zt: Toddlers and Challenging Behavior: Why They Do It and How to

The year between age 2 and age 3 is an exciting one.  Toddlers are realizing that they are separate individuals from their parents and caregivers.  This means that they are driven to assert themselves, to communicate their likes and dislikes, and to act independently (as much as they can!).  Toddlers are also developing the language skills that help them express their ideas, wants, and needs. 

At the same time, toddlers do not understand logic and still have a hard time with waiting and self-control.  In a nutshell:  Two-year-olds want what they want when they want it.  This is why you may be hearing things like “no” and “me do it” and “no diaper change!” more than ever before. 

Learning to Handle Strong Feelings
As a parent, your job is to help your young toddler navigate the tide of strong emotions she is experiencing this year.  This is no small task, since the emotional lives of 2-year-olds are complex.  This year they are beginning to experience feelings like pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment for the first time. 

Older toddlers are a lot like teenagers.  Their feelings may swing wildly from moment to moment.  They may be joyful when getting a popsicle and then despair when it drips on their hands.  So toddlers really need your loving guidance to figure out how to cope with their emotions.  Your child is struggling with this when:

• He has a meltdown when you can’t understand his words
  
  
• She says no when she means yes (you are offering her a favorite treat)
  
  
• He gets so angry that he might throw a toy
  
  
• She cannot settle for a substitute—if the purple pajamas are in the wash, she is inconsolable (even though you have offered the pink ones, the polka dot ones, the ones with the cupcake patch on the front, etc.)
  
  
• He acts out when frustrated—will give up or get angry when he can’t figure out how to make the jack-in-the-box work

Your child is learning to manage strong feelings when he:

• Uses words or actions to get your attention or ask for help
  
  
• Talks to himself in a reassuring way when he is frustrated or frightened.  For example, he might say to himself, Daddy will come back, after you drop him off at child care.  Or, I can build this again after his block tower collapses
  
  
• Re-enacts a stressful event, like a doctor’s visit
  
  
• Uses words like I’m mad rather than throwing or hitting
  
  
• Tells you the rules or shows that she feels badly about breaking rules.  For example, your child might say no to herself as she does something off-limits, like opening the fridge.  Or he might tell you at the park, Don’t walk in front of the swings.

Practicing Self-Control
When you see challenging behavior, it usually means that your child can’t figure out how to express her feelings in an acceptable way or doesn’t know how to get a need met.  What helps your child learn is when your response shows her a different, more constructive way to handle these feelings. 

Learning to cope with strong feelings usually happens naturally as children develop better language skills in their third year and have more experience with peers, handling disappointment, and following rules.  While children won’t completely master self-control until they are school-age (and practice it all their lives!), here are some ideas for helping your toddler begin to learn this important skill: 

• Talk about feelings and how to cope.  Read books and notice aloud how the characters are feeling:  The dog is really happy that he got a bone.  And share your own feelings:  I just spilled the baby’s milk.  I feel really frustrated!  Will you help me wipe it up?  Wow, it feels so good to have your help.  When your child can label how he is feeling, it helps him gain control over his emotions and communicate them to others. 
  
  Once your child has named his feelings, you can suggest what he might do to feel better or solve the problem.  This helps him learn what to do in the future when he faces a similar challenge.  For example, if he is sad because his grandparents just left after a two-week visit, you can suggest looking at photos of them or drawing them a picture.  
  
  
• Offer your child ideas for how to manage strong emotions.  Young children need guidance when it comes to figuring out how to deal with big feelings like anger, sadness, and frustration.  So when your child is really angry, validate what he is experiencing:  You are really angry right now because I said no more television. 
  
  Then suggest that he jump up and down, hit the sofa cushions, rip paper, cuddle up in a cozy area for alone time, paint an angry picture or some other strategy that you feel is appropriate.  What’s important is to teach your child that there are many ways to express his feelings in healthy, non-hurtful ways.
  
  
• Empathize with your child.   It’s okay to let her know that you understand the choices she is being offered are not the ones she wants:  We have to leave now to go to Ms. Kelly’s house. I know you want to stay home with daddy. You miss me and I miss you during the day. But staying home is not a choice today.  Daddy has to go to work.  But when we get home, we will finish the puzzle we started and have a yummy dinner.  Do you want to get into the car seat yourself or do you want me to put you in?
  
  
• Give your child a visual aid to make waiting easier.  If your child has to wait until his oatmeal has cooled down, show him the steam rising from the bowl.  Tell him that when the steam goes away, you can test the oatmeal on a spoon to see if it is cool enough.  If you need to help your child brush her teeth for 2 minutes each day, use an egg timer so she can watch the countdown.  Need 10 minutes to fold some clothes?  Set a kitchen timer so that your child can keep track. 
  
  Timers are also great tools for helping children learn to share.  Give them each a few minutes—using the timer—to play with a toy they both want, like the shiny new tricycle parked out back.  It’s also helpful to state the obvious: It’s hard to wait sometimes, isn’t it?
  
  
• Let your child make choices appropriate to her age—about what to wear (perhaps offer 2 choices) and what to eat (within reason), what to play, who to play with.  This gives her a feeling of control and supports her growing confidence and sense of competency (the belief that “I can do it”). 
  
  Offering choices also helps head off the “Not That One” game where you keep offering your child different things and he keeps saying “Not that one, the other one!”  Instead, try giving your child 3 choices and let him pick:  You can have an apple, a string cheese, or a bagel for snack.  What sounds good to you? 
  
  
• Look for ways to help your child “practice” self-control.  There are many daily moments when you can teach your child this skill.  For example, games that require turn-taking are great for practicing how to wait and share.  Rolling a ball back and forth is an example.  This game gives children the chance to wait and control their impulse to grab the ball.  You can also take turns hitting a soft foam ball off a tee. 
  
  Or try acting out a story.  Pretend play offers many chances to wait, take turns, and negotiate as children decide how the story will unfold.  Another idea is playing “sharing music” where each of you chooses an instrument to play and set an egg-timer for 1 minute.  When the timer goes off, switch instruments and set the timer again.