大多數美國革命領袖是「自然貴族」,不依出身或財富決定而「有德有才」(第三任總
統傑佛遜的話)。他們和手段極端的法國革命領袖大不同。所以美國建國被英國學者
Edmund Burke稱為「防止革命的革命」(a revolution not made, but prevented)。
美國開國元勳並不信任「人民」的智慧,所以建構出的共和國,有民主的外表,其實並
非原始的民主。但他們又擔心獨裁的出現,於是設計出結合菁英主導和群眾參與的混合
體。 菁英主導的用意是「保護人民以防他們被自己的愚蠢所傷害」(designed to
protect people from their own folly)
美國人民不能直接選總統。需先由廣大群眾選出少數菁英的「選舉人團員」,再由後者
投票產生。這傳統形式上延續至今。 元勳設計的國會有兩院:人少任期長的參議院代表菁英,
人多任期短的眾議院代表群眾.
Originally, senators were selected by the state legislatures, not by popular elections. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums.[22] Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment.
總統提名聯邦部長, 聯邦法官, , 參議院同意 (菁英play, 群眾休息)