2.
a. A child has to file I-485 (inside USA) or DS-230 Part I (consulate process) within one year of visa availability (showing his desire to immigrate);
b. he can file DS-230 (consulate process).
3. yes.
4.
a. yes;
b. not quite sure I-824. However if the child is outside usa, s/he can file DS-230 part I within one year of the visa availability. But be careful with this process in that you have no control when you can get DS-230 part I but the national visa center will control that.