正文
Judge Jones Defines Science--and Why Intelligent Design Isn't(ZT)
Science 6 January 2006:
Vol. 311. no. 5757, p. 34
DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5757.34
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THE DOVER ID DECISION:
Judge Jones Defines Science--and Why Intelligent Design Isn't
Jeffrey Mervis
In a sweeping decision, a federal district court judge makes the connection between how science operates and the First Amendment
Eric Rothschild says he couldn't be happier with the 20 December decision by federal district court Judge John Jones III ordering the Dover, Pennsylvania, schools to remove references to intelligent design (ID) from the science curriculum. "Our game plan was to explain what science is, so that we could show very clearly that intelligent design was not science. … And the judge got it," says Rothschild, a lawyer with Pepper Hamilton LLP in Philadelphia who helped to represent the parents of 11 Dover students who brought the civil suit. (For a news report on the decision, see http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/1220/1).
The parents sued after the school board passed a resolution in October 2004 declaring that "students will be made aware of gaps and problems in Darwin's theory and of other theories of evolution including, but not limited to, intelligent design." In his ruling, Jones went beyond the question of whether the policy was religiously motivated and tore into the whole foundation of ID. His 139-page decision,* which incorporates substantial portions of the plaintiffs' arguments, also castigates the school board for the "breathtaking inanity" of its policy.
Figure 1 Holding court. Eric Rothschild fields questions after the judge announced his decision.
CREDIT: ASSOCIATED PRESS
The winners hope the decision will end the ID debate in Dover: Eight of the nine members of the school board were defeated in a November election by candidates opposed to the ID statement, and the new board has said it doesn't plan to appeal the ruling. But it isn't expected to end attacks on evolutionary theory by supporters of the view that the complexity of life requires a supernatural designer, say scientists and those who have followed the bitter debates. "ID is like a waterbed," quips Eugenie Scott of the National Center for Science Education in Oakland, California, which tracks the issue. "If you push it down in one place, it pops up in another place."
In the following excerpt, Jones mentions two important cases--Edwards v. Aguillard, a 1987 Supreme Court decision, and McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education, a 1982 district court decision--that set down a national prohibition against the teaching of "creation science" in public schools. He also refers to plaintiffs' witness Kevin Padian, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and defense witness Michael Behe, a biologist at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Excerpts from the decision ID is not science. We find that ID fails on three different levels, any one of which is sufficient to preclude a determination that ID is science. They are:
1) ID violates the centuries-old ground rules of science by invoking and permitting supernatural causation;
1）智能設計違反了幾個世紀來建立的科學的基本原則：引入超自然起因。
2) The argument of irreducible complexity, central to ID, employs the same flawed and illogical contrived dualism that doomed creation science in the 1980s, and;
2）智能設計核心：無可簡約的複雜性提法，使用了曾讓80年代創造科學注定失敗的同樣的有缺陷的非邏輯的非自然二元論。
3) ID's negative attacks on evolution have been refuted by the scientific community. … It has not generated peer-reviewed publications, nor has it been the subject of testing and research. …
3）智能設計對進化論的負麵攻擊已經被科學界駁斥。智能設計沒有能產生同行審閱的出版物，也沒有成為研究和檢測的課題。
ID takes a natural phenomenon and, instead of accepting or seeking a natural explanation, argues that the explanation is supernatural. … It is notable that defense experts' own mission is to change the ground rules of science to allow supernatural causation of the natural world, which the Supreme Court in Edwards and the [district] court in McLean correctly recognized as an inherently religious concept. … Not a single expert witness over the course of the 6-week trial identified one major scientific association, society, or organization that endorsed ID as science. What is more, defense experts concede that ID is not a theory as that term is defined by the National Academy of Sciences. …
智能設計方專家證人在6周的庭審中，沒有一個人能指出一個主要科學學會，團體支持智能設計是科學。辯方（智能設計方）專家承認，智能設計作為一個“理論”不符合美國科學院對“理論”的定義。
ID is at bottom premised upon a false dichotomy, namely, that to the extent evolutionary theory is discredited, ID is confirmed. This argument is not brought to this Court anew, and in fact the same argument, termed 'contrived dualism' in McLean, was employed by creationists in the 1980s to support 'creation science'. … However, we believe that arguments against evolution are not arguments for design. Expert testimony revealed that just because scientists cannot explain today how biological systems evolved does not mean that they cannot, and will not, be able to explain them tomorrow. …
The concept of irreducible complexity is ID's alleged scientific centerpiece. Irreducible complexity is a negative argument against evolution, not proof of design. Irreducible complexity additionally fails to make a positive scientific case for ID. … As expert testimony revealed, the qualification on what is meant by 'irreducible complexity' renders it meaningless as a criticism of evolution. In fact, the theory of evolution proffers exaptation as a well-recognized, well-documented explanation for how systems with multiple parts could have evolved through natural means.
Exaptation means that some precursor of the subject system had a different, selectable function before experiencing the change or addition that resulted in the subject system with its present function. For example, Dr. [Kevin] Padian identified the evolution of the mammalian middle ear bones from what had been jawbones as an example of this process. By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor [Michael] Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument. …
We find that ID is not science and cannot be adjudged a valid, accepted scientific theory. … [It] is grounded in theology, not science. … It has no place in a science curriculum. ID's backers have sought to avoid the scientific scrutiny which we have now determined that it cannot withstand by advocating that the controversy, but not ID itself, should be taught in science class. This tactic is at best disingenuous and, at worst, a canard. The goal of the ID movement is not to encourage critical thought, but to foment a revolution that would supplant evolutionary theory with ID.
我們發現智能設計不是科學而且不能被法律判定為合理的，被接受的科學理論。（它）是基於神學而不是科學。它不在科學學科中占一席之地。因為智能設計的倡導者試圖避免科學的檢驗，所以我們現決定在科學課程中教授爭論（智能設計與科學之爭）而不是智能設計本身的訴求，也是不成立的。這一手段至好是無心的，而至壞的情況，是蓄意欺騙。智能設計運動的目標並不是鼓勵批判的思考，而是試圖醞釀讓智能設計取代進化論。
*http://www.pamd.uscourts.gov/kitzmiller/kitzmiller_342.pdf
Science 6 January 2006:
Vol. 311. no. 5757, p. 34
DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5757.34
Prev | Table of Contents | Next
News Focus
THE DOVER ID DECISION:
Judge Jones Defines Science--and Why Intelligent Design Isn't
Jeffrey Mervis
In a sweeping decision, a federal district court judge makes the connection between how science operates and the First Amendment
Eric Rothschild says he couldn't be happier with the 20 December decision by federal district court Judge John Jones III ordering the Dover, Pennsylvania, schools to remove references to intelligent design (ID) from the science curriculum. "Our game plan was to explain what science is, so that we could show very clearly that intelligent design was not science. … And the judge got it," says Rothschild, a lawyer with Pepper Hamilton LLP in Philadelphia who helped to represent the parents of 11 Dover students who brought the civil suit. (For a news report on the decision, see http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/1220/1).
The parents sued after the school board passed a resolution in October 2004 declaring that "students will be made aware of gaps and problems in Darwin's theory and of other theories of evolution including, but not limited to, intelligent design." In his ruling, Jones went beyond the question of whether the policy was religiously motivated and tore into the whole foundation of ID. His 139-page decision,* which incorporates substantial portions of the plaintiffs' arguments, also castigates the school board for the "breathtaking inanity" of its policy.
Figure 1 Holding court. Eric Rothschild fields questions after the judge announced his decision.
CREDIT: ASSOCIATED PRESS
The winners hope the decision will end the ID debate in Dover: Eight of the nine members of the school board were defeated in a November election by candidates opposed to the ID statement, and the new board has said it doesn't plan to appeal the ruling. But it isn't expected to end attacks on evolutionary theory by supporters of the view that the complexity of life requires a supernatural designer, say scientists and those who have followed the bitter debates. "ID is like a waterbed," quips Eugenie Scott of the National Center for Science Education in Oakland, California, which tracks the issue. "If you push it down in one place, it pops up in another place."
In the following excerpt, Jones mentions two important cases--Edwards v. Aguillard, a 1987 Supreme Court decision, and McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education, a 1982 district court decision--that set down a national prohibition against the teaching of "creation science" in public schools. He also refers to plaintiffs' witness Kevin Padian, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and defense witness Michael Behe, a biologist at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Excerpts from the decision ID is not science. We find that ID fails on three different levels, any one of which is sufficient to preclude a determination that ID is science. They are:
1) ID violates the centuries-old ground rules of science by invoking and permitting supernatural causation;
1）智能設計違反了幾個世紀來建立的科學的基本原則：引入超自然起因。
2) The argument of irreducible complexity, central to ID, employs the same flawed and illogical contrived dualism that doomed creation science in the 1980s, and;
2）智能設計核心：無可簡約的複雜性提法，使用了曾讓80年代創造科學注定失敗的同樣的有缺陷的非邏輯的非自然二元論。
3) ID's negative attacks on evolution have been refuted by the scientific community. … It has not generated peer-reviewed publications, nor has it been the subject of testing and research. …
3）智能設計對進化論的負麵攻擊已經被科學界駁斥。智能設計沒有能產生同行審閱的出版物，也沒有成為研究和檢測的課題。
ID takes a natural phenomenon and, instead of accepting or seeking a natural explanation, argues that the explanation is supernatural. … It is notable that defense experts' own mission is to change the ground rules of science to allow supernatural causation of the natural world, which the Supreme Court in Edwards and the [district] court in McLean correctly recognized as an inherently religious concept. … Not a single expert witness over the course of the 6-week trial identified one major scientific association, society, or organization that endorsed ID as science. What is more, defense experts concede that ID is not a theory as that term is defined by the National Academy of Sciences. …
智能設計方專家證人在6周的庭審中，沒有一個人能指出一個主要科學學會，團體支持智能設計是科學。辯方（智能設計方）專家承認，智能設計作為一個“理論”不符合美國科學院對“理論”的定義。
ID is at bottom premised upon a false dichotomy, namely, that to the extent evolutionary theory is discredited, ID is confirmed. This argument is not brought to this Court anew, and in fact the same argument, termed 'contrived dualism' in McLean, was employed by creationists in the 1980s to support 'creation science'. … However, we believe that arguments against evolution are not arguments for design. Expert testimony revealed that just because scientists cannot explain today how biological systems evolved does not mean that they cannot, and will not, be able to explain them tomorrow. …
The concept of irreducible complexity is ID's alleged scientific centerpiece. Irreducible complexity is a negative argument against evolution, not proof of design. Irreducible complexity additionally fails to make a positive scientific case for ID. … As expert testimony revealed, the qualification on what is meant by 'irreducible complexity' renders it meaningless as a criticism of evolution. In fact, the theory of evolution proffers exaptation as a well-recognized, well-documented explanation for how systems with multiple parts could have evolved through natural means.
Exaptation means that some precursor of the subject system had a different, selectable function before experiencing the change or addition that resulted in the subject system with its present function. For example, Dr. [Kevin] Padian identified the evolution of the mammalian middle ear bones from what had been jawbones as an example of this process. By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor [Michael] Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument. …
We find that ID is not science and cannot be adjudged a valid, accepted scientific theory. … [It] is grounded in theology, not science. … It has no place in a science curriculum. ID's backers have sought to avoid the scientific scrutiny which we have now determined that it cannot withstand by advocating that the controversy, but not ID itself, should be taught in science class. This tactic is at best disingenuous and, at worst, a canard. The goal of the ID movement is not to encourage critical thought, but to foment a revolution that would supplant evolutionary theory with ID.
我們發現智能設計不是科學而且不能被法律判定為合理的，被接受的科學理論。（它）是基於神學而不是科學。它不在科學學科中占一席之地。因為智能設計的倡導者試圖避免科學的檢驗，所以我們現決定在科學課程中教授爭論（智能設計與科學之爭）而不是智能設計本身的訴求，也是不成立的。這一手段至好是無心的，而至壞的情況，是蓄意欺騙。智能設計運動的目標並不是鼓勵批判的思考，而是試圖醞釀讓智能設計取代進化論。
*http://www.pamd.uscourts.gov/kitzmiller/kitzmiller_342.pdf
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