“量變引發質變”？ --- 對唯物論與馬克思主義的反思與批判
馬克思主義理論體係中許多重要觀點,在社會發展和科學進步進程中,已經不能適用或被證明是錯誤的。追隨者需要在承襲馬克思主義科學精神的同時,修正和發展其理論體係。
比如說：
1. 社會發展的必然規律。馬克思主義認為社會按照曆史唯物主義所定的必然規律發展,這一觀點被證明是錯誤的。社會發展受多種因素的影響,沒有必然的發展軌跡。
2. 階級鬥爭和社會革命的必然性。馬克思主義認為社會要實現躍遷必須經曆階級鬥爭和革命,這一觀點被證明是過時的。許多社會轉型可以通過漸進改良和民主進程來實現。
3. 共產主義社會的到來。馬克思主義預言資本主義必然崩潰,共產主義社會必然到來,這一預言被證明沒有依據。實踐證明,資本主義社會沒有崩潰,共產主義社會也沒有廣泛到來。
4. 生產力決定社會意識形態。馬克思主義認為社會的意識形態由經濟基礎的發展決定。這一論點被證明太過簡單化,社會意識形態的演變更加複雜。
5. 價值論和勞動價值理論。馬克思主義的價值論和勞動價值理論被主流經濟學理論拋棄,被證明在說明價格形成機製方麵不足。
“量變引發質變”耳熟能詳，它是一個著名的哲學原理，也是一個辯證唯物主義的觀點。《資本論》第一卷就說:“當積累到一定程度,量的變動必然要引起質的變動。”這句話清晰地闡明了這個觀點。
這個觀點主要闡述:大多數情況下，長期的微小變化會在某個階段突然導致重大的變化或突破。這種變化或突破是由累積的微小變化引起的，這些微小變化可能不會顯著改變係統的整體特性，但如果這些微小變化持續積累，最終將引起係統的質變或根本性變化。
任何事物都有量和質兩個方麵。量指事物的大小、 密集程度,質指事物的本質屬性、性質等。在一定條件下,量的變化是漸進的、數量上的變化。但當量的積累達到一個臨界點,質會發生躍遷,產生根本性變化。這是因為質是建立在量的基礎上的,量的變化會促使質的變化。例如,水在加熱過程中,溫度作為量不斷增加,但在到達100°C這個臨界點時,水突然變為水汽,質變了。這就是"量變引發質變"的示例。 這個觀點說明,任何事物的發展都是漸進的,但在關鍵時刻都會產生突破,實現飛躍。量的積累為質的飛躍提供了基礎。
馬克思主義哲學深受黑格爾辯證法的影響,采用辯證的觀點來分析事物的發展變化。“量變引發質變”就是馬克思主義哲學中的一個重要原理,用於說明事物發展的辯證法規律。 辯證唯物論作為馬克思主義哲學的一部分,同樣采用這一原理。它認為世界是物質的,並按照固有的辯證法規律發展變化著。“量變引發質變”就是說明事物發展變化的基本規律之一。“量變引發質變”作為一條發展規律,是馬克思主義對辯證法和辯證唯物論在自然與社會發展中的具體應用。它啟發了馬克思主義的許多理論,例如社會革命理論等。
“量變引發質變”並非是必然的，它隻是一種理論原理，描述了事物發展的一種可能性。在某些情況下，微小的變化並不足以引起根本性的質變。但是如果我們觀察曆史上發生的革命、重大變化、科學技術創新等，常常會發現它們都是由連續的小變化引起的，最終導致了極其深刻的質變。因此，我們可以將“量變引發質變”原理視為一種傾向性的指導，而不是一種必然性的判斷，它可以幫助我們了解事物發展的規律，但不能絕對地應用於所有情況。在實際應用中，我們需要根據具體問題具體分析，結合曆史和實踐進行判斷。
“量變引發質變”的觀點可以追溯至古代哲學家兼科學家阿那克薩戈拉（Anaxagoras）。但是，這個觀點在馬克思主義和唯物論中也有著重要的地位。馬克思主義認為，人類曆史的演變是由各種矛盾力量的作用和相互製約的。這些力量通過長時間的鬥爭和運動，最終會突破邊界，引起根本性的質變。同樣地，唯物論也強調了物質世界的連續性和變化性，認為量變積累到一定程度時必然會導致質變。因此，“量變引發質變”的觀點可以說是馬克思主義和唯物論思想的一個重要組成部分。
但是在現代科學尤其是非線性科學的發展下,已經有更加嚴密的理論來闡述類似的觀念,例如潛在態理論、相變理論等,它們提供了更加精細和量化的理論闡述。潛在態理論和相變理論,提供了更精細和量化的理論基礎。它們認為,質變出現的"臨界點"不是固定的,而是係統的"吸引子",當係統進入其影響範圍,就會發生相變。這種理論提供了更加動態和概率論的理解。另外， 質變的出現取決於許多因素,量的累積隻是其中之一。其他因素還包括係統的穩定性、環境影響、隨機性等,這使得質變具有一定的偶然性。因此,“量變引發質變”不應被視為一個定量或唯一的規律,它主要起到啟發作用 - 指出我們應該關注量與質的具體關係,關注事物發展過程中量的累積可能導致的質的躍遷,這有利於我們在實踐中作出合理判斷。但我們也需要考慮其他因素,評估質變出現的概率,而不是認為它是絕對必然的。在實踐判斷與決策中,我們可以運用這個觀點去分析某係統的量的變化趨勢,考慮它接近某"臨界點"的可能性,並據此推測可能出現的質變,做好相應準備。但同時也要考慮其他因素,綜合判斷質變出現的概率,不應將它視為確定發生。所以,總結來說,“量變引發質變”是一個重要的啟發性原理,我們在理論與實踐中都可以運用它,但需要對其限製有清醒的認識,理解質變的偶然性與不確定性,做到綜合分析和判斷。它為我們提供了一個角度去洞察事物發展的規律,但不是唯一或定量的規律。
"Quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes"? - Reflections and criticisms on materialism and Marxism.
Many important viewpoints in the Marxist theoretical system have been proven to be inapplicable or incorrect in the process of social development and scientific progress. Followers need to revise and develop their theoretical system while inheriting the scientific spirit of Marxism.
For example:
1. The inevitability of social development. Marxism believes that society develops according to the inevitable laws of historical materialism, but this viewpoint has been proven to be incorrect. Social development is influenced by multiple factors and does not have a predetermined trajectory.
2. The inevitability of class struggle and social revolution. Marxism believes that society must undergo class struggle and revolution to achieve a leap forward, but this viewpoint has been proven to be outdated. Many social transitions can be achieved through gradual reform and democratic processes.
3. The arrival of a communist society. Marxism predicts that capitalism will inevitably collapse and that a communist society will inevitably arrive, but this prediction has been proven to be unfounded. In practice, capitalist society has not collapsed, and communist society has not widely arrived.
4. The production forces determine the ideology of society. Marxism believes that the ideology of society is determined by the development of the economic base. This argument has been proven to be too simplistic, and the evolution of social ideology is more complex.
5. The theory of value and labor theory of value. Marxism's theory of value and labor theory of value have been abandoned by mainstream economic theory and have been shown to be insufficient in explaining the mechanism of price formation.
"Quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes" is a well-known philosophical principle and a viewpoint of dialectical materialism. The first volume of "Capital" states, "When accumulated to a certain degree, changes in quantity inevitably lead to changes in quality." This sentence clearly explains this viewpoint.
This viewpoint mainly states that in most cases, long-term small changes will suddenly lead to significant changes or breakthroughs at some stage. This change or breakthrough is caused by accumulated small changes, which may not significantly change the overall characteristics of the system, but if these small changes continue to accumulate, they will eventually lead to a qualitative or fundamental change in the system.
Everything has both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Quantity refers to the size and density of things, while quality refers to the essential attributes and properties of things. Under certain conditions, changes in quantity are gradual and quantitative changes. But when the accumulation of quantity reaches a critical point, quality will undergo a leap and undergo fundamental changes. This is because quality is based on quantity, and changes in quantity will promote changes in quality. For example, in the process of heating water, the temperature increases as a quantity, but when it reaches the critical point of 100°C, the water suddenly turns into steam, undergoing a qualitative change. This is an example of "quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes". This viewpoint explains that the development of anything is gradual, but breakthroughs will occur at critical moments to achieve leaps. The accumulation of quantity provides a basis for the leap of quality.
Marxist philosophy is deeply influenced by Hegelian dialectics, adopting a dialectical viewpoint to analyze the development and changes of things. "Quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes" is an important principle in Marxist philosophy, used to explain the dialectical laws of the development of things. Dialectical materialism, as a philosophy of Marxism, emphasizes the unity of opposites, the negation of negation, and the transformation of quantity into quality, and provides a scientific basis for understanding the laws of social development.
"Quantitative change leads to qualitative change" is not necessarily a certainty; it is just a theoretical principle that describes one possibility for the development of things. In some cases, minor changes may not be enough to cause fundamental qualitative changes. However, if we look at revolutions, major changes, scientific and technological innovations that have occurred in history, we often find that they are caused by continuous small changes that ultimately lead to profound qualitative changes. Therefore, we can view the principle of "quantitative change leads to qualitative change" as a tendency rather than a certainty. It can help us understand the laws of the development of things, but cannot be applied absolutely to all situations. In practical applications, we need to analyze specific problems according to specific circumstances and make judgments based on historical and practical considerations.
The viewpoint of "quantitative change leads to qualitative change" can be traced back to the ancient philosopher and scientist Anaxagoras. However, this viewpoint also holds an important position in Marxism and materialism. Marxism holds that the evolution of human history is the result of the action and mutual restraint of various conflicting forces. These forces, through long-term struggle and movement, will eventually break through boundaries and cause fundamental qualitative changes. Similarly, materialism also emphasizes the continuity and variability of the material world, believing that quantitative accumulation will inevitably lead to qualitative changes. Therefore, the viewpoint of "quantitative change leads to qualitative change" can be regarded as an important part of Marxist and materialist thought.
However, in modern science, especially in the development of nonlinear science, there are more rigorous theories that explain similar concepts, such as potential state theory and phase transition theory, which provide more refined and quantitative theoretical explanations. These theories suggest that the "critical point" at which qualitative changes occur is not fixed, but rather the "attractor" of the system. When the system enters its range of influence, a phase transition occurs. This theory provides a more dynamic and probabilistic understanding. In addition, the occurrence of qualitative changes depends on many factors, and quantitative accumulation is only one of them. Other factors include the stability of the system, environmental influences, randomness, etc., which make qualitative changes somewhat accidental. Therefore, "quantitative change leads to qualitative change" should not be viewed as a quantitative or unique rule. It mainly plays an inspiring role in pointing out the specific relationship between quantity and quality in the development of things, and the accumulation of quantity may lead to qualitative leaps. This is conducive to our making reasonable judgments in practice. However, we also need to consider other factors and assess the probability of qualitative changes occurring, rather than assuming that they are absolutely inevitable. In practical judgments and decisions, we can use this viewpoint to analyze the trend of quantity changes in a certain system, consider the likelihood of it approaching a "critical point," and speculate on the possible qualitative changes that may occur accordingly, and prepare accordingly. But at the same time, we also need to consider other factors, make comprehensive judgments on the probability of qualitative changes occurring, and not regard them as certain. Therefore, in summary, "quantitative change leads to qualitative change" is an important inspiring principle that can be applied in both theory and practice, but we need to have a clear understanding of its limitations and understand the contingency and uncertainty of qualitative changes, and achieve comprehensive analysis and judgment. It provides us with a perspective to understand the laws of the development of things, but it is not the only or quantitative rule.
