一: 簡.奧斯汀的草莓
父母剛來加拿大定居時,我們姐妹帶著二老去郊外的自由采摘農場(U-Pick)摘草莓。摘草莓是個辛苦活,在大太陽底下曬著,不停地彎腰尋找,采摘。一個小時後,從未幹過農活的我和妹妹就累得受不了啦,趕緊在地頭找了個樹蔭坐下來乘涼。二老雖然是城裏人,但年輕時下鄉幹過不少農活,吃苦精神明顯勝過子女。我們休息的時候,他們倆又興致勃勃地摘了一小時的草莓,裝滿了隨身的竹籃。
自那以後,我寧可選擇直著腰摘覆盆子、櫻桃和藍莓,也不願再頻繁彎腰碰草莓啦。
我記得簡.奧斯汀(Jane Austen,1775年-1817年)在她的首版於1815年的經典小說《愛瑪》(Emma) 裏寫有摘草莓的情景,通過埃爾頓太太的那張喋喋不休的利嘴,將采草莓的過程描述如下:
“英國最好的水果——人人都喜愛——總是棒極了。這是最好的草莓圃,最好的品種。自己采才有意思——隻有這樣吃起來才有滋味。上午無疑是最好的時間——決不會感到累——哪個品種都挺好——闊少爺比別的不知要好多少——真是無與倫比——別的簡直不能吃——闊少爺草莓很少見——大家都喜歡辣椒莓——白木莓味道最好——倫敦的草莓價格——布裏斯托爾產得多——楓園——培育——草莓圃什麽時候翻整——園丁的想法不一致——沒有統一規則——園丁決不會放棄自己的做法——鮮美的水果——隻是太膩了,不宜多吃——不如櫻桃——紅醋栗比較清爽——采草莓的唯一缺點是要彎腰——太陽晃眼——累死了——再也受不了啦——得去樹蔭裏坐坐。”
“The best fruit in England — every body’s favourite — always wholesome. These the finest beds and finest sorts. — Delightful to gather for one’s self — the only way of really enjoying them. Morning decidedly the best time — never tired — every sort good — hautboy infinitely superior — no comparison — the others hardly eatable — hautboys very scarce — Chili preferred — white wood finest flavour of all — price of strawberries in London — abundance about Bristol — Maple Grove — cultivation — beds when to be renewed — gardeners thinking exactly different — no general rule — gardeners never to be put out of their way — delicious fruit — only too rich to be eaten much of — inferior to cherries — currants more refreshing — only objection to gathering strawberries the stooping — glaring sun — tired to death — could bear it no longer — must go and sit in the shade.”
這是一段從自以為是、無所不知的熱情到夕陽西下時的精疲力竭的滑稽荒唐的過程。不同生活閱曆和教育背景的人讀到這裏,理解也是不同的。自從腰酸背痛地采過一次草莓後,我這位長在城裏的大小姐的反映和埃爾頓太太是一樣的:要彎腰——太陽晃眼——累死了——再也受不了啦——得去樹蔭裏坐坐。
《愛瑪》是奧斯汀生前的最後一部作品,雖然在中國讀者中的反響不如《傲慢與偏見》及《理智與情感》,寫作技巧卻是最成熟的。
從第一部被發表的小說《理智與情感》起,簡.奧斯汀創造了一種獨特的被二十世紀初的文學評論家稱為“自由簡潔風格”(free indirect style , 源於法語style indirect libre)的寫作手法,即以第三人稱的話語與意念將讀者帶入小說情節中。創作《愛瑪》時,她的寫作技巧已到了登峰造極的地步。在奧斯汀之前,小說家要麽以第一人稱敘述故事,將讀者限製在主人公的思想當中,要麽以第三人稱說故事,讀者充當“上帝”的角色,冷眼旁觀著故事中所有人物的一顰一笑。而奧斯汀則另辟蹊徑,讓讀者走入第三人稱愛瑪的內心世界,隨著她的主觀意識去理解周圍所發生的一切。
簡.奧斯汀還在情節中大量地運用了破折號、感歎號以及斷句,大大加強了故事的戲劇性。比如,二十歲的愛瑪喜歡安排別人的生活,竭力為地位低下的女友海莉雅特(Harriet)尋找社會地位較高的配偶,結果卻與她的願望相反。一開始,她想方設法撮合海莉雅特與青年紳士埃爾頓,叫她拒絕了佃戶羅伯特·馬丁的求婚,然而勢利的埃爾頓隻對美貌富有的愛瑪感興趣。第一卷第十六章,發覺了真相後的愛瑪無比沮喪。書中是這樣描述的:
“發卷已經夾上,女傭已經打發走了,愛瑪坐下來思索,感覺很淒慘。— 這的確是件可悲的事情!— 她所期望的每一件事都被搞砸了!— 所有的一切都朝著不受歡迎的方向發展!— 這對海莉雅特是如此沉重的打擊!— 這是最糟糕的事。這件事的每一個方麵都帶來某種形式的痛苦和屈辱。但是與帶給海莉雅特的危害相比,全都無足輕重。她情願承受比實際情形更多的誤解-更多的謬誤-更多的由於錯判而帶來的恥辱,隻要將她的錯誤導致的結果局限在她自己身上就行。
‘假如我沒有勸說海莉雅特喜歡那個男人,我就可以承受這一切。即使他對我有兩倍的假想 – 可憐的海莉雅特!’
她怎麽會被如此蒙蔽呢!— 他口口聲聲說他從未認真考慮過海莉雅特 —從來沒有!她盡量回顧過去發生的事情,但一切都是那麽讓人迷惑不解。她認為,一旦她有了想法,便會讓一切事情都付諸實踐。然而他的行為舉止肯定不明確,搖擺不定,讓人懷疑,不然她就不可能被誤導。
那幅畫!— 他對那幅畫多麽狂熱啊! — 還有那個字謎!- 還有一百種其他場合 — 它們似乎都多麽清楚地指向海莉雅特。可以肯定的是,那個字謎,寫著“才思敏捷” — 後來又有“柔和的眼睛” – 事實上對兩個姑娘都不合適。不過是個沒有品味並不真實的含糊說法。誰能看穿這笨頭笨腦的胡說八道呢?”
(The hair was curled, and the maid sent away, and Emma sat down to think and be miserable.—It was a wretched business indeed!—Such an overthrow of every thing she had been wishing for!—Such a development of every thing most unwelcome!—Such a blow for Harriet!—that was the worst of all. Every part of it brought pain and humiliation, of some sort or other; but, compared with the evil to Harriet, all was light; and she would gladly have submitted to feel yet more mistaken—more in error—more disgraced by mis-judgment, than she actually was, could the effects of her blunders have been confined to herself.
"If I had not persuaded Harriet into liking the man, I could have borne any thing. He might have doubled his presumption to me--but poor Harriet!"
How she could have been so deceived!--He protested that he had never thought seriously of Harriet--never! She looked back as well as she could; but it was all confusion. She had taken up the idea, she supposed, and made every thing bend to it. His manners, however, must have been unmarked, wavering, dubious, or she could not have been so misled.
The picture!--How eager he had been about the picture!--and the charade!--and an hundred other circumstances;--how clearly they had seemed to point at Harriet. To be sure, the charade, with its "ready wit"--but then the "soft eyes"--in fact it suited neither; it was a jumble without taste or truth. Who could have seen through such thick-headed nonsense?)
奧斯汀獨創了大量運用感歎號和破折號的敘事手法,精彩地體現了一種戲劇化的思考過程。雖然她以第三人稱的視角在敘述故事,但讀者可以清清楚楚地了解女主人公的想法,探索她的內心感受並判斷她的性格。
再舉一個經典的例子:愛瑪潛意識裏愛著奈特利先生,卻一直在自我欺騙,試圖將自己遊離於感情世界之外。第二卷第八章,韋斯頓太太向愛瑪暗示:奈特利先生傾慕貝茨小姐的外甥女簡·費爾法克斯,“她(愛瑪)反對奈特利先生結婚,這一想法絲毫沒有改變。她覺得那樣做有百弊而無一利。那會使約翰·奈特利先生大為失望,伊莎貝拉也會大為失望。那幾個孩子可真要倒黴了——給他們帶來苦不堪言的變化,造成非同小可的損失 — 她父親的日常安適要大打折扣——而她自己,一想到費爾法克斯要做當維爾寺的女主人,心裏就受不了。一個他們大家都要謙讓的奈特利太太!不 — 奈特利先生說什麽也不能結婚。小亨利一定得做當維爾的繼承人。”(Her objections to Mr. Knightley's marrying did not in the least subside. She could see nothing but evil in it. It would be a great disappointment to Mr. John Knightley; consequently to Isabella. A real injury to the children--a most mortifying change, and material loss to them all;--a very great deduction from her father's daily comfort--and, as to herself, she could not at all endure the idea of Jane Fairfax at Donwell Abbey. A Mrs. Knightley for them all to give way to!--No--Mr. Knightley must never marry. Little Henry must remain the heir of Donwell.)
接下來,第三卷第十一章,海莉雅特向愛瑪傾吐了自己的愛幕對象是奈特利,“愛瑪驀地收回了目光,坐在那裏靜思,她以固定的姿勢靜靜地坐了幾分鍾。這幾分鍾就足以讓她看清了自己的內心。像她這樣的頭腦,一旦起了猜疑,就很快猜疑下去。她觸到了- 她承認了- 她接受了整個事實。為什麽海莉雅特愛上奈特利先生會比愛上弗蘭克.邱吉爾糟糕得多呢?為什麽海莉雅特有了一點希望,認為奈特利先生也有意於她,那就愈發可怕了呢?她腦子裏像箭似的閃過一個念頭:奈特利先生不能跟別人結婚,隻能跟她愛瑪!”
(Emma's eyes were instantly withdrawn; and she sat silently meditating, in a fixed attitude, for a few minutes. A few minutes were sufficient for making her acquainted with her own heart. A mind like hers, once opening to suspicion, made rapid progress. She touched-- she admitted--she acknowledged the whole truth. Why was it so much worse that Harriet should be in love with Mr. Knightley, than with Frank Churchill? Why was the evil so dreadfully increased by Harriet's having some hope of a return? It darted through her, with the speed of an arrow, that Mr. Knightley must marry no one but herself!)
以上這兩段文字表明:愛瑪的一係列主觀臆想在現實中一一挫敗,她終於從幼稚走向成熟,認清了自己的情感。
經過一番周折,奈特利和愛瑪終於互吐衷情,羅伯特·馬丁在奈特利的幫助下,最後也得到了海莉雅特的愛情。
簡.奧斯汀無意將愛瑪打造成一個完美的人設,把她的勢利、自負、自以為是等缺點刻畫得淋漓盡致,卻獲得了廣大讀者的喜愛,大家都喜歡自省後成熟起來的她最終獲得幸福的結局。
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