米巴;變形蟲
plankton ['pl/a/ /ng/ kt/&/ n] 名 浮遊生物
ubiquitous [ju:'bikw/&/ t/&/ s] 形 到處存在的;遍在的
ubiquity [ju:'bikw/&/ ti] 名 到處存在;耶穌的遍在
longitude ['l/o/ nd/zh/ /&/ tju:d] 名 經度;經線;縱;長
反義詞： latitude
latitude ['l/a/ t/&/ tju:d] 名 緯度;緯線;黃緯;地域 名 自由;行動;寬容度;[行動的]範圍;程度;寬度
反義詞： longitude
replenishment [ri'pleni/ch/ m/&/ nt] 名 補給;補充
replenish [ri'pleni/ch/ ] 動 再灌滿;再補足;補充
近義詞： furnish; provide; supply
anhydrite [/a/ n'haidrait] 名 硬石膏;無水石膏
halite ['h/a/ lait] 名 岩鹽
gypsum ['d/zh/ ips/&/ m] 名 石膏
inorganic [inor'g/a/ nik] 形 無組織的;非有機性的
dolomite ['d/ol/ /&/ mait] 名 白雲石;白雲石山脈
calcite ['k/a/ lsait] 名 方解石
fibrous ['faibr/&/ s] 形 纖維的;纖維性的
mat [m/a/ t] 名 墊;草簾;鞋擦;細目;糾葛物;褪色 動 編織;使糾纏;無光澤的;褪色的
近義詞： cover; rug
arid ['/a/ rid] 形 乾燥的;乾透的;枯燥無味的
近義詞： dry; dull; flat; stuffy; unimaginative
mangrove ['m/a/ /ng/ gr/O/ v] 名 紅樹林
marsh [ma:/ch/ ] 名 沼澤;沼地;濕地
temperate ['temprit] 形 溫暖的;溫和;節製的
近義詞： calm; gentle; mild; moderate
反義詞： intemperate
shelly ['/ch/ eli] 形 多殼的;殼一般的;由殼而成的
obliterate [/&/ 'blit/&/ reit] 動 塗去;擦去;忘卻
近義詞： blot out; delete; demolish; destroy; erase; wipe out
deduce [di'dju:s] 動 推論;演繹;推尋源流.脈絡
反義詞： induce
( 26 ) displacement
displacement [dis'pleism/&/ nt] 名 換置;移動;免職
burst [b/&r/ st] 動 破裂;充滿;突然;一陣
近義詞： broken; exploded
burst forth 突然發生；突然爆發
burst into 闖入；突然發作
burst into laughter 突然笑起來
burst out 大聲叫喊
burst out laughing 突然笑起來
burst up 爆炸；失敗；突然發怒
burst upon 突然來到
burst-up n. 失敗, 破產
sojourn ['s/O/ d/zh/ /&r/ n] 名 逗留;旅居;寄居
近義詞： stay; stopover
encroach [in'kr/O/ t/ch/ ] 動 侵入;侵害;侵蝕
近義詞： break in; infringe; interfere; intrude; trespass
burrow ['b/&r/ /O/ ] 名 洞穴;隱藏處;掘洞;穴居;探索
近義詞： dig; excavate; hunt; search; seek; tunnel
agitate ['/a/ d/zh/ /&/ teit] 動 攪動;動搖;騷動;使興奮
近義詞： disturb; excite; incite; inflame; instigate; provoke; stir up
反義詞： calm; compose; quiet; soothe
calcareous [k/a/ l'k/ar/ i/&/ s] 形 石灰質的;鈣質的
northward ['nor/th/ w/&r/ d] 動 向北;向北的;朝北的
isle [ail] 名 島;[尤指]小島
funnel ['f/A/ nl] 名 漏鬥;漏鬥形物;集中;注入
近義詞： channel; pipe; siphon
seawards ['s/E/ w/&r/ dz] 副 朝海的方向;向海地
scour [skaur] 動 拭磨.洗滌;擦拭使之光亮
近義詞： buff; clean; massage; polish; rub; scrub; shine; wash
discharge [dis't/ch/ a:d/zh/ ] 動 起.卸貨;發射;解放 動 出院;退伍;解雇;排放;漂白;滲;執行;取消
近義詞： dismiss; dump; expel; fire; let go; release; unload
反義詞： charge
discharge-key n. [電工]放電鍵
streak [str/E/ k] 名 條理;層;性格;情況;味道;期間 動 加條紋;變成條紋;閃電般發亮[奔馳]
近義詞： characteristic; element; line; mark; nature; quality; score; strain; striate; stripe; tendency; vein
boom [bu:m] 動 忽然興隆;大事宣傳 名 響聲;蜂等的振翅聲;暴漲
近義詞： advance; beam; flourish; gain; grow; increase; pole; progress; roar; rumble; swell; thrive; thunder
反義詞： slump
boom-and-bust n. 經濟繁榮與蕭條之交替循環
flip [flip] 動 用指頭彈;輕輕拂打;忽然搖動跳動 名 香甜燙酒;一次的飛行
近義詞： cast; flick; fling; hurl; jerk; pitch; sling; snap; throw; toss
flip-flop n. 後滾翻, 劈啪(聲) adv. 連續啪啪作聲地
flip-latch 鎖存器
fiery ['fai/&/ ri] 形 火的;燃燒的;炯炯的;熱列的 形 易怒的;猛烈的;易發火的[氣體];發炎的
近義詞： ardent; burning; excited; fervent; feverish; flaming; heated; hot; violent
fiery-footed adj. 敏捷的
fiery-hot adj. 火熱的, 太熱心的
fiery-red adj. 火紅的
outpost ['autp/O/ st] 名 前哨;前哨部隊;前哨地點
tryout ['traiaut] 名 甄別考試;試驗;嚐試;預賽
snag [sn/a/ g] 動 阻橈;斷枝;剪枝;缺牙;牙根;暴牙
近義詞： catch; hook; snare; snatch; trap
bravado [br/&/ 'v/o/ d/O/ ] 名 作威;虛張的勇氣
defiant [di'fai/&/ nt] 形 挑戰的;反抗的;大膽的
snatch [sn/a/ t/ch/ ] 動 抓;奪;匆忙地做;帶走;搶救出 名 誘拐;碎片;短暫的時間
近義詞： bit; clutch; grab; grasp; hook; scrap; seize; shred; snag; snare; trap
imam [i'm/o/ m] 名 回教之祭師[導師]
recap [r/E/ 'k/a/ p] 動 燒再生橡膠修補
aplenty adj. 豐富的 adv. 豐富地
lignite ['lignait] 名 褐煤
tally [t/a/ li] 動 附以標簽;總結;對照 名 符木;一致;酷似品;帳;計算單位;標簽
近義詞： agree; calculate; check; coincide; compute; correspond; count; estimate; figure; list; match; reckon; score
detractor n. 誹謗者, 惡意批評者
topsy-turvy adv. 顛倒地, 亂七八糟地 adj. 顛倒的
近義詞： chaotic; confused; inverted; jumbled; reversed; upside-down
lexicon ['leksik/&/ n] 名 辭典;語匯
collegiate [k/&/ 'l/E/ d/zh/ iit] 形 大學[的學生]的
eponymous [e'p/o/ nim/&/ s] 形 名祖的
chamber [t/ch/ eimb/&r/ ] 名 室;會議場;便壺;窩 動 作房間用;關在室內;上膛
近義詞： compartment; room
commerce ['k/o/ m/&r/ s] 名 商業;通商;貿易;交易.交際
近義詞： business; trade
inhabit [in'h/a/ bit] 動 居住;棲息;占據
近義詞： dwell; live; lodge; occupy; reside; room; stay
反義詞： desert
feisty adj. 易怒的, 活躍的
tribute ['tibju:t] 名 貢物;納貢義務;表感謝之辭
近義詞： compliment; contribution; donation; eulogy; glorification; laudation; praise; subscription
inlet ['inlet] 名 海口;入口;通路;插入物
近義詞： entrance; entry; opening; passageway
outlet [autlet] 名 出口;銷售對象;銷路;插座
反義詞： inlet
socket ['s/o/ kit] 名 承受口;插座;眼睛等窩;腔;孔
Socket 網絡應用程序接口
TCP/IP提供的網絡API（應用程序接口）主要是Socket，在TCP/IP中主要采用了客戶機/服務器的模式，Socket就是為這種模式而設計的，針對客戶機和服務器分別提供了不同的係統調用，利用這些調用，客戶機可以隨意申請一個Socket，係統就為它分配一個Soc
litigation ['lit/&/ 'gei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 訴訟;起訴
plaintiff ['pleintif] 名 原告
dwindle ['dwindl] 動 減;變瘦;變小;縮小;衰落
近義詞： decline; decrease; diminish; lessen; shrink; subside; waste away
stymy ['staimi] 名 [高爾夫]妨礙球;妨礙;阻撓
bequest [bi'kwest] 名 遺贈;遺產;遺贈物
disruptive [dis'r/A/ ptiv] 形 使分裂的;分裂性的
perseverance [p/&r/ s/&/ 'vir/&/ ns] 名 耐性;固執
clinch [klint/ch/ ] 動 敲彎;使釘牢;解決;扭住;擁抱
近義詞： bind; cinch; establish; fasten; grip; hold; insure; make certain; seize; tie; wrap
writ [rit] 名 令狀;文件文書
近義詞： notice; order; warrant
plexiglas ['pleksigl/a/ s] 名 塑膠玻璃
cynical ['sinikl] 形 愛嘲笑的;冷笑式的;譏誚的
denigrate ['den/&/ greit] 動 使變黑;玷汙;辱名
lash [l/a/ /ch/ ] 名 鞭條;皮條;衝擊;痛打;刺激;使激昂
近義詞： beat; blow; flog; hit; strike; whip
lash-up adj. 應急的 n. 應急的東西, 計劃, <俚>失敗, 一團糟
bludgeon ['bl/A/ d/zh/ /&/ n] 名 棍棒;棒打;欺負;嚇
competency ['k/o/ mp/&/ t/&/ nsi] 名 勝任;資格;能力
robin ['r/o/ bin] 名 知更鳥
porridge ['porid/zh/ ] 名 麥片粥;粥
gruel ['gru:/&/ l] 名 [供給病人的]稀粥;使極度疲勞
millet ['milit] 名 稷;栗;玉蜀黍之類
hearsay ['hirsei] 名 風聞
近義詞： gossip; rumor
keg [keg] 名 小桶;釘子的重量單位
tabloid ['t/a/ bloid] 名 小型報;小型畫報;藥片 形 扼要的
cameo [k/a/ mi/O/ ] 名 貝殼等上所刻的浮雕
sketch [sket/ch/ ] 名 素描.略圖;草稿;大要;小品文
sketch out 草擬；概略地敘述
petit ['peti] 形 小的;沒價值的;無用的
petite [p/&/ 't/E/ t] 形 [petit的女性形]小的
vintage ['vintid/zh/ ] 名 葡萄收獲期;葡萄酒
disinformation [disinf/&r/ 'mei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 假情報
artillery [a:'til/&/ ri] 名 大炮[兵;學];小型武器
反義詞： arms; small
incursion [in'k/&r/ /ch/ /&/ n] 名 侵入;侵略;奇襲;流入
intricate ['intr/&/ kit] 形 紛亂的;複雜的;糾纏的
近義詞： complex; complicated; confused; involved; perplexing
反義詞： plain; simple
intricately ['intr/&/ kitli] 副 紛亂地;複雜地
culprit ['k/A/ lprit] 名 犯人;罪犯;刑事被告
近義詞： offender; sinner; wrongdoer
covet ['k/A/ vit] 動 妄想;垂涎;貪;妄羨
近義詞： crave; desire; envy; lust; want
nab [n/a/ b] 動 捉住;逮捕[犯人等];搶法
stem [stem] 動 阻止;抵抗;發出;製動 名 幹莖;字根;血脈船首;軸;管;腳;上發條;製動
反義詞： stern
stem from 起源，發生
stem-winder n. 以轉鈕上發條的手表
stem-winding adj. 以轉柄上發條的
consensual [k/&/ n'sensju/&/ l] 形 在兩願下成立的
allegation [/a/ l/&/ 'gei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 申述;主張;陳述
Stoic ['st/O/ ik] 名 斯多亞學派哲學家;禁欲主義者
extortion [ik'stor/ch/ /&/ n] 名 硬要;強奪來的東西
sodomy ['s/o/ d/&/ mi] 名 雞奸;獸奸
deliberation [dilib/&/ 'rei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 熟慮;熟思;協議
acquit [/&/ 'kwit] 動 開釋;釋放;免除;還清[債務]
近義詞： absolve; cleanse; discharge; excuse; forgive; pardon
反義詞： arrest; capture; catch
intrigue [in'tr/E/ g] 名 陰謀;密謀;策劃;奸情
近義詞： amour; conspiracy; love affair; plot; romance; scheme
raft [r/a/ ft] 名 多數;筏;妨礙流行的流木;浮冰 動 編成筏子;用筏子渡過;乘筏;使用筏子
pediatrics [p/E/ di'/a/ triks] 名 小兒科
pediatrician [p/E/ di/&/ 'tri/ch/ /&/ n] 名 小兒科醫師
proclaim [pr/&/ 'kleim] 動 公告;聲明;公開以表揚
近義詞： advertise; announce; declare; herald; publicize; voice
deluxe [d/&/ 'luks] 形 高級的;豪華的
mezzanine ['mez/&/ n/E/ n] 名 中層樓;舞台下麵;包廂
wedge [wed/zh/ ] 名 楔子;高爾夫的十號鐵杆
近義詞： jam; lodge; push; squeeze
cadet [k/&/ 'det] 名 軍校學生;候補軍官
snap [sn/a/ p] 動 咬;折斷;怒罵;驟變;煎餅
近義詞： break; burst; crack; seize; snatch; split
snap at 厲聲說；急促地說
propensity [pr/&/ 'pens/&/ ti] 名 傾向;愛好;習性;癖
confound [k/&/ n'faund] 動 使混淆.混亂.狼狽;推翻
近義詞： baffle; bewilder; confuse; mystify; perplex; puzzle; stump
resiliency [ri'zili/&/ nsi] 名 彈回;彈性;愉快
Welsh [wel/ch/ ] 名 威爾斯[人;的;語]
welsh [wel/ch/ ] 動 逃避[債務;責任]
assuage [/&/ 'sweid/zh/ ] 動 和緩;鎮靜
近義詞： allay; alleviate; calm; check; ease; lessen; moderate; pacify; quiet; relieve; restrain
predicament [pri'dik/&/ m/&/ nt] 名 狀態;困局;範疇
近義詞： complication; dilemma; embarrassment; mess; pinch; plight
ouster ['aust/&r/ ] 名 放逐;侵占[財產等];不法奪取
uphold [/A/ p'h/O/ ld] 動 支撐;保證;確認;擁護;辯護
近義詞： bolster; confirm; corroborate; maintain; substantiate; support; sustain
反義詞： subvert
leaflet ['l/E/ flit] 名 小葉;嫩葉;摺疊的印刷物
reverence ['rev/&/ r/&/ ns] 動 尊敬;崇敬
diehard n. 頑固分子
bittersweet ['bit/&r/ sw/E/ t] 名 又苦又甜的東西
hiatus [hai'eit/&/ s] 名 裂縫;脫落;母音連續
ophthalmologist [/o/ f/th/ /a/ l'm/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ ist] 名 眼科醫師
oculist ['/o/ kj/&/ list] 名 眼科醫生
ophthalmology [/o/ f/th/ /a/ l'm/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ i] 名 眼科學
gynaecologist [gain/&/ 'k/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ ist] 名 婦科醫生
gynaecology [gain/&/ 'k/ol/ /&/ d/zh/ i] 名 婦科醫學
obstetrician [/o/ bste'tri/ch/ /&/ n] 名 產科醫師
obstetrics [/&/ b'stetriks] 名 產科學
metropolitan [metr/&/ 'p/ol/ /&/ tn] 形 首都的 名 首都居民;大都市市民;大主教
近義詞： city; civic; municipal; urban
hike [haik] 動 徒步旅行.使勁移動;加價徒步旅行
近義詞： march; parade; tramp; walk
dissent [di'sent] 動 與意見不同;提異議;不服從
近義詞： differ; disagree; take exception
反義詞： assent; consent
acerbic [/&/ 's/&r/ bik] 形 酸澀的;尖銳的;刻薄的
undercut [/A/ nd/&r/ k/A/ t] 名 牛腰部下側嫩肉;切球 動 廉價出售;較便宜的工資工作;從下邊切球
jurisdiction [d/zh/ uris'dik/ch/ /&/ n] 名 裁判權;各種權
legislative ['led/zh/ isleitiv] 形 立法.有立法權的
remedy ['remidi] 名 醫療;救濟對策;矯正法;公差
近義詞： correct; cure; doctor; fix; heal; rectify; treat
blockbuster ['bl/o/ kb/A/ st/&r/ ] 名 破壞性強的炸彈
court-martial n. 軍事法庭 vt. 交軍事法庭審判
justice ['d/zh/ /A/ stis] 名 正義;公平;正當;當然的
反義詞： injustice
avenue ['/a/ v/&/ nju:] 名 林蔭路;林蔭道;大路;門徑
ruling ['ru:li/ng/ ] 名 統治;判決;劃格;格線 形 支配的;主要的;優勢的有力的;一般的平均的
tribunal [trai'bju:nl] 名 法官[推事]席;法院
近義詞： board; council; court; forum
jot [d/zh/ /o/ t] 名 少量;少額;稍許
empathize v. 移情, 神會
immersion [i'm/&r/ /ch/ /&/ n] 名 浸入;浸洗;洗禮;熱衷
etiquette ['etiket] 名 禮儀;禮節;禮貌;成規
近義詞： manners
ministry ['ministri] 名 牧師.部長之職長;服侍
renown [ri'naun] 名 名聲;聲望
adieu [/&/ 'dju:] .. 再見!一路平安!告別;辭別
oddity ['/o/ d/&/ ti] 名 奇異;奇妙;奇特;怪人;奇人
patina ['p/a/ tin/&/ ] 名 綠鏽;綠青;古色;古翠;古雅
pomp [p/o/ mp] 名 華麗;壯觀;盛典;華麗的遊行;虛飾
近義詞： display; exhibition; magnificence; ostentation; pageant; show; sight; spectacle
manse [m/a/ ns] 名 牧師住宅
croon [kru:n] 動 低聲歌唱;低唱;低吟低唱;低吟
近義詞： hum; sing; vocalize
shag [/ch/ /a/ g] 名 粗毛.絨毛;絨布;板煙的一種
ceramic [s/&/ 'r/a/ mik] 形 陶器的;陶製的
daisy ['deizi] 名 雛菊.法國菊;第一流;薰火腿肉
Daisy ['deizi] 名 女子名
rev [rev] 名 發動機的轉數
metaphor ['met/&/ f/&r/ ] 名 隱喻
emphatic [im'f/a/ tik] 形 語調強的;用力的;強調的
intangible [in't/a/ nd/zh/ /&/ bl] 形 不可觸知的;無形的
近義詞： unsubstantial; untouchable
反義詞： tangible
rave [reiv] 動 胡說八道;狂言;叫嚷;狂暴;咆哮
rave-up n. 喧鬧的宴會, 狂歡聚會
splay [splei] 動 做成外寬內狹;開成扇形;使脫臼 形 外寬式的;不成體統的;喇叭式開口
crevasse [kri'v/a/ s] 名 裂縫;破口;崩潰處
sectarian [sek't/ar/ i/&/ n] 形 宗派的;黨派心強的
platoon [pl/&/ 'tu:n] 名 排;一組;團;警官的一隊
torso ['tors/O/ ] 名 軀幹;未完成的[不完整的]作品
magistrate ['m/a/ d/zh/ istreit] 名 長官;縣長;推事
近義詞： judge
annihilate [/&/ 'nai/&/ leit] 動 絕滅;消滅;廢止
近義詞： abolish; demolish; destroy; end; wreck
vibrant ['vaibr/&/ nt] 形 震;戰栗的;強壯的
fortuitous [for'tju:/&/ t/&/ s] 形 偶然的;意外的
反義詞： intentional
resourceful [ri'sorsf/&/ l] 形 富於想像.機智的
近義詞： adept; clever; cunning; deft; ingenious; skillful; smart
scud [sk/A/ d] 動 輕輕地跑;輕快地飛翔;掠過..而飛
moratorium [mor/&/ 'tori/&/ m] 名 延期償付[令]
acrimonious [/a/ kr/&/ 'm/O/ ni/&/ s] 形 嚴厲的;辛辣的
brink [bri/ng/ k] 名 邊緣[峭壁等的];水邊
autonomous [o't/o/ n/&/ m/&/ s] 形 有自治權的;自律的
escarpment [is'k/o/ pm/&/ nt] 名 懸崖;斷崖;絕壁
striation [strai'ei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 加線紋線痕;細溝
splay [splei] 動 做成外寬內狹;開成扇形;使脫臼 形 外寬式的;不成體統的;喇叭式開口
crevasse [kri'v/a/ s] 名 裂縫;破口;崩潰處
sectarian [sek't/ar/ i/&/ n] 形 宗派的;黨派心強的
platoon [pl/&/ 'tu:n] 名 排;一組;團;警官的一隊
torso ['tors/O/ ] 名 軀幹;未完成的[不完整的]作品
magistrate ['m/a/ d/zh/ istreit] 名 長官;縣長;推事
近義詞： judge
annihilate [/&/ 'nai/&/ leit] 動 絕滅;消滅;廢止
近義詞： abolish; demolish; destroy; end; wreck
vibrant ['vaibr/&/ nt] 形 震;戰栗的;強壯的
fortuitous [for'tju:/&/ t/&/ s] 形 偶然的;意外的
反義詞： intentional
payload n. 有效載荷
subdued adj. 屈服的, 被抑製的, 柔和的, 減弱的
saturation [s/a/ t/ch/ /&/ 'rei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 浸透;浸潤;彩度
pinch [pint/ch/ ] 動 捏;使憔悴;使缺乏;逮補;節儉 名 偷竊;搜捕;危急情況
近義詞： nip; press; squeeze; tweak
pinch-hit vi. 緊急時代打球
pinch-runner n. [棒]（關鍵時刻上場的）替補跑壘員
Pliocene ['plai/&/ s/E/ n] 名 鮮新世的
pitchout [pit/ch/ aut] 名 投手故意投的壞球
volumetric [v/ol/ j/&/ 'metrik] 形 測定體積[容積]的
reconnaissance [ri'k/o/ n/&/ s/&/ ns] 名 搜察;勘察隊
paleo- 表示“古, 舊”之義
outline [autlain] 名 外形;輪廓;略圖;概要;概論
近義詞： chart; contour; diagram; draft; drawing; pattern; plan; profile; skeleton; sketch
prospect ['pr/o/ spekt] 名 眼界;眺望;景色;期待 動 探勘;試掘;找;有希望的
反義詞： retrospect
embayment [im'beim/&/ nt] 名 灣狀之物;形成港灣
traverse ['tr/a/ v/&r/ s] 動 橫過;銘刻於心;妨害;跋涉 名 橫貫;[測]割線;炮口旋轉
superimpose [su:p/&/ rim'p/O/ z] 動 重疊;加上去;雙重
borehole ['borh/O/ l] 名 地上鑿穿孔
concomitantly [k/&/ n'k/o/ mit/&/ ntli] 副 附隨地
Paleozoic [peili/&/ 'z/O/ ik] 形 古生代的
Mesozoic [mes/&/ 'z/O/ ik] 名 中世代
rhomboid ['r/o/ mboid] 名 偏菱形;長斜方形
spud [sp/A/ d] 名 小鋤頭;剝取樹皮用的刀;馬鈴薯
configuration [k/&/ nfigj/&/ 'rei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 結構;形態
Configuration 配置
aspen ['/a/ sp/&/ n] 名 白楊[似的];搖晃的
limestone ['laimst/O/ n] 名 石灰石
lay out 花費；布置；擺開
Jurassic [d/zh/ u'r/a/ sik] 形 侏羅紀的;侏羅係的
Ordovician [ord/&/ 'vi/ch/ /&/ n] 名 [古生代的]奧陶紀
mississippian [mis/&/ 'sipi/&/ n] 形 mississippi的
Triassic [trai'/a/ sik] 形 三疊紀的
obscuration [/o/ bskju'rei/ch/ /&/ n] 名 黑暗化;曖昧化
accentuate [/a/ k'sent/ch/ ueit] 動 重讀;極力主張
meander [mi'/a/ nd/&r/ ] 名 河流的曲折;漫步;迂回旅行 動 緩慢而彎曲地流動;漫談
近義詞： stray; twist; wander; wind
meandering [mi'/a/ nd/&r/ ri/ng/ ] 名 曲徑;漫步;漫談 形 曲折的;漫步的;聊天的
arcuate ['a:kjuit] 形 弧形的;弓形的
splinter ['splint/&r/ ] 名 碎片;刺;破片[炮彈等的]
Pleistocene ['plaist/&/ s/E/ n] 名 更新世[的]
lignite ['lignait] 名 褐煤
Permian ['p/&r/ mi/&/ n] 形 二疊紀的;二疊係的
troll [tr/O/ l] 名 輪唱;輪唱歌;輪轉線釣魚法;擬餌
prominent ['pr/o/ m/&/ n/&/ nt] 形 突起.顯眼.著名的
近義詞： celebrated; distinguished; eminent; famous; great; important; outstanding; popular; well-known
反義詞： anonymous
splay [splei] 動 做成外寬內狹;開成扇形;使脫臼 形 外寬式的;不成體統的;喇叭式開口
crevasse [kri'v/a/ s] 名 裂縫;破口;崩潰處
distributary [di'stribjut/ar/ i] 名 支流
bar [ba:] 名 染;妨害;禁止;反對;除..之外 名 棒;閂;線條;法院;節線
近義詞： ban; block; counter; exclude; forbid; obstruct; pole; prohibit; rod; saloon; shut out; stick; tavern
bar-and-grill n. <美> 烤肉酒店, 烤肉酒吧
bar-b-q barbecue 蒙古烤肉
Pleistocene ['plaist/&/ s/E/ n] 名 更新世[的]
meander [mi'/a/ nd/&r/ ] 名 河流的曲折;漫步;迂回旅行 動 緩慢而彎曲地流動;漫談
近義詞： stray; twist; wander; wind
sinkhole ['si/ng/ kh/O/ l] 名 陰溝的入口處;排水口
furcate ['f/&r/ kit] 形 叉形的;分岐的;成枝的
bifurcate ['baif/&r/ keit] 動 分[成]叉
crater ['kreit/&r/ ] 名 火山口;噴火口;彈坑;巨爵座
Devonian [d/&/ 'v/O/ ni/&/ n] 名 泥盆紀[係][地層的]
pervade [p/&r/ 'veid] 動 擴散;蔓延;普及;充滿;滲透
近義詞： fill; overrun; penetrate; permeate
coalesce [k/O/ /&/ 'les] 動 合並;聯合;接合;愈接
discern [di'z/&r/ n] 動 分別;識別;找出;認識;領悟 [d
