有關汽車電池充電，看這個 Q and A

Q: What is the car battery charging voltage? What voltage is required to charge it? A: A 12V car battery can be safely charged over a range of voltages. It needs at least 12.9 volts to charge, but at this voltage the charge rate of an automobile battery is very slow. A car battery can be charged safely at high voltages as long as the battery is not fully charged. So alternator voltages and car battery chargers voltages can go over 15V safely, as long as the battery is monitored to make sure that it isn't overcharged. These higher voltages allow the battery to be charged faster. But if you want to leave the battery on the charger to keep it topped off, a float voltage of 13.6V to 13.8V is usually used. For more information on charging lead acid batteries look here. Q: Why do I measure voltages higher than 12.9V on my car battery, even when the engine is off? A: The battery is charged at higher voltage, typically 14.4V for fast charging and 13.8V for float charging. The battery's plates have a certain amount of capacitance, and can hold charge like a capacitor, thus reflecting this "plate charge." There is a surprising amount of energy stored in this way. If you let the battery sit for about 5 days without charging or discharging this charge dissipates and the true open-circuit-voltage can be measured. Q: Can I use a car battery for deep cycling, for example in a solar energy system, or for trolling? SLI (Starting, Lights, and Ignition) batteries are optimized for high current sourcing and small discharges. They are built with a lot of plate surface area, which allows a small battery to source a high current. But deep discharges will deplete the plates and cause them to shed and corrode. Here is a plot showing the effect of deep discharges on battery degradation. Q: What is the 12V car battery voltage range as it is charging and discharging? A: Car battery voltage will change depending on its condition. When the engine is off the battery open circuit voltage is 12.9 volts. A freshly charged battery, either by alternator or charger, can measure higher voltage than that by accumulating non-chemical charge on the plates like a capacitor, so it might have to sit for a while or be discharged a little to get to that voltage. As the battery discharges the voltage will sag down to 10 volts or lower. If the battery stays above 11.8 volts it will generally still start the vehicle. Q: Can a car battery freeze when it gets too cold? A: When a lead acid battery is fully charged the electrolyte is sulfuric acid with a freezing point of below -40°C. When the battery is fully discharged all the sulfate ions are consumed and the electrolyte is mostly pure water with a freezing point of zero degrees C. So it is not unusual to go out to a car that has a dead battery in the mid winter and find that the battery won't accept any charge current. It needs to warm up before it can be charged, and then it won't freeze again until it is discharged. Q: How long does it take to recharge the battery after starting the engine? A: Not very long. This is not too hard to estimate. Typical 12 volt car batteries are rated for cold cranking amps, and the one I use has 800 CCA. So being very very conservative lets assume that it takes 800 amps to start the car. I have three cars, 17 years old, 14 years old, and 22 years old, they all start in less than 3 seconds, but to be conservative let's assume 10 seconds. So 10 seconds times 800 amps is 8000 amp-seconds (8000 coulombs for you physicists) or 2.2 amp-hours. If the alternator is sourcing 80 amps, this will be replaced in 99 seconds. A more accurate calculation would be 200 amps for 3 seconds, which would be replaced in less than 8 seconds. This doesn't take into account the fact that a nearly-full battery can't accept the full 80 amps. Linden's Battery Handbook has a useful chart that shows that a battery at near 100% charge being charged at 14.4V will accept about 9 Amps per 100AH of battery capacity. So using the 600 Amp-second case and an 80AH battery, the charge will return in about 83 seconds. Q: Why does driving short distances flatten my battery? A: Well, it does a number on my battery. I have a 5 mile commute to work, and in the winter I have the headlights, the seat heater, the heater fans and pump and the rear window defroster going continuously in the morning and in the evening. Not to mention the radio blasting. And of course the battery is cold, in the bottom of the trunk, so it will charge slower. This doesn't give the battery much of a chance to charge or overcharge to de-stratify the acid with a few bubbles. In my Jaguar the windows slide down half an inch when the door opens to avoid the top seal. When the battery voltage gets low the car lets me know by not raising the windows back up when the door closes. I bought a new battery last spring, and by December the windows are giving me trouble. As the days lengthen and I don't use the headlights as much the car battery charge eventually fills up. Q: Should I add water to the battery before or after I charge it? A: Add the water before you charge. The charging process will create bubbles that help mix the acid. The charging process, even with a completely out of control battery charger, will not consume much water during one charge. I should also mention that modern charging systems with accurate voltage regulations will not consume any appreciable water, and of course the sealed batteries recycle their water, so you can't replace it. Q: What is the liquid inside a car battery? A: The battery electrolyte is a mixture of water and sulfuric acid. The concentration of the acid depends on the state of charge of the battery, the more discharged the less sulfuric acid. Q: How much water should be in a car battery? A: There should be an indication in the battery, as you fill up a cell the fluid will raise to that level, then stop. Usually it is a cup with a hole in it inside the fill port. Just fill it up until it is at the level indicated. Q: Should I add battery acid or distilled water? A: The thing that is consumed is water, so replace it with water. If someone dumped all the acid out of the battery when it was fully charged, replace the acid. If they dumped out all the acid when it was fully discharged you may be able to get away with just replacing it with water, since the acid will be re-created during the charging process. Of course this battery spillage problem is very rare, and you might just want to buy a new battery. Q: At what voltage is a car battery fully discharged? A: A car battery can be considered to be empty when it is less than 10V. There is very little energy available between 10V and 0V, and the battery is damaged when discharged below 10V. Q: Can a car battery charge another car's battery by itself? A: A car battery does not have enough voltage to charge another car's battery by itself. To charge the car engine must be running. To explain further, the open circuit voltage of 12.9 volts is not enough to move the chemistry even in a fully discharged battery. You need to be above 12.9 to start the chemistry moving at all, and up at 13.5V to charge at a significant rate. Q: Can a car battery recharge itself? A: This seems like an odd question, but the answer is "sometimes." For example, you have been putting the battery under strain, such as trying to start my old 1959 Alfa Romeo for ten minutes until the starter wouldn't turn any more. Waiting 20 minutes will let the reaction products diffuse away from the plates and the battery will crank away for a while longer, which might give the impression that it recharged itself. Q: What is the car cigarette lighter voltage? A: The cigarette lighter or power point socket in a car is usually connected directly to the battery/alternator circuit, with a fuse protecting it. So when the engine is not running the voltage ranges between 12.9V and 10V as the battery discharges. When the engine is running the voltage is typically between 13.6 and 14.4 volts, depending on the alternator's load curve and the state of charge of the battery. Some cars can get up to 15V under normal operation. Q: How much current can I draw from a car cigarette lighter? It depends on the car. You can check on the fuse for the car lighter to find the upper end for your particular vehicle. There is an unofficial standard that the power point socket should supply at least 8 amps, but many cars supply 25 to 30 amps to the socket. This will allow 300-350 watts to be safely drawn. Q: How much does a car battery weigh? How many amp-hours does a car battery contain? A: A car battery's weight depends on the size of the battery, but is typically between 30 and 50 lbs, with most running around 41 lbs (14 kg to 22 kg). Here are some rough estimates of battery weights , cold cranking amps (CCA), and Amp Hour capacities of starting, light and ignition (SLI) car batteries. BCI Group Car battery weight in lbs Car battery weight in kg Typical AH Capacity Typical CCA 1 33.5 15 100 650 2 36.5 17 60 780 3EE 43 20 54 400 4 47 21 125 975 4D 97 44 115 950 7D 60 27 156 950 8D 130 59 130 59 24F 40 18 55 650 31 55 25 80 800 22F 30 13 35 425 24 39 17 55 650 25 31 14 45 600 26 25 11 45 540 27 67 30 92 900 29 60 26 65 680 35 31 14 45 600 41 37 17 64 675 42 29 13 40 475 55 33 15 52 590 56 33 15 52 585 58 32 14 53 580 62 33 15 52 590 65 39 18 55 675 75 35 16 60 700 86 32 15 47 570   Q: What is the car battery discharge rate? The chart above lists maximum discharge rates at cold temperatures. The temperature is 0°F or -17.8°C, and the criterion is that the battery be able to deliver current at the CCA rate for 30 seconds with a voltage sag to 1.2V per cell (7.2V for a 12V battery). The battery's internal resistance goes down 30% as it warms from -17.8°C to 30°C, and the discharge current so a battery with 700CCA should be able to source over 900 amps for 30 seconds at 30°C. This would be a power of around 10,000 watts. Please look at our page Voltage Sag During Engine Cranking for more details. Q: What is the car battery charging current? A: A car battery can be charged an any rate from zero to hundreds of amps. They are designed to discharge at high current, so they can also be charged at high current. Modern car battery chargers have high voltage precision, which makes them safe to use at just about any current that you can afford to buy. If you are sizing a charger for float charging, anything above 100mA should work fine. Q: What about charging a sealed car battery? A: Sealed car batteries are the same chemistry as the flooded car batteries, but their construction makes them less prone to water loss because any gasses can be recombined before venting. So a sealed car battery can be charged with the same chargers as flooded batteries, except for the ancient chargers that have poor voltage control. Q: How long does it take to charge a 12V car battery from flat? A: Charging time depends on the battery and the charger. For a battery being charged by the car's alternator it can take an hour of driving to get it fully charged. Car batteries range from 40AH to 110AH, and alternators range from 45 amps to 200 amps. If you are using a battery charger, a 10 amp charger will take 4 to 11 hours to fully charge the battery, a 2 amp charger will take 2-4 days. Of course you don't have to get the battery to full charge to get it to start the car. Q: Can I use a car battery charger as a power supply? A: Older car battery chargers can be used as power supplies, but the newer ones have a safety feature. This prevents the charger from supplying voltage unless it detects the presence of a battery on the leads. In other words, some minimum voltage must be supplied externally to the leads in order for the charger to turn on. You can see that this prevents high current sparks from the alligator clips shorting, but it prevents you from charging a totally dead battery, and it prevents you from using the charger as a power supply to run a car stereo in your house, for example. For more details see "how to use a battery charger". Q: Should I disconnect a car battery before charging? A: It isn't necessary to disconnect a battery before charging. Any drain while the car is turned off will be minimal. The charger's voltage won't be high enough to do any damage to the car. It is important not to remove the car's cable from the battery terminal while the alternator is going, it could cause a voltage spike called a "load dump" surge. Q: What is a typical self-discharge rate for a car battery? A: Any battery will eventually discharge itself. A flooded car battery discharge rate is about 1% per day at room temperature, 0.25% per day at 10 °C (50 °F) and 1.5% per day at 30 °C (86 °F). This self discharge percentage is the percentage of the remaining capacity, so a flooded lead acid battery will still have 50% of its capacity remaining after 6 months. Low-maintenance and sealed batteries have lower discharge rates of less that 0.5% per day and calcium-lead batteries can have a self discharge of less than 2% per month. Do you need to charge a new car battery? A: A new car battery has plenty of charge to run the car, but it won't hurt the battery to put it on a charger. If you are storing the car battery you should put it on a float charger, or charge it every 2 months to keep it from sulfating.

所有跟帖： 

• 讚！問：這幾天正在查看電池12.19V，點火感覺有點慢，用CTET充完電12.48V點火正常，發動後是14.48V。正常嗎？ -man008- ♂ (0 bytes) () 12/22/2020 postreply 14:14:32

• 沒有比這更正常了 LOL -iGarage- ♂ (0 bytes) () 12/22/2020 postreply 15:46:11

• 一般的鉛電池，沒啥不正常。冬天氣溫低，電池表現不比溫暖的時候。但電池的壽命到了話，除非更新電解液甚至電池ceil. 不然還是要換 -hellotom- ♂ (594 bytes) () 12/22/2020 postreply 15:58:07

• 是AGM H8 900CCA 90AH電池. 車有紅綠燈等車時自動熄火-這討厭的東西。我把它關掉了， -man008- ♂ (0 bytes) () 12/22/2020 postreply 16:18:12

• 你這種start and stop 的starter 和普通的不一樣 -MoonRiverMe- ♂ (133 bytes) () 12/22/2020 postreply 16:37:52

• 12.19V肯定是缺電了，長期下去影響壽命；14V以上是發電機電壓-正常 -chinomango- ♂ (0 bytes) () 12/23/2020 postreply 21:35:24

• 文章沒有說怎麽決定電池該充電了 -難得糊塗一次- ♂ (177 bytes) () 12/22/2020 postreply 14:35:25

• 車子天天開，不必充電。如果一兩個星期沒開。可以測測電池電壓，如果低過正常電壓的5%，就可以充電了。 -原上草2017- ♂ (260 bytes) () 12/23/2020 postreply 12:11:02

• ”1~2個星不充可能就打不著火了“, 這個從沒碰到過， 我的電池就在Costco或者walmart買。 -leileileilei- ♂ (0 bytes) () 12/24/2020 postreply 12:56:00

• 一半對吧，某個愛好者寫的 -chinomango- ♂ (0 bytes) () 12/23/2020 postreply 21:32:26