特別喜歡 <原罪的基因> 一書
Genetics of Orginal Sin - The impact of Natural Selection on the Future of Humanity
Christian de Duve (Nobel Laureate) with Neil Patterson
Yale University Press 2010
576.8 DED
ISBN 978-0-300-16507-4
原著Génétique du péché originel,
Editions Odile Jacob 2009
ISBN 978-2-7381-2218-6
因為教會的創世論和達爾文的進化論有很多的爭議, 我到圖書館找到了達爾文的原著和其他相關書籍來翻閱.
<原罪的基因> 一書是我看到的最好的. 簡明扼要, 經典之作. 不知道現在有沒有中譯本出來. 我很想推薦給廣大的中文讀者, 如果河裏有大牛願意翻譯/出版就好了. 作者Christian de Duve是獲得過諾獎的資深教授, 出版過多本著作. 這本書可能是他老人家(今年96歲)的最後一本.
著作
1 A Guided Tour of the Living Cell (1984) ISBN 0-7167-5002-3
2 Blueprint For a Cell: The Nature and Origin of Life (1991) ISBN 0-89278-410-5
3 Vital Dust: Life As a Cosmic Imperative (1996) ISBN 0-465-09045-1
4 Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning (2002) ISBN 0-19-515605-6
5 Singularities: Landmarks on the Pathways of Life (2005) ISBN 978-0-521-84195-5
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Part I The History of Life on Earth
1. The Unity of Life
- advancing knowledge has swept away centrisms
- earth has a history
- life also has a history
- all living beings share a number of basis properties
- the history of life is written into molecular sequences
- biological evolution is an established fact
- opposition to evolution on religious grounds is widespread
第一部分地球上生命的曆史
1。生命的統一源頭
- 人類的知識進步徹底掃除了"人中心論"
- 地球的曆史
- 生命的曆史
- 一切生物都有共同的屬性
- 生命的曆史記錄在分子序列中
- 生物進化是不爭的事實
- 用宗教理由來反對進化論的現象很普遍
2. The Origin of Life
- life appeared on Earth shortly after the young planet has become phyically able to harbor it
- The origin of life is not known, but the only scientifically acceptable hyposis is that it arose naturally
- The building blocks of life arise spontaneously throughout the universe
- Earth formed a "cauldron" in which cosmic building blocks could interact
- the first steps in the origin of life were chemical in nature
- the appearance of RNA was a key step in the origin of life
2。生命的起源
- 地球成為年輕的行星後不久,剛剛具備條件,生命便開始出現
- 生命的起源尚不清楚，但科學上可以接受的假設是，生命是自然產生的
- 構成生命的積木塊在整個宇宙太空中都是自發的產生的
- 地球形成了一個"大鍋"，宇宙太空中的生命積木塊可能注入
- 生命的起源的第一步本質上是化學反應
- RNA的出現是生命起源過程中的一個關鍵步驟
3. The Evolution of Life
- Microbes have left few fossile vestiges but many other traces of their long duration on Earth
- Bacteria separated into two main groups
- Atmospheric oxygen was a major contribution of life to Earth
- The birth of eukaryotic cells inaugurated a new living world
- Endosymbosis was a key phenomenon in the development of eukaryotes
- Protists are the ultimate champions of unicellularity
- Multicellularity allowed division of labor
- Born in water, plants were the first multicellular organisms to invade land
- The evolution of animals developed around the alimentary function
- Marine invertebrates inaugurated animal life
- Body segementation opened the way to vertebrates
- Several distinct animal lineages moved from water to land
- Dinosaurs gave rise to birds and mammals
3。生命的進化
- 微生物留下的化石遺跡很少，但它們在地球上漫長歲月的存在有很多其他痕跡
- 細菌分為兩大類
- 大氣氧的出現，對地球生命的發展是一個重大的貢獻
- 真核細胞的誕生，開創了新的生物世界
- 內共生Endosymbosis是真核生物的發展中一個關鍵的現象
- 原生生物是單細胞的最終冠軍
- 多細胞構成分工不同的多細胞協作
- 植物是第一個從水中發展到陸地上的多細胞生物
- 動物的進化來源於消化道功能的演變
- 海洋無脊椎動物開創了動物的生命
- 身體分段為脊椎動物的形成開辟了道路
- 有幾個不同的動物譜係從水生到陸地
- 恐龍引發了鳥類和哺乳動物的出現
Part II The Mechanisms of Life
4. Metabolism
- living cells are chemial factories
- living cells extract the energy they need from their surroundings
- thousands of specific catalysts are involved in metabolic reactions
- metabolic pathways form networks of enormous complexity
- we are what our catalysts are
- the history of metabolism goes back to the earliest days of life
第二部分的生命機製
4。代謝
- 活細胞就是一個化工廠
- 活細胞從周圍的環境中提取能量
- 代謝反應需要數以千計的各種催化劑參與
- 各種代謝途徑形成了極其複雜的網絡
- 我們實際上是由催化劑決定的
- 新陳代謝的曆史可以追溯到生命的最早期
5. Reproduction
- reproduction started with molecular replication
- with the appearance of cells, cell division was added to molecular replication in biological reproduction
- multicellular beings reproduce by way of single mother cells
- the mother cell of multicellular beings arises from two parental cells by sexual reproduction
- chromosome doubling caused by sexual reproduction is corrected by meiosis during gamete maturation
- sexual reproduction is the laboratory of evolution
- male and female gametes differ
- plant reproduction involves spores
- seeds and fruits harbor, until germination, the plant embryos issued from fertilized eggs
- fungi also reproduce by way of spores
- in animals, parent mobility favors union between spermatozoa and oocytes
- the fertilized egg of vertebrates has always developed in an aqueous medium
5。生殖
- 生殖源於分子複製
- 因為有了細胞，生物繁殖的分子複製過程需要添加細胞分裂
- 多細胞生物的單性繁殖
- 多細胞生物的兩性繁殖
- 兩性繁殖所造成的染色體加倍問題通過減數分裂形成成熟的配子來解決
- 兩性繁殖就是進化實驗室
- 雄性和雌性配子的不同
- 植物繁殖通過孢子
- 種子存放在果實裏，直到發芽，從受精卵開始的植物的胚胎
- 真菌也通過孢子繁殖
- 在動物中，雙親可以行走移動, 有利於精子和卵細胞之間的聯盟
- 脊椎動物的受精卵無一不是在水性介質中發育
6. Development
- the first accounts of embryological development were purely descriptive
- experimental embryology began to decipher developmental mechanisms
- development is ruled by transcriptional gene control
- genes are organized by transcription into a hierarchy dominated by master gene
- homeotic genes are master genes of central importance
- evolution and development are intimately linked
6。發育
- 胚胎發育的最早記錄是描述性的
- 實驗胚胎學開始破解各種發育機製
- 發育是有規則的,由轉錄基因控製
- 各種基因由轉錄基因組織形成一個由主基因主導的層次結構
- 同源異型基因是至關重要的主基因
- 進化和發育是緊密聯係的
7. Natural Selection
- at the start lies heredity
- artificial selection exploits the imperfection of heredity for defined purposes
- Maltus introduced the notion of the "struggle for life"
- Natural selection lets the "struggle for life" choose passively among the diversity created by the imperfections of heredity
- natural selection acts under our own eyes
- the mutations subjected to natural selection are accidental events devoid of finality
- the role of chance in evolution is limited by strigent constraints
- cases of optimizing selection are more frequent than long believed
- evolution is largely molded by environmental conditions
- certain evolutionary events could be potentially present in genomes and made manifest by favorable environmental conditions
7。自然選擇
- 從遺傳開始
- 利用遺傳缺陷達到特定目的
- Maltus提出的“生存競爭”
- 自然選擇通過“生存競爭”被動的從五花八門的遺傳缺陷中挑選出合適的
- 自然選擇就發生在我們自己的眼下
- 受到自然選擇的基因突變是偶然事件，沒有終極目的
- 機會在進化過程中的作用受限於嚴格的約束
- 優化選擇比長久以來人們認為的更頻繁
- 進化主要是由環境條件塑造的
- 某些的進化事件可能仍存在在基因組中,並且可能在有利的環境條件下顯現
8. Other Evolutionary Mechanisms
- Lamark advocated the heredity of acquired characters
- DNA cannot be a vector of Lamarckian heredity
- cases of Lamarckian heredity that do not involve DNA exist
- genetic drift accompanies evolution without selection
- self-organization could theorectically drive evolutionary events
- were some key evolutionary steps guided by "intelligent design"?
8。其他進化機製
- 拉馬克主張獲得的特點可以遺傳
- DNA不是拉馬克遺傳的載體
- 拉馬克遺傳的案例不涉及DNA的存在
- 遺傳漂變（genetic drift）伴隨著沒有選擇性的進化
- 自組織理論上可以促成進化事件
- 進化的關鍵步驟是“智能設計”導致的嗎？
Part III The Human Adventure
9. The Emergence of Humans
- Africa is the cradle of humankind
- they were not yet human, but they already made stone tools
- prehumans started out of Africa for the first time some two million years ago
- a second wave of migrations started once again out of Africa
- the acquisition of language was a crucial step in hominization
- Cro-Magnon inaugurated modern humans
- what happened to the Neanderthals?
- modern humans remain the only survivors from the adventure out of which they were born
第三部分 人類的冒險
9。人類的誕生
- 非洲是人類的搖籃
- 他們還不是人類，但他們已經做出了石製工具
- 前人類大約二百萬年前第一次開始走出非洲
- 第二次走出非洲的遷移浪潮再次開始
- 獲得語言是成為人類的至關重要的一步
- 克羅馬農開創現代人類
- 尼安德特人發生了什麽事？
- 現代人類仍然是離開出生地冒險的唯一的幸運兒
10. Making the Human Brain
- the brain is constructed with neurons
- the cerebral cortex is the mysterious site of conscience
- it took six hundred million years for the animal brain to reach, in chimpanzees, a volume of 21.4 cubic inches
- in the human line, it took two to three million years for the brain volume to expand from 21.4 to 82.4 cubic inches
- the expansion of the human brain went through a number of successive plateaus
10。人類大腦的形成
- 大腦由神經元構成
- 大腦皮層是形成意識的神秘之地
- 動物的大腦花了6億年的時間才達到，黑猩猩的21.4立方英寸體積
- 人類的大腦用了兩到三百萬年的時間,腦容量擴大到82.4立方英寸
- 人類的大腦擴大經曆了多個停滯期
11. Shaping Our Genes
- hominization involved an astonishingly small number of individuals
- hominization probably started with bipedalism, which was selectively advantageous in the local terrain
- brain expansion dominated the second major stage of hominization
- the vagaries of environmental change probably guided the migrations that characterized the third stage of hominization
- hominization: chance or necessity? summit or stage?
11。塑造我們的基因
- 人類化竟然從少數幾個靈長動物開始
- 人類化可能開始於兩足行走，有利於當地的地形
- 人類化第二階段以腦擴張為主
- 人類化第三階段是以遷移來適應變幻莫測的環境
- 人類化：偶然還是必然？一次到位還是分階段？
12. The cost of Success
- taking advantage of the powers of their brains, humans have proliferated beyond all measure and exploited a major part of the planet's resources for their own benefit
- the history of humanity is a perpetual succession of wars and conflicts
- the inordinate evolutionary success of the human species has been acquired at the expense of a severe deterioration of living conditions on Earth
- if it continues in the same direction, humankind is headed for frightful ordeals, if not its own extinction
12。成功的代價
- 人類利用他們的大腦的力量，已經超越一切限製遍布全球，並為自己的利益利用了地球上的大部分資源
- 人類的曆史就是永恒的戰爭和衝突
- 人類進化極度成功是以地球上的生活條件嚴重惡化為代價的
- 如果不改變方向，人類正在走向可怕的痛苦，如果沒有自我滅絕
13. Original Sin
- natural selection has indiscriminately privileged all the personal qualities that contribute to the immediate success of individuals
- natural selection has privileged traits favoring cohesion within groups and hostility among different groups
- natural selection has not privileged the foresight and wisdom needed for sacrificing immediate benefits for the sake of future
- orginal sin is none other than the fault written into human genes by natural selection
- the only possibility of redemption from genetic orginal sin lies in the unique human ability to act against natural selection
13。原罪
- 自然選擇盲目地促成一切有助於個人的成功的優勢積累
- 自然選擇傾向於促成群體內部的凝聚和不同群體之間的敵意
- 自然選擇沒有遠見和智慧，為了長遠利益犧牲眼前的利益
- 原罪就是自然選擇寫進人類基因的錯誤代碼
- 贖回遺傳上的原罪隻能依靠人類對抗自然選擇的獨特的能力
Part IV The Challenges of the Future
14. Option 1: Do Nothing
15. Option 2: Improve Our Genes
16. Option 3: Rewire the Brain
17. Option 4: Call on Religious
18. Option 5: Protect the Environment
19. Option 6: Give Women a Chance
20. Option 7: Control Population
