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談談功率和扭矩(序):為什麽要談馬力和扭力談談功率和扭矩(一):理論先行,先講一點物理談談功率和扭矩(二):再談金科玉律的公式談談功率和扭矩(三):變速箱到底變了什麽?談談功率和扭矩(四):來看發動機的馬力扭矩曲線我們知道馬力是功率的常用單位。在英國、美國等一些國家采用的是英製馬力(hp)。1英製馬力等於550英尺磅/秒,等於745.7瓦特。在18世紀後期,英國物理學家瓦特為了測定新製造出來的蒸汽機的功率,他把馬力的定義規定為在1分鍾內把1000磅的重物升高33英尺的功,用字母HP表示,這就是英製馬力的由來。馬力的另一種定義是公製的馬力,它取了一個非常接近英製馬力的值,規定1公製馬力是在1秒鍾內完成75千克力米的功。即:1米製馬力=75千克力米/秒=735瓦特。1英製馬力=1.014公製馬力。
至於發動機的馬力,各國有許多種不同測試標準,如DIN、SAE、EEC、JIS等等。(德國的DIN,歐洲共同體的新標準EEC,日本的JIS是以公製的PS為馬力單位,而SAE使用的是英製的hp為單位)。具體這些標準有什麽不同,大家可以自己上網搜索一下。實際上它們是大同小異的。
我們實用的金科玉律的公式: 功率(hp)=扭矩(lb-ft)x轉速(rpm)/5252 是以英製馬力計算出的。
汽車發動機馬力的測試,根據測試點的不同,還有另一種分類。英文好像更準確些,我也懶得翻譯了。
Brake Horsepower (bhp): Prior to electronic bench testing, horsepower was quantified as the amount of resistance against a flywheel brake. Although the method is no longer used, the term remains an industry standard.
Gross Horsepower: Absolute maximum horsepower at the flywheel, with no load or drag from auxiliary systems, such as the alternator, water pump, etc. Created in an ideal environment with precisely controlled intake and exhaust flow characteristics, this category is of little practical use.
Net Horsepower: Maximum horsepower at the flywheel, with intake and exhaust systems in place and accounting for load from auxiliary systems. This is what most automotive manufacturers publish as
SAE net horsepower. Real-wheel Horsepower: Measured on a chassis dyno, the maximum horsepower transferred to the ground by the rear wheels. It can be affected by gearing, with lower (numerically higher) gearing tending to indicate a lower torque peak. Considered the most practical measurement of usable horsepower, it is the standard used in all 4WD vehicle tests whenever possible.
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