我為什麽給台灣“民主”打引號？

來源: 悟空孫於 2011-10-05 10:52:27 [檔案] [博客] [舊帖] [給我悄悄話] 閱讀數 : (141601 bytes)

拙文《從台灣的“民主”看中國的未來》引起一些讀者的關注，同時也帶來不少爭議，有網友質疑“為什麽要給台灣“民主”打引號呢？

其實，我在原文裏已經說明了：我為什麽要給台灣這個“民主國家”打上引號？因為，真正的民主理念要超越狹隘的地區族裔觀。台灣如果認識到民主的真諦，就要顯示出民主的大度，不是你死我活的派別鬥爭，目前藍綠兩個陣營似乎不是在為同一個民主理念爭論，而是敵我雙方爭奪一個地盤。

具體來說，在籃綠陣營之間，不是一個為共同民主理念奮鬥的整體，而是你死我活的小團體，難怪有台灣媒體評論說，藍綠是台灣幫派鬥爭的縮影。我注意到這樣的新聞，前不久馬英九和蔡英文出席一個活動，但“同場不同台”，主辦方刻意安排兩人保持一段距離，馬蔡相視也形同陌路——這哪兒有一點民主的氛圍和氣度？

我又提到，美國大選時唇槍舌劍，但最終失敗的一方能甘願為勝利一方“打工”，加拿大反對黨領導人去世，執政黨為其舉行前所未有的隆重葬禮，我想如果馬英九現在死了，綠營的領袖和追隨者們或許會像老毛聽到周恩來去世放鞭炮那樣慶祝一番吧？

這樣的文化心理談“民主”是否有點奢侈了？

更重要的是，在國共之間，一個真正的民主政府，不應該視另一方為仇敵，60多年過去了，應該是“相逢一笑泯恩仇”的時候了，台灣應該有民主的氣度來主動和大陸溝通，積極三通，打好民主牌，促使大陸朝民主自由的方向邁進。

可現實並不如此，台灣領導人，尤其綠營，還是嚴重的意識形態加上冷戰思維，視大陸還是紅色的共產主義，敬“鬼神”而遠之。

不錯，台灣有了民主所應具備的一切“硬件”，可是這些硬件過“硬”嗎？看看新聞自由，言論自由，結黨自由……，如果你關注台灣新聞不難發現諸如“政府花錢「買新聞」，台灣民主的大騙局，新聞廣告沒防線，三十萬買一個「專訪」”這樣的消息。台灣眼下花錢買選票，賄選也不算新聞。當年國民黨在大陸也搞過“民主”選舉——選蔣家送一條毛巾，選宋家送一隻茶杯……。

如果台灣有過硬的“自由”，我想看看在台灣能否發表出版讚揚共產黨，支持統一的言論和書籍（也許有了，我孤陋寡聞），如果大陸商人去台灣開廠，能否在廠內設立共產黨黨支部，公開活動？台灣民眾是否可以成立“共產黨”？如果不能，這樣的言論自由和結黨自由也是要被打上引號甚至一個問號的。

當然，給台灣民主打上引號不意味著否定台灣在中國走向民主道路上作為先驅的曆史地位，正像這位網友指出的那樣：“一個二十多年前一黨專製的獨裁政權，二十幾年成為世界公認的民主政體，你還嫌不夠？”

如果單純的縱向比較，台灣的確值得每一個中國人稱讚。同理，一個30多年前一窮二白，任何商品都要憑票供應，一人獨裁的政權，用了30年GDP名列世界前茅，神五神六加天宮，政權平穩過渡，集體領導，為什麽好多人還嫌不夠？

每一個關心中華民族命運的人除了縱向看還要橫向比較，橫向看，我們（台灣和大陸）的差距還很大，尋找不足總比整天歌功頌德要好得多。

說到底，有很多爭議是因為概念的定義差別造成的，這裏有必要回過頭來定義一下“民主”，尤其是“美式民主”。

很多人以為，美式民主是普世價值，任何人隻要拿過來就萬事大吉了。在我看來，美國的兩黨輪流執政的總統製隻適合美國，從一定意義上看，美國的驢和象本質上沒有多大的區別，美國人是不會允許共產黨和驢象同台競爭的。這一點，加拿大作的好，新民主黨（NDP）本質上是一個社會主義政黨，它在議會裏真正起到了一個反對黨的製約作用，和其他諸多的在野黨一起平衡了代表資本主義政黨的許多極端做法。驢和象輪流做莊，都是自家人，如果有一個真正意義上的反對黨，或許伊拉克阿富汗戰爭就打不起來。

驢象不也是一定意義上的“獨裁”嗎？美國人民真的當家作主了？看看這兩天的花街吧。

其實，我們看問題都難免帶有偏見，一旦內心喜歡了一個概念，heart有了偏差，mind也不能公正地思考了。尤其是自以為抱著一個高尚的理念，就忽視了根本的症結。

民主說到底，不但要有硬件，更重要的是軟件。台灣麻雀雖小，五髒俱全，什麽新聞自由，司法獨立，軍隊國有樣樣俱全，但是具有五髒的麻雀並不都會飛翔。

民主的軟件是靈魂和思想。民主首先要有平等還要有自由——這兩點是海峽兩岸的中國人都缺乏的，所以我說讓大陸“修改憲法，取消黨禁，讓共產黨、國民黨、民進黨在一個起跑線上競爭讓全體中國人民選擇”，有網友馬上說“都換了？如果價值觀不改變? 我不同意你的看法.”——其實這也是我一貫的看法，文化的深層結構（價值觀）不變，隻照搬一些硬件是無濟於事的，但是，我們能不能從硬件開始？有了硬件才能慢慢裝軟件嘛！

最後一點，我是一個呆板的人，比較認同定量的分析。

在英國權威的“Economist Intelligence Unit”公布的全球民主排行榜中（見附表），台灣民主列第36為，在“完全民主”、“不健全民主”、“雜交政體”和“獨裁政權”四大類中屬第二類。

毫無疑問，第一類的26國絕大多數都是當之無愧的民主國家，（加拿大名列第九，美國第17）而第二類的“不健全民主”，我認為絕大多數都有愧“民主”這個稱號。不錯，從第27名的佛德爾角到第79位的馬裏，都“還是位於世界200多國家的前列的，還是有民主可談的”，但你問一下身處獨裁專製的中國人，有幾個願意去這些國家移民的？

這個排名如何得來的呢？其標準按60多項指標分五大類：選舉程序和多黨製，國民自由，政府功能，政治參與和政治文化。

我想，台灣失分的很可能是政府功能，政治參與和政治文化。這樣一個“flawed”的政體說他是“世界公認的民主政體”有些一廂情願了，而給它打一個引號，也算名副其實吧。

民主的建設不是一個簡單的過程，如今，伊拉克、埃及、突尼斯、敘利亞等都推翻了獨裁，可它們能算是“民主”國家嗎？我不但有引號，還有問號。

遠的不說，看看被裏根稱讚為“亞洲民主燈塔”的菲律賓，人家也是樣樣硬件一個不差，可是菲律賓的現狀如何？美式民主在那裏已經成了“3G”——槍（gun）、幫派（gang）和金錢（gold）——這倒是“世界公認的”。

還是那個老生常談，價值觀是關鍵，在一個未經“去魅”的傳統社會裏，大部分成員仍然生活於傳統的文化觀念中，他們當然是使用傳統的方法依靠傳統價值觀來解決所麵臨的問題。在這種情況下，即使最先進的民主製度也會出現“橘逾淮則枳”的後果。

20世紀以來，此類現象屢見不鮮，看看英國先進的政治製度到了印度後怎樣？我同樣要給印度的“民主”打引號的，印度根深蒂固的種族等級文化不消除，沒有真正意義上的平等和自由，民主在印度也就是一個花瓶而已。

同樣，在茉莉花開過的埃及，終將難以擺脫精英專製與伊斯蘭原教旨專製的兩極震蕩。不錯，突尼斯與埃及的革命，根源是專製製度的腐敗，但我們不能不看到，這種製度能夠在這一地區長期普遍實行，自有一定的“合理性”，雖然其本質是少數精英對多數大眾的非理性統治。而當這種“合理性”遭到挑戰，取而代之的僅僅是伊斯蘭原教旨主義的複興。和中國曆史上一輪輪農民起義相似，在阿拉伯的曆史上，這茉莉花不過是又一輪的折騰而已。

這個話題又是一個潘多拉的盒子，我們有空再打開吧。

最後，再次為台灣開啟中華民族邁向民主之路的先河表示衷心的祝賀，同時祝願海峽兩岸的中國人攜手並進，一起邁向光明。

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附表：2010年世界民主排行榜：

No.	Location	Index	Category	Nominal type of government
1	Norway	9.80	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
2	Iceland	9.65	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
3	Denmark	9.52	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
4	Sweden	9.50	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
5	New Zealand	9.26	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
6	Australia	9.22	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
7	Finland	9.19	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
8	Switzerland	9.09	Full democracy	Federalism, directorial system, bicameralism
9	Canada	9.08	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism, semi-direct democracy
10	Netherlands	8.99	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
11	Luxembourg	8.88	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
12	Ireland	8.79	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
13	Austria	8.49	Full democracy	Federalism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
14	Germany	8.38	Full democracy	Federalism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
15	Malta	8.28	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
16	Czech Republic	8.19	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
17	United States	8.18	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional republic, presidential system, bicameralism
19	Spain	8.16	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
19	United Kingdom	8.16	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
20	Korea, South ! South Korea	8.11	Full democracy	Presidential system, unicameralism
21	Uruguay	8.10	Full democracy	Presidential system, bicameralism
22	Japan	8.08	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
23	Belgium	8.05	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
24	Mauritius	8.04	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
24	Costa Rica	8.04	Full democracy	Presidential system
26	Portugal	8.02	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
27	Cape Verde	7.94	Flawed democracy	Unitary parliamentary republic
28	Greece	7.92	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
29	Italy	7.83	Flawed democracy	Bicameralism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
30	South Africa	7.79	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy, bicameralism
31	France	7.77	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, bicameralism
32	Slovenia	7.69	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy, incomplete bicameralism
33	Estonia	7.68	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
34	Chile	7.67	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, bicameralism
35	Botswana	7.63	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
36	Taiwan (Republic of China) ! Republic of China (Taiwan)	7.52	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system
37	Israel	7.48	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
38	Slovakia	7.35	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
39	Cyprus	7.29	Flawed democracy	Presidential republic, unicameralism
40	India	7.28	Flawed democracy	Federalism, constitutional republic, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
41	Lithuania	7.24	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential republic, unicameralism
42	Timor-Leste	7.22	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
43	Hungary	7.21	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
43	Jamaica	7.21	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
45	Trinidad and Tobago	7.16	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
46	Panama	7.15	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy
47	Brazil	7.12	Flawed democracy	Federalism, presidential system, bicameralism
48	Poland	7.05	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, bicameralism
48	Latvia	7.05	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
50	Mexico	6.93	Flawed democracy	Federalism, presidential system, republic
51	Argentina	6.84	Flawed democracy	Federalism, presidential system, bicameralism
51	Bulgaria	6.84	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary democracy
53	Croatia	6.81	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
54	Suriname	6.65	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy
55	Sri Lanka	6.64	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, democratic socialist republic
56	Romania	6.60	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, bicameralism
57	Colombia	6.55	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic
57	Thailand	6.55	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
59	Papua New Guinea	6.54	Flawed democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
60	Indonesia	6.53	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic
61	El Salvador	6.47	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic
62	Paraguay	6.40	Flawed democracy	Constitutional republic, presidential system
62	Peru	6.40	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic, unicameralism
64	Mongolia	6.36	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, republic
65	Serbia	6.33	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
65	Moldova	6.33	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
67	Ukraine	6.30	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, republic
68	Montenegro	6.27	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
69	Namibia	6.23	Flawed democracy	Republic
70	Dominican Republic	6.20	Flawed democracy	Democratic republic, representative democracy
71	Malaysia	6.19	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy
72	Benin	6.17	Flawed democracy	Republic
73	Macedonia	6.16	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
74	Philippines	6.12	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, constitutional republic, bicameralism
75	Guyana	6.05	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, republic
75	Guatemala	6.05	Flawed democracy	Presidential republic
77	Lesotho	6.02	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary system
77	Ghana	6.02	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, constitutional republic
79	Mali	6.01	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system
80	Hong Kong	5.92	Hybrid regime	Quasi-presidential Autonomous region with limited suffrage, unicameralism
80	Bolivia	5.92	Hybrid regime	Presidential republic, unitary state
82	Singapore	5.89	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
83	Bangladesh	5.87	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic, unitary state
84	Albania	5.86	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
85	Malawi	5.84	Hybrid regime	Republic
86	Lebanon	5.82	Hybrid regime	Confessionalist parliamentary republic
87	Ecuador	5.77	Hybrid regime	Presidential system
88	Honduras	5.76	Hybrid regime	Constitutional republic
89	Turkey	5.73	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
89	Nicaragua	5.73	Hybrid regime	Presidential republic
91	Zambia	5.68	Hybrid regime	Republic
92	Tanzania	5.64	Hybrid regime	Republic
93	Palestine	5.44	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system, parliamentary democracy
94	Bosnia and Herzegovina	5.32	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
95	Senegal	5.27	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system
96	Venezuela	5.18	Hybrid regime	Federalism, presidential system
97	Liberia	5.07	Hybrid regime	Presidential Republic
98	Uganda	5.05	Hybrid regime	Presidential system, republic
99	Mozambique	4.90	Hybrid regime	Presidential system
100	Cambodia	4.87	Hybrid regime	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
101	Kenya	4.71	Hybrid regime	Presidential system
102	Bhutan	4.68	Hybrid regime	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
103	Georgia	4.59	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
104	Pakistan	4.55	Hybrid regime	Islamic republic, federalism, parliamentary republic
105	Sierra Leone	4.51	Hybrid regime	Constitutional republic
106	Kyrgyzstan	4.31	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
107	Russia	4.26	Hybrid regime	Federalism, semi-presidential system, bicameralism
108	Nepal	4.24	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
109	Armenia	4.09	Hybrid regime	Presidential republic
110	Burundi	4.01	Hybrid regime	Republic
111	Haiti	4.00	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
111	Iraq	4.00	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
113	Madagascar	3.94	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
114	Kuwait	3.88	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
115	Mauritania	3.86	Authoritarian regime	Islamic republic
116	Morocco	3.79	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
117	Jordan	3.74	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
118	Ethiopia	3.68	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, parliamentary republic
119	Fiji	3.62	Authoritarian regime	Military Junta
120	Burkina Faso	3.59	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
121	Cuba	3.52	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state
122	Bahrain	3.49	Authoritarian regime	Absolute monarchy
123	Nigeria	3.47	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, presidential system
124	Togo	3.45	Authoritarian regime	Republic
125	Algeria	3.44	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
126	Cameroon	3.41	Authoritarian regime	Republic
126	Comoros	3.41	Authoritarian regime	Federal Republic
128	Niger	3.38	Authoritarian regime	Military Junta
128	Gambia, The ! The Gambia	3.38	Authoritarian regime	Republic
130	Belarus	3.34	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
131	Angola	3.32	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
132	Kazakhstan	3.30	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
133	Gabon	3.29	Authoritarian regime	Republic
134	Rwanda	3.25	Authoritarian regime	Republic
135	Azerbaijan	3.15	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
136	China, People's Republic of ! People's Republic of China	3.14	Authoritarian regime	People's democratic dictatorship, single-party communist state
137	Qatar	3.09	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
138	Egypt	3.07	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, Republic
139	Côte d'Ivoire	3.02	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
140	Vietnam	2.94	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state
141	Swaziland	2.90	Authoritarian regime	Absolute monarchy
142	Congo, Republic of the ! Republic of the Congo	2.89	Authoritarian regime	Republic
143	Oman	2.86	Authoritarian regime	Islamic absolute monarchy
144	Guinea	2.79	Authoritarian regime	Military junta
144	Tunisia	2.79	Authoritarian regime	Republic
146	Zimbabwe	2.64	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential, parliamentary, consociationalist republic
146	Yemen	2.64	Authoritarian regime	Republic
148	United Arab Emirates	2.52	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, constitutional monarchy
149	Tajikistan	2.51	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
150	Afghanistan	2.48	Authoritarian regime	Islamic republic
151	Sudan	2.42	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, presidential system, republic
152	Eritrea	2.31	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential republic
152	Syria	2.31	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system, single party, republic
154	Djibouti	2.20	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential republic
155	Congo, Democratic Republic of the ! Democratic Republic of the Congo	2.15	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential republic
156	Laos	2.10	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state
157	Guinea-Bissau	1.99	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
158	Libya	1.94	Authoritarian regime	Until 2011 Jamahiriya ("State of the masses")
158	Iran	1.94	Authoritarian regime	Islamic republic
160	Equatorial Guinea	1.84	Authoritarian regime	Presidential republic
160	Saudi Arabia	1.84	Authoritarian regime	Islamic absolute monarchy
162	Central African Republic	1.82	Authoritarian regime	Republic
163	Myanmar (Burma)	1.77	Authoritarian regime	Military junta (de facto military dictatorship)
164	Uzbekistan	1.74	Authoritarian regime	Presidential republic
165	Turkmenistan	1.72	Authoritarian regime	Presidential republic, single-party state
166	Chad	1.52	Authoritarian regime	Republic
167	Korea, North ! North Korea	1.08	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state, Juche regime, police state