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路透社原文

《彭博》不是坦克,盧布才是征服東烏克蘭的武器
Forget Tanks. Russia’s Ruble Is Conquering Eastern Ukraine





習近平主持召開中央全麵深化改革領導小組第十一次會議
2015年04月01日
習近平主持召開中央全麵深化改革領導小組第十一次會議強調
深刻把握全麵深化改革關鍵地位 自覺運用改革精神謀劃推動工作
李克強劉雲山張高麗出席

新華網北京4月1日電 中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席、中央全麵深化改革領導小組組長習近平4月1日下午主持召開中央全麵深化改革領導小組第十一次會議並發表重要講話。他強調,必須從貫徹落實“四個全麵”戰略布局的高度,深刻把握全麵深化改革的關鍵地位和重要作用,拿出勇氣和魄力,自覺運用改革思維謀劃和推動工作,不斷提高領導、謀劃、推動、落實改革的能力和水平,切實做到人民有所呼、改革有所應。

中共中央政治局常委、中央全麵深化改革領導小組副組長李克強、劉雲山、張高麗出席會議。

會議審議通過了《鄉村教師支持計劃(2015-2020年)》、《關於城市公立醫院綜合改革試點的指導意見》、《人民陪審員製度改革試點方案》、《關於人民法院推行立案登記製改革的意見》、《黨的十八屆四中全會重要舉措實施規劃(2015-2020年)》。

會議指出,到2020年全麵建成小康社會、基本實現教育現代化,薄弱環節和短板在鄉村,在中西部老少邊窮島等邊遠貧困地區。發展鄉村教育,讓每個鄉村孩子都能接受公平、有質量的教育,阻止貧困現象代際傳遞,是功在當代、利在千秋的大事。要把鄉村教師隊伍建設擺在優先發展的戰略位置,多措並舉,定向施策,精準發力,通過全麵提高鄉村教師思想政治素質和師德水平、拓展鄉村教師補充渠道、提高鄉村教師生活待遇、統一城鄉教職工編製標準、職稱(職務)評聘向鄉村學校傾斜、推動城市優秀教師向鄉村學校流動、全麵提升鄉村教師能力素質、建立鄉村教師榮譽製度等關鍵舉措,努力造就一支素質優良、甘於奉獻、紮根鄉村的教師隊伍。各級黨委和政府要加強組織領導,因地製宜製定符合鄉村學校實際的有效措施,把準支持重點,著力改革體製,鼓勵和引導社會力量參與支持鄉村教師隊伍建設。

會議強調,公立醫院是我國醫療服務體係的主體。要把深化公立醫院改革作為保障和改善民生的重要舉措,著力解決好群眾看病就醫問題。要堅持公立醫院公益性的基本定位,將公平可及、群眾受益作為改革出發點和立足點,落實政府辦醫責任,統籌推進醫療、醫保、醫藥改革,堅持分類指導,堅持探索創新,破除公立醫院逐利機製,建立維護公益性、調動積極性、保障可持續的運行新機製,構建布局合理、分工協作的醫療服務體係和分級診療就醫格局。城市公立醫院改革綜合性強、涉及麵廣,在改革公立醫院管理體製、建立公立醫院運行新機製、強化醫保支付和監控作用、建立符合醫療行業特點的人事薪酬製度、構建各類醫療機構協同發展的服務體係、推動建立分級診療製度、加快推進醫療衛生信息化建設等方麵都要大膽探索、積極創新。要落實政府的領導責任、保障責任、管理責任、監督責任。要立足我國國情,加快推進改革試點,盡快形成可複製可推廣的經驗。

會議指出,人民陪審員製度是社會主義民主政治的重要內容。要通過改革人民陪審員製度,推進司法民主,促進司法公正,提升人民陪審員製度公信度和司法公信力。要堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統一,堅定不移走中國特色社會主義法治道路,圍繞改革人民陪審員選任條件和選任程序、擴大人民陪審員參審範圍、完善人民陪審員參審案件機製、探索人民陪審員參審案件職權改革、完善人民陪審員退出和懲戒機製、完善人民陪審員履職保障製度等重要環節開展試點,提高人民陪審員廣泛性和代表性,發揮人民陪審員製度的作用。

會議強調,改革人民法院案件受理製度,變立案審查製為立案登記製,目的是要通過改進工作機製、加強責任追究,切實解決人民群眾反映強烈的“立案難”問題,保障當事人訴權。人民法院要明確登記立案範圍、規範登記立案程序、健全配套機製、製裁違法濫訴、強化立案監督,逐步建立一套符合中國國情、符合司法規律的立案登記製度,堅決杜絕“有案不立、有訴不理、拖延立案、增設門檻”等現象。要強化法治意識,積極配合做好工作,堅決杜絕幹預、阻撓人民法院依法立案現象發生。要加強訴訟誠信建設,加大對虛假訴訟、惡意訴訟、無理纏訴行為的懲治力度,依法維護正常立案秩序。

會議指出,黨的十八屆四中全會重要舉措實施規劃(2015-2020年),是今後一個時期推進全麵依法治國的總施工圖和總台賬。要組織好規劃實施,注重政策統籌、方案統籌、力量統籌、進度統籌,確保改革任務相互協調,改革進程前後銜接,改革成果彼此配套,及時解決實施中的矛盾問題,努力把各項重要舉措落到實處。

會議強調,推進全麵深化改革、全麵依法治國,任務很重,時間很緊。要發揚釘釘子精神,乘勢而上、順勢而為,加大改革方案出台力度,試點工作要抓緊抓實。出台的方案一定要有可操作性,細化改革任務的責任主體、完成時限、考核問責等。改革方案通過後,能公開的要向社會原原本本發布,以利社會共同監督落實。要抓好改革方案的進度統籌、質量統籌、落地統籌,理清各項改革的“聯絡圖”和“關係網”,增強改革的有序性。

會議還就深化農村改革、鼓勵社會力量興辦教育促進民辦教育健康發展等問題進行了研究。

中央全麵深化改革領導小組成員出席,中央和國家有關部門負責同誌列席會議。

英文版



什麽時候黑人總統不是黑人了?

這幾天美國媒體充滿了巴爾的摩暴亂的報道,其實各地零星暴亂也相續發生,但都被巴爾的摩的消息壓下去了。美國種族問題,白人黑人、白人拉丁美洲人(墨西哥等)間的矛盾,一直在那,也有好轉之處,也有惡化之處。過去半年來的動亂,一直覺得不是小事,但也不是大事兒,不影響美國社會基礎和根基。不過最近事態不但沒有平息,反而有越來越多、越來越嚴重的感覺,覺得不對勁兒,不像是可以簡單置之不顧的小事。

昨天打開電視,聽到奧巴馬在與安倍的記者招待會之際,還得回答記者關於巴爾的摩暴亂一事,覺得難為了,不過這是美國規矩,除了回應民意外,美國自己的事永遠是世界上最重要的,別的地方天掉下來,也得說美國。奧巴馬先對群眾的怨憤表示理解,隨後說“因為怨憤而成了暴徒,不是解決問題的方式”。 聽到這,我把電視關了,是在看不下去。

為什麽?因為這說的跟現實,百姓想的,差的太遠了。奧巴馬要大家用理智的方式來處理問題,而壓根兒不提問題為什麽會出現,怎麽解決,就跟奴隸主問為什麽奴隸暴動一樣。比較的過分點,不過道理在哪兒。

後來見到還真有人跟我想的一樣。
Obama's Absurd Response to Baltimore
Ramesh Ponnuru
【篇幅起見,刪了些,可參見原文】

President Barack Obama's remarks on the riots in Baltimore started off well and then went swiftly downhill.

He first noted that Baltimore residents have legitimate concerns about police conduct, but also said that "there's no excuse for the kind of violence that we saw yesterday." ...

He then suggested some policing reforms but made the case that the police alone can't solve the problems of "communities where there are no fathers who can provide guidance to young men; communities where there's no investment, and manufacturing has been stripped away; and drugs have flooded the community."

The trouble began when he explained how society should get "serious about solving this problem." Society, he said, should do what it can to "change those communities" by boosting early education, reforming the criminal-justice system and expanding job training. While Congress won't agree to make "massive investments in urban communities," he said, it might agree to some of these proposals.

Then he came to his remarkable conclusion:
But if we really want to solve the problem, if our society really wanted to solve the problem, we could. It's just it would require everybody saying this is important, this is significant -- and that we don't just pay attention to these communities when a CVS burns, and we don't just pay attention when a young man gets shot or has his spine snapped. We're paying attention all the time because we consider those kids our kids, and we think they're important. And they shouldn't be living in poverty and violence.

That's how I feel. I think there are a lot of good-meaning people around the country that feel that way. ...

That was a really long answer, but I felt pretty strongly about it.
So we know how to solve the problems of urban America, but we -- "we," that is, in the sense of "you people who don't agree with my agenda" -- just don't care enough about children in need to do so.

The problem with these remarks isn't that they're partisan. It's that they're absurd.

They don't even fit with Obama's diagnosis of the problems at hand. Do we know how to make fathers present in their kids' lives, or how to make up for their absence? No. Are we sure how we should respond to the decline in manufacturing employment? Or how to stop people from getting involved in drugs? No and no.

...
奧巴馬要大家講覺悟,理智處理問題,坐下來慢慢說,跟中國政府講理想情操愛國一般,以為這麽一來,事情就可以慢慢解決。

問題在哪兒?下麵的街頭采訪比我說的清楚,比奧巴馬說的好多了:


真是好多了。奧巴馬說的,離老百姓想的、愁的、擔心的、希望得到的,十萬八千裏。

巴爾的摩本身的情況也說明同樣的問題,巴爾的摩與佛格森不同,市長警察局長都是黑人,但說明了什麽呢?有什麽用呢?黑人市長警察局長和黑人窮人還是兩個階層,想得不是一般,說的更是大相徑庭(如市長指責群眾為“暴徒”,後來被迫道歉)。

精英領袖和百姓的隔閡,甚至對立,不局限於美國,中國自己也很嚴重,沒聽過領導說老百姓的話的(現在多了,但罕見),世界上南(發展中國家)北(發達國家)也一樣,中日見何嚐不是如此?

奧巴馬學問大,說不定還充滿良心(參見奧巴馬的秘密戰爭,有良知的人幹起事來,難以預料),也真心為黑人著想,不過搞不清楚的是怎麽個真心法。真心要解決他們的環境、提高生活水平的機會、社會地位,還是隻是想著,知道難,說說算了。

問題多,動亂
想想,問題的根子在這是會改善呢,還是隻會惡化?跟美國比,也許中國的強處在以前隔閡對立大,所以盡管還有,總的在改善,而美國經過工業革命後至二戰、戰後初期的提高,已經到了極限了,故此隻能走下坡路,目前的種族衝突隻是社會無可解決的對立的反應而已。

領導領袖有領導領袖的難處,有些話不能說,不同場合得說不同的話,官場化了。不過,這得看情形,像這一個大階層與另外一個大階層在根本利益上產生衝突時,這衝突看上去還難以調和,領導領袖還來虛的,和稀泥,就成問題了。

舉個例子,


如果真是這樣,那就是美國衰退的真正源頭,各個階層都以自己利益為上,無意退讓、改革,也許就沒救了。

原來覺得美國內在的強大,看來也未必了。

嘿,這世界。

This video by a Columbia University neuroscientist? might be the best case against the drug war ever made



華盛頓郵報
Want to fix Baltimore? ‘End the drug war,’ says David Simon
Simon traces the arrest and death of Freddie Gray to a police culture that's long since abandoned any pretense of probable cause when it comes to stopping and arresting young black men in the city. "The drug war — which Baltimore waged as aggressively as any American city — was transforming in terms of police/community relations, in terms of trust, particularly between the black community and the police department," he says. "Probable cause was destroyed by the drug war."



student loans


 
中美會開戰嗎?中日會開戰嗎?實際上三國的政治家們,如果還有腦子,見到有開戰的可能,一定渾身發抖。我也會渾身發抖。中國打不過美國,不過美國能輕輕鬆鬆打敗中國嗎?不可能。打不敗,也許美國能費大勁兒打垮中國,後果是什麽呢?有什麽好處呢?

所以,大家說的越凶,越是想避免衝突,這跟動物呲牙咧嘴要把對手嚇到而盡量避免真的打架一樣,不過用高等的方式做了:如果你過界了,我就沒法下台,咱隻有你死我活了,後果你自己掂量掂量吧。這是對策論(博弈論,game theory)的基本守則,一定要公開說出來,毫無餘地,最重要的,是不給自己留下任何妥協的餘地。【注1】





機會會重現嗎?

《公司》雜誌(Inc.)舉了曆史上公司機構八個最糟的例子,糟嗎,錢有的沒賺上,有的虧了,有的錯失良機,有的鑄成大錯。

八個例子是:

(1)最早的網絡搜索公司激發(Excite)有機會僅花一百萬美元收購穀歌(Google)(穀歌現在值3708億美元,翻了三十七萬倍)
(2)奔馳收購克萊斯勒,虧了兩百億美元
(3)柯達發明了數碼相機,卻破產了
(4)新聞集團的社交網站“個人空間”Myspace,成了垃圾,虧了三億美元
(5)百視達(Blockbuster)有多次收購Netflix的機會,
(6)美國國家航空航天局(NASA)
(7)桂格燕麥公司
(8)新墨西哥州人為深林防火采取的措施演變成火災,燒了48000英頃,400家房子,損失達十億美元

有些好理解。激發網全盛的時候,互聯網剛剛誕生,大家都沒頭緒,誰知道穀歌會成氣候。奔馳收購克萊斯勒,在經濟周期頂峰,投資泡沫之峰,頭腦一熱,拍了板。

柯達一事,和我說的袖珍音樂器如出一轍(喬布斯和蓋茲的差別在哪兒?)。


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapple





《公司》雜誌(Inc.)
8 of the Biggest Business Mistakes in History
Your worst mistakes probably don't come close to these gigantic goof ups
 
It's a fact of life that people make mistakes. Even me, and I'm awesome. However, whenever we're facing a big screw up we've made or dealing with the repercussions of another's error, it's easy to forget that mistakes are a part of life. Fortunately, for most people, our greatest mistakes on the job are minuscule compared to some of the biggest blunders in business history. It's even comforting to know that some of the richest people in the world have made costly errors but went on to accomplish great things. Here are 8 of the biggest and costliest mistakes in business history.

(1)Excite Could Have Bought Google for Less than $1 Million
Back in 1999, Excite was the #2 search engine and Google was the new kid on the block. Larry Page offered to sell Google to Excite for $750,000 (though with the stipulation that Excite would replace their technology with Google Search tech). There are several possible explanations for why Excite made this choice, but the end result is clear. Excite was eventually bought by Ask.com, which has a less than 2 percent share of the search market. Google has more than 60 percent of the US search market share and much larger share worldwide. And Google has over $130 billion in assets, so it's worth more than 173,333 times what Excite would have paid for it.

(2)Daimler-Benz Loses $20 Billion on Chrysler
Though Chrysler has always been one of the big three automakers in the U.S., they've had trouble establishing an international presence. Daimler-Benz (i.e. Mercedes) saw an opportunity here and merged with Chrysler at a cost of $30.7 billion in 1998. This didn't work out as planned. Though this was a theoretical 50-50 split, Chrysler sales made up less than a third of revenue for the merged company in 2006. In the end, Daimler-Benz decided they were better off without Chrysler and sold 80 percent of its stake in 2007 for $7.4 billion. This unhappy trip down merger lane cost Daimler-Benz over $20 billion.

(3)Kodak Had the First Digital Camera Back in 1977
Whenever technology changes the landscape of an industry, there are some businesses that adapt and thrive and others that continue doing the old thing until it's too late. For Kodak, who fell from grace due to the advent of digital camera, the situation is a little different. Kodak filed a patent for one of the first digital camera (that used a magnetic cassette to store images of about 100kb) back in 1977. However, Kodak made so much money on film, they didn't introduce the technology at the time to the public. Kodak continued their focus on traditional film camera even when it was clear the market was moving to digital camera. When they finally got into the digital market, they were selling cameras at a loss and were still unable to make strong gains against other manufacturers who had been producing digitals for years.

(4)News Corp's Myspace Meltdown
In a world dominated by social media, it's strange that Myspace, one of the grandaddies of all social media sites, is hardly on the radar. To just say that they got beat by Facebook is oversimplifying the issue, since many platforms currently co-exist with Facebook. When MySpace was on the rise, it was bought by News Corp in 2005. They paid $580 million for social media site, but managed it badly. The first few years were good and the value of Myspace was estimated at $12 billion in 2008. But three years later, Myspace declined dramatically. They failed to adapt and change with the times and people passed MySpace up for other social networking experiences. In 2011, News Corp sold MySpace for just $35 million, according to some estimates.

(5)Blockbuster Turned Down Multiple Offers to Buy Netflix
It can be hard for some to imagine now, but there was a time when video rental stores like Blockbuster Video were a regular part of your weekend plans. Online video streaming services like Netflix and small kiosk-based rental systems like Redbox destroyed the old video rental business model. Blockbuster came to the party late, even though they got an early invite. In 2000, Netflix proposed that they would handle Blockbuster's online component for them and Blockbuster could host their in-store component (thus eliminating the need for mailed DVDs). According to an interview with former Netflix CFO Barry McCarthy, "They just about laughed us out of their office." Blockbuster went belly up and Netflix went on to thrive. And since Netflix is behind such shows as House of Cards, Orange is the New Black, and Daredevil, I'd argue the world is a better place because of Blockbuster's blunder.

(6)Grade-School Math Error Costs NASA $125 Million
Decimals and fractions cause headaches for many school children, and once, they even stymied some of the greatest minds in the country. In 1999, a Mars orbiter Lockheed Martin designed for NASA was lost in space due to simple error where the engineers at Lockheed used english measurements while the NASA team used metric ones. The mismatch led to a formation on $125 million craft malfunctioning and the probe being lost. Though it was unusual for Lockheed to use english measurements for a NASA design (since NASA has stipulated using metric measures for many years), there were still numerous occasions where the error should have been caught and wasn't.

(7)Quaker Loses Over $1 Billion on Snapple
You can still find Snapple beverages at most stores, but in the 90s, Snapple was a huge hit at small retailers. Quaker thought they could make billions by buying the company and getting the product into more stores. Quaker paid $1.7 billion for Snapple, but their plans didn't work the way they planned. Other beverage makers had noticed Snapple's rise (and the amount Quaker was willing to pay for it) and they weren't going to stand idly by while Quaker cornered the fruity-drink-in-a-bottle market. With companies like Coca Cola developing Fruitopia in 1994 and the creation of SoBe in 1996, Snapple didn't turn out to be as profitable as Quaker had hoped. In the end, they sold Snapple for just $300 million to Triac in 1997. Just three years later, Triac sold Snapple to Cadbury Schweppes for $1.43 billion (to be fair, Cadbury got more than just Snapple).

(8)Out-of-Control Controlled Burn Razes 48,000 Acres in New Mexico
In order to prevent wildfires from spreading too quickly, fire departments and forestry agencies use controlled burns to remove potential fuel. This went horribly wrong in May 2000, when a controlled burn in New Mexico got out of hand. The Cerro Grande Fire started as a plan to mitigate some the wildfire risk at the Bandelier National Monument. The conditions that made the burn a seemingly good idea led to the fire spreading. In the end, 48,000 acres of land was burned, including the homes of 400 families. Though the officials were trying to preserve the monument, their mistake was costly. The GAO estimated the damages from the blaze at around $1 billion.

These are some monumentally large and costly mistakes, but many of the companies and organizations involved are still around and in some cases thriving. It's a reminder that rises and falls are a part of business and life in general. As the old saying goes, "Success is going from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm."




英國衛報US-Japan defense deal broadens Tokyo's role in face of growing Chinese might
金融時報US-Japan defence pact aims to check China
洛杉磯時報Japan's Shinzo Abe visits U.S. to discuss new threat: China
紐約時報Japan and U.S. Set New Rules for Military Cooperation
彭博Japan, U.S. Hail Tighter Alliance as China Military Might Grows

美國有線電視(CNN)New guidelines allow Japan to defend U.S. and other countries


軍事時報網站In U.S.-Japan talks, China is the elephant in the room

印度時報South Korea reacts with caution to new US-Japan defence ties
外交官網站South Korea Frets Over US-Japan Defense Guidelines


德國之聲New US-Japan defense guidelines 'unlikely to alter' power balance in Asia




華盛頓郵報The troubling history following Japan’s Shinzo Abe to Washington
英國衛報Pressure mounts for Shinzo Abe to repeat wartime apologies in US address






路透社社論How far is Japan willing to go to back the United States?






華爾街日報博文Why Washington Needs to Do More to Press Japan’s Shinzo Abe on History
馬穎









巴赫清唱劇(Cantata)
網站:
http://www.bach-cantatas.com/IndexBWV.htm
http://bachcantata.blogspot.com/
http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/

Bach: 10 Cantatas for a Basic Collection
樂迷




有趣
中國曆年國防預算(軍費支出)一覽(1950—2015)



華爾街日報博文”Keeping Yuan Stable Hits China’s Currency Reserves“說到為何中國外匯儲備下降(人民幣不貶值,導致外匯歐元、日元部分縮水,而央行花了兩千三百億美元幹預,保人民幣值),另一方麵,中國為了增加外匯儲備回報,漸漸賣掉美國債券,轉買美國企業債券和股票,甚至企業。

此文提到由於中國外匯貯備大部分在美國政府債券上,實際上是虧了,得到的利息是一千八百億美元(跟我的估計中國政府買美元,有回報嗎?一般,嗬嗬),付出的卻是兩千四百億美元。



基金看人民幣在世界上的比例:


小。

彭博:Charting the Yuan’s Rise as an International Currency

http://www.bloomberg.com/professional/content/uploads/sites/4/yuan1-552x287.png







人民幣全球化:通往G3貨幣之路

《金融時報》中文網
人民幣國際化的全球銀行模式
上海交通大學安泰經濟與管理學院教授潘英麗
人民幣邁向國際化的關鍵一步
喬納森•惠特利

匯豐詳解人民幣國際地位:2030年將成第二大儲備貨幣


英國《金融時報》:中國出境遊客支出近5000億美元






索尼亞●德嶗娞
原題:設計服裝的藝術家 Sonia Delaunay玩轉繽紛色塊

    19世紀末期,西方社會在產業革命之後,人類在生產力、醫學、哲學等方麵皆有長足的發展,使人們對科學有著絕對的信仰,令當時的藝術家,不斷嚐試運用科學精神,去尋找繪畫中的永恒真理。其中,女性藝術家Sonia Delaunay(原名Sonia Stern),運用抽象的形與色,表達韻律與規則之美。並進一步與她的丈夫Robert Delaunay成為奧菲主義(Orphism)藝術運動的創辦人。同時,Sonia也將其充滿音樂旋律的平麵畫作,運用在服裝上頭,開創了設計新局麵,並影響了後世設計師,為服裝賦予繽紛色彩以及各式各樣的幾何線條,大大豐富時尚內涵。


Delaunay將獨特的藝術美學,巧妙應用在麵料(右)與服裝設計(左)

    Sonia Delaunay 1885年出生於Gradizhsk,也就是如今烏克蘭中部的Poltava Oblast,父親是一家釘子工廠的領班。由於家庭因素,Sonia Delaunay 5歲時便被托付給母親的兄弟,一位事業有成的律師Henri Terk所收養,給予Sonia截然不同的生活環境。Henri Terk夫妻經常帶著Sonia四處旅遊,同時造訪許多博物館與藝廊,開啟她的藝術視野。進而在18歲前進德國的Karlsruhe藝術學院就讀,1905年右轉往巴黎私立藝術學校Académie de La Palette,繼續Sonia Delaunay的學習之路。


Delaunay不僅是藝術家,同時也是麵料與服裝設計師

    這段時期,她的作品深受後印象派(Post Impressionism)藝術家梵穀(Vincent Gogh)、高更(Paul Gauguin),以及馬蒂斯(Henri Matisse)、André Derain等野獸派藝術家影響。私生活部分,她結識畫廊藝術家Wilhelm Uhde,兩人進而在1908年結婚,但卻是各取所需,Wilhelm Uhde期望透過婚姻掩飾同性戀性向,Sonia Delaunay則是為了擺脫父母期望她放棄藝術回到俄國的要求,並透過Wilhelm Uhde的畫廊展出自己的作品,借以闖出知名度。這段期間,Sonia Delaunay認識了法國藝術家Robert Delaunay,兩人很快陷入熱戀並有了孩子,使得Sonia決定在1910年8月結束第一段有名無實的婚姻,隨即在11月下嫁Robert Delaunay,冠了夫姓,並在隔年1月生下兒子Charles。


Delaunay初期的繪畫作品,深受後印象派與野獸派畫風影響。(左:「Sleeping Girl,1907」、右:「Portrait of Philomene,1907」

    1911年,Sonia以色彩繽紛的幾何布料,為兒子縫製了嬰兒床,現今被收藏在巴黎龐畢度中心(Musée National d’Art Moderne)。這件作品的誕生,被藝評家認為是Sonia藝術風格的轉折點,擺脫景深與描繪真實存在物質的自然主義(Naturalism),開始運用抽象的形與色,以及具律動感的幾何圖形作為畫麵構成。同時結合立體派的繪畫理念,以不同角度來描繪目標,但卻引入立體派所拒絕的瑰麗色彩,自此走入奧菲主義的藝術世界,如她首幅巨型畫作「Bal Bullier,1912-13」,Sonia便以顏色與抽象幾何輪廓組合,來詮釋她與老公出席舞廳Bal Bullier的情景。她為詩人兼藝評家Guillaume Apollinaire的詩集《西伯利亞特快車與小傑漢娜散文集》(La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France),所設計長達2公尺的摺頁書,更造成了藝評界的轟動討論。


Delaunay的首幅巨型畫作「Bal Bullier,1912-13」

    1917年,俄國十月革命的爆發,切斷了家族對Sonia的金援,讓她決定放下畫筆,改拿起針線,身兼設計師以維持家計,並先後在馬德裏與巴黎開設精品店,販售她所設計的服裝、配件與各式家飾。還為芭蕾舞劇設計戲服,以及眾多名女人訂製服裝。Sonia將自己的藝術創作靈感,轉而投入服裝與家飾設計,其畫麵中的幾何色塊,改以布料作為詮釋,讓她廣受當時追逐時尚的女性消費者歡迎。隻可惜1929年美國華爾街股市崩盤,讓Sonia決定結束時尚事業,隻以Tissus Delaunay的品牌名稱,維持布料的創作。1930年代中期,Sonia Delaunay重啟藝術創作,但直到1960年代,她才不受死去丈夫的名氣所累,開始以藝術家身分受大眾認同,1964年更成為首位前進羅浮宮辦展的在世女性藝術家。同時,她的設計觸角越伸越廣,不僅為法國車廠Matra裝飾旗下車款,還與法國公司Artcurial合作,推出一係列紡織布料、餐具與珠寶首飾。


Delaunay以她獨特的繪畫風格,為詩集《西伯利亞特快車與小傑漢娜散文集》封麵(左)與內頁(右)接畫上繽紛的抽象色塊


Delaunay不僅為Matra裝飾旗下車款(左),同時還與法國公司Artcurial合作首飾設計(右)






一季度智能手機銷售
TrendForce Reports Q1 Smartphone Shipments Totaled 291.2M Units with Huawei Becoming Top Chinese Brand
轉載:
Q1 全球智能機出貨量下滑 原因在中國市場
Global smartphone shipment hits 291.2 million units in Q1 2015: Report

trendforce worldwide smartphone


Digitimes Research: China smartphone shipments shed 30% sequentially in 1Q15

GfK:2015年3月中國智能手機份額排名解讀
b21c821c9ddad21

《金融時報》中文版
中國企業不再缺少創新






























瘋狂的股市





Picture-Perfect Moments of Modi’s Tour







華爾街日報博文2015.04.16
Keeping Yuan Stable Hits China’s Currency Reserves

China’s foreign-exchange reserves fell the most on record in the last three months. A big reason for the drop: China’s central bank sold its dollar holdings to bolster the yuan’s value.

China on Tuesday reported $3.73 trillion in currency holdings as of the end of the first quarter, down $113 billion from the previous three months. Some analysts attributed the record fall to a strengthening U.S. dollar, which they say might have shaved $130 billion off the dollar value of China’s reserves by reducing the value of its reserves held in other currencies such as the euro and the yen.

China doesn’t disclose the makeup of its currency reserves. According to latest data from the U.S. Treasury, China held $1.2237 trillion of Treasury debt at the end of February, while Japan owned $1.2244 trillion of U.S. government securities. It’s the first time since the financial crisis that Japan had dethroned China as the U.S.’s top creditor.

A strengthening dollar aside, there is a bigger reason for the plunge in China’s reserves: the People’s Bank of China spent an estimated $231 billion in March to prevent the yuan from sliding further against the dollar, according to analysts at Reorient Research.

The central bank intervened in the currency market by purchasing the yuan and simultaneously selling its dollar holdings. The intervention was aimed at preventing too much capital from flowing out of the country because of a falling yuan, according to the analysts.

The move also underscores Beijing’s intention to keep its currency relatively stable at a time when China’s weakening economic growth is fanning fears of greater capital outflows. Indeed, yuan positions on the PBOC’s balance sheet, a gauge of capital flows, declined a record 251.1 billion yuan ($41 billion) in the first quarter.

Even though a falling yuan could help Chinese exporters by making their goods cheaper in foreign markets, the benefit has become increasingly limited thanks to China’s reduced reliance on export growth to boost growth. Meantime, by keeping the yuan largely stable, China’s leadership also has its eyes abroad: it is gunning for the International Monetary Fund to declare the yuan a reserve currency later this year, like the dollar, the euro and the yen. A stable currency certainly can bolster Beijing’s bid for that status.

Growth in China’s foreign-exchange reserves has slowed in recent years thanks to China’s shrinking trade surpluses, and most recently, increased signs of capital outflows. The country’s senior leaders have made better management of the reserves a top priority as the reserves are often viewed as national patrimony and routinely described as xue han qian – money earned by “the blood and sweat” of Chinese workers.

China doesn’t disclose the composition of its reserves, nor its returns. But overall, China has traditionally paid more in interest to foreigners than it earned on its overseas assets. According to official data, China last year received income payments of $183 billion on its assets overseas, but paid 243 billion in interest to foreigners. One reason for the negative income flow: more than 60% of China’s assets overseas are in the form of its currency reserves.

Officials at China’s central bank expressed little surprise that Japan surpassed China as the U.S.’s biggest creditor, pointing to Beijing’s continued effort to shift its mammoth foreign-exchange reserves toward higher-yielding assets – such as foreign corporate bonds, equities and real estate – and away from the safe-but-dull Treasury bonds.

A big priority for the central bank in the coming years, they say, is to help finance the leadership’s ambitious plan to finance roads, railways, ports, telecommunications networks and other infrastructure to better connect the Chinese economy with the rest of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. As part of those initiatives — sometimes dubbed the Silk Road Economic Belt, China has formed a Silk Road fund with $40 billion in initial funding provided by the central bank.

The U.S. market remains key to how China allocates its foreign-exchange reserves, according to advisers to the central bank, especially in light of a strengthening dollar that is expected to make it more attractive for Beijing to invest in dollar assets. “It’s such a huge pie,” said a person with knowledge of the central bank’s thinking, who referred to China’s $3.73 trillion world-beating reserves. “It’s very unlikely China will significantly change its overall allocation to U.S. assets.”

Indeed, China has increased its holdings of U.S. corporate debt and stocks in the past few years, according to some Chinese officials and analysts, though U.S. government debts – among the most liquid of all assets – still make up for the vast majority of China’s foreign-exchange holdings.

One issue managers of China’s currency reserves are wrestling with is a potential increase in the U.S. interest rates later this year. The possible move, according to advisers to the central bank, would drive down prices of the Treasury bonds, potentially leading Beijing to reduce its Treasury holdings. On the other hand, they say, China will remain cautious about increasing its exposure to U.S. stocks amid concerns over U.S. corporate profits.







2015.04.09觀察者
吳思科:“一帶一路”——來自中東的聲音
前中東特使,高級外交官

【“一帶一路”戰略正在推進,作為陸上絲綢之路和海上絲綢之路的交匯點,中東地區的戰略意義不言自明。3月中旬,中東特使吳思科對卡塔爾、科威特、阿曼等國進行了一輪訪問,雙方交換了對“一帶一路”的看法。3月31日,吳思科受中國人民大學重陽研究院邀請,從中東角度詳細解讀“一帶一路”戰略規劃。在吳大使看來,中東和中國在“一帶一路”上不僅有情感上的互通,在經濟利益上也是一致的,中東地區需要中國這樣強大的經濟體起到帶動和聯動作用。本文為速記整理稿,由重陽研究院獨家供稿,特此感謝。】


吳思科大使

主持人劉英:尊敬的吳大使,各位來賓,各位同學,各位老師,上午好!

3月28日,“一帶一路”政策文件在博鼇亞洲論壇上公布,包括澳大利亞、俄羅斯、丹麥等近50個國家有意成為“一帶一路”的創始成員國。今天我們有幸邀請到吳大使,從中東的角度來對“一帶一路”做政策解讀。

吳大使是我國資深高級外交官,前中東特使,在2012到2013年期間,他作為中東特使分別到約旦、以色列、埃及、阿盟總部,對中東的和平進程進行了深入溝通,為世界和平做出重要貢獻。吳大使先後擔任了駐伊拉克、埃及、敘利亞大使的職員、隨員、秘書和公使參讚,擔任外交部的辦公廳秘書,西亞北非處的處長、副司長和司長,2000年到2007年擔任駐沙特大使,2003年到2007年擔任駐埃及大使,兼駐阿盟總部的全權代表,2009年到2014年擔任中國中東特使。同時,吳大使還是第十一屆全國政協委員,全國政協外事委員會委員。

下麵有請吳大使給我們做“一帶一路”的演講,謝謝。

吳思科:大家好。來到這裏非常容幸,這是我內心的一句話,因為我一直跟蹤研讀重陽研究院的文章,非常受益。所以感謝王文院長的盛情邀請以及劉英主任周到的安排,今天有機會和大家在一起非常開心。

就像劉英主任講的一樣,“一帶一路”文件剛剛發表,我們就有機會在這裏探討這個問題。對我們重陽研究院來說,其實這個問題的研究已經很多了,也很深了,有很多的見解,我在閱讀的時候也非常受益。上一次王文院長盛情邀請之後,我正好又到中東去了一趟,走了幾個國家,更關注各方對“一帶一路”的反應。因為當時我們定的主題是“來自中東的聲音’,我就想要多聽聽他們的聲音,這樣我們今天交流起來可能會多一點活的資料。

我本人從事外交工作40多年的時間,一直在西亞、北非圈子裏。今天講“一帶一路”,回頭想一想“絲綢之路”作為一個文化積澱,它的影響是很深的。在各個國家交往中,“絲綢之路”是把我們連在一起的話題,是一個紐帶,這一點毫不誇張。“絲綢之路”有兩千年的曆史,確實能夠把雙方的感情拉近,是一個值得重視和挖掘的話題。在這個過程中,我也注意到不管是中國,還是該地區其他國家,對“絲綢之路”的關注,包括對它的研究一直存在,盡管後來隨著科技以及海上絲綢之路的發展,原來的“絲綢之路”已經沒有當年的意義了,但作為一種文化積澱它確實一直在發揮作用,這給我的印象還是很深的。

我看了一些這方麵的研究文章,從曆史上來講,我們這方麵的研究用卷帙浩繁來形容也不為過,確實花了很多功夫。包括到現在,人們已經不滿足於對“古絲綢之路”的懷念和記憶,而是更向往“絲綢之路”怎麽能夠在新時期創造新的複興,這一點我在和沿路各個國家的接觸中也有深深的感受。所以,亞歐鐵路的修建,特別是上世紀九十年代從我們連雲港到荷蘭鹿特丹的鐵路修通之後,又掀起了恢複“絲綢之路”的熱潮,那一年有人形容是複興“絲綢之路”轉折性的一年,也就是說中西之間又溝通了。

因此,我覺得進入新世紀,隨著經濟全球化特別是中國同世界聯係的深度加深,需求加大,各方麵對“絲綢之路”都呼之欲出,大家都想怎樣恢複它。在這樣一個大背景下,習近平總書記在擔任國家主席後不長的時間內,就提出“一帶一路”的戰略構思,給曆史符號賦予新時代的精神,是我們國家發展的一個大戰略,也契合了當今的時代需求。因此,我感覺到“一帶一路”提出之後,國內各個方麵都很重視和關注,國外也挺關注,因為這個問題上,大家有共同的曆史積澱。

去年,卡塔爾外交大臣訪華期間對王毅外長說了一句話,他說,“一帶一路”的提出最容易撥動我們兩國人的心弦,在新時期也會有更廣闊的合作和發展前景。我覺得他的話還是有代表性的,所以,在“一帶一路”推出之後,各方麵都很重視,今天我就講講“來自中東的聲音”。

中國和中東都很重視“一帶一路”
中東當然有它的獨特性。過去“絲綢之路”在中東和阿拉伯間也架起了一座橋梁,對文明和其他方方麵麵的交流發揮了重要的作用。在新的時期,“一帶一路”橫貫亞歐中間地帶,陸海兩條線處於一個匯集之處,再加上中東地區獨特的地理位置和多元複雜的人文、宗教、民族,特別是新時期能源在人們經濟社會生活的作用提高以後,這個地區作為能源富集帶,在國際、政治、經濟上的地位也在上升。在建設“一帶一路”的過程中,中東的作用確實值得高度重視,也有它必須要發揮的作用。

因此,從中國方麵來說,我覺得最高領導人對這塊都非常重視。去年1月份,在習主席提出“一帶一路”想法之後不久,就在北京會見海合會來中國進行戰略對話的代表團,團長是科威特副首相兼外交大臣,習主席和他的談話中一個很重要的內容就是介紹“一帶一路”戰略構思想法、內涵、建立方式,包括提出一些願意和科威特加強溝通的問題。還特別提到海灣是“一帶一路”海洋和陸上的交匯處,科威特是中國實現這一戰略構思的天然戰略盟友,可見中國高度重視同海灣的戰略合作。

我印象更深的是去年6月5日在中阿合作論壇成立45年之際,召開了中國-阿拉伯國家第六屆部長級會議,這次會議規格很高,科威特是輪值主席國,科威特首相也在這裏,其他都是各個國家的外長和部長。在開幕式上,習近平主席做了主旨報告,重點就是談“一帶一路”,特別強調“一帶一路”建設中,中國願意加強同阿拉伯國家合作的想法,提到中東是天然的戰略合作夥伴,還係統闡述了如何繼承和發揚“一帶一路”精神。習主席特別總結了“和平、合作、開放包容、互學互見、互利共贏”的絲路精神,提出了新時期建立絲綢之路的具體想法,“共商、共建、共享”。

這次會議還談到了“1+2+3”這樣一個具體的實施方略,也就是在同阿拉伯國家的合作過程中,針對這個地區的特點,能源合作是一個主軸,用能源合作帶動中國和阿拉伯國家整個關係的發展,增進政治上的合作和互信,包括能源戰略通道安全的合作。二是以基礎建設和貿易、投資便利為兩翼,帶動雙方之間的發展。三是提出我們不能滿足於傳統的基礎建設和商務合作,而是要在航天、新能源這些更高的科技領域進行合作,而且提出了一些具體設想,比如在中國建立幾個培訓中心進行合作。很榮幸當時我也在場聽了習主席的演講,也看到了阿拉伯方麵的反應,在後來探討的時候感受到這個演講確實起到了強烈的反響,顯示了中國對他們的重視。

埃及:“一帶一路”上的重要支點
去年年底,埃及總統塞西來中國訪問,那也是比較獨特的安排了,是去年我們外交活動的收官之作。在這次訪問中,“一帶一路”也是雙方探討的一個很重要方麵。埃及有埃及的特點,它是阿拉伯世界人口最多的國家,也一直起龍頭作用,盡管這幾年由於國內動蕩轉型帶來一些影響,發展滯後,地區的影響力也在下降,但它畢竟是個大塊頭,各方麵都很重視它。中國和埃及從外交上來說確實是很獨特的一種關係,畢竟它是非洲阿拉伯地區第一個同我們建交的國家,關係非常好,所以中國一直從戰略高度重視和埃及的關係,把它作為我們地區合作關係的一個戰略支點,因此也非常重視這次訪問。

賽西來中國之前,埃及剛剛實現了政治上的過渡,選出了新的總統,製定了新《憲法》,政治上有自己的路線圖,一步步在走,同時還有一個經濟振興的路線圖。埃及自己也看得非常清楚,如果經濟得不到發展和振興,民生得不到改善,新政權上來很難持久和得到民眾支持。塞西上來以後很重要的一個精力就是放在發展經濟上,也提出了一些能夠提振民心的發展規劃,包括開辟一條新的運河,把運河設計成雙軌能夠通航,帶動周邊發展,這些發展規劃急需各方麵給它投資,中國也是它很重要的合作夥伴。我們重視埃及在這個地區的作用,埃及也非常看重同中國的發展,這方麵是很契合的。

因此,去年年底賽西來訪問的時候,除了政治上的支持之外,對“一帶一路”如何在這個框架下帶動雙方合作也進行了探討,包括金融上給予埃及一定的支持,推動中國優勢產能向埃及轉移等等。再加上中國在蘇伊士灣有一個經濟發展區,我們在那裏經營十幾年了,第一期比較成功,初有成效,第二期簽了協議準備發展下去,成為一個示範。

“絲綢之路”的合作要尋求支點,以點帶麵,把支點建好,找到能早期見成效的地方。埃及就是這樣一個很重要的點。因此去年年底賽西訪問中國,雙方也做了很細致的探討。當然這還隻是起步。讓“一帶一路”中像埃及這樣的國家能夠起到它的獨特作用,這是很重要的一個方麵。無論從曆史上還是現實需求上,阿拉伯國家都把和中國的關係看得很重,“一帶一路”也是抓住了這樣一個機遇。這個地區不同國家有不同特點,海灣產油國有金融方麵的實力,但它們畢竟經濟體量小,要想長期發展,還需要有一個強大的經濟體起到帶動和聯動作用,才能夠走得遠做得大。就像上次習近平在外麵演講時說到的,“多行快,重行遠”,因此他們也很看中與一個大的經濟體合作,在這方麵也下了一些功夫。

科威特:準備建座絲綢城
今年3月14日到21日,我剛剛到海灣這幾個很小的國家,卡塔爾、科威特、阿曼進行了一輪訪問,除了交給我的其他任務之外,我特意和他們談到了“一帶一路”,看他們到底怎麽想的。我感覺他們對“一帶一路”都非常有興趣。

首先講科威特,他們準備用1300億美元在科威特北部沿海索非亞地區建立一個新城,2035年建成後將成為連接中國與歐洲的新絲綢之路的重要戰略樞紐。

這裏,我特別介紹一下這個絲綢城的倡導人——納什爾·穆罕默德·薩巴赫,他是科威特埃米爾的長子,當他父親還是副首相兼外交大臣的時候,他是當時首相的政治顧問。有一次他來中國訪問,我那時候在亞非司當副司長,去機場接他,在交流的過程中,談起他父親和我們當時的副總理兼外長錢其琛的關係非常密切,經常有信件溝通和交流。我就談起了他的父親在中國和科威特友誼方麵做出的傑出貢獻,意思是你作為長子到中國來訪問,使得這種友誼能夠傳承和發展下去。他當時就給我說了一個很大膽的想法,他說他很關注“絲綢之路”,這次來願意和中方探討一下怎麽複興“絲綢之路”,還說他有一個大膽的想法,要在波斯灣底下掏一個隧道,把他們半島和大陸連起來,省得繞一個圈子了,使過去的“絲綢之路”更加通暢。

那時候他就提出了這樣一個想法,說明他對“絲綢之路”的情結一直沒有斷。這個絲綢城就是他創意的。現在他是宮廷事務大臣,就在抓這個事。他父親是埃米爾,他在那裏還是很有影響的。我和他進行了探討,他們說回去以後要和他保持聯係和交流。他們還特意給我了一些設計材料,我能感覺到這個地區這些年受迪拜發展影響的刺激,大家都有一種雄心勃勃想競爭的味道,所以,他提出科威特的“絲綢城”也很雄心勃勃,想在這個地方建立一個金融和休閑的海上港口來聯係亞歐。他們有錢,他說我自己投錢沒有問題,但是需要一個強有力的合作夥伴。所以,我就講了,對方本來就有“絲綢之路”的情結,再加上中國提出的“一帶一路”戰略構思,他們很積極呼應,提出了一些想法。

阿曼:鄭和曾七次到過的地方
還有這次去阿曼,我和他們的外交事務大臣、外交部秘書長都探討了在“一帶一路”情況下怎麽進行合作的問題,對方集中力量給我介紹了兩個地方。一個是阿曼的杜庫姆經濟特區,隸屬於阿曼中部省杜庫姆州,也是阿曼東北沿海的中心點,對麵就是印度洋,因此它處在東亞、南亞、中非、歐洲遠航線路的要衝地帶,常住人口現在還不到5000人,區位優勢很獨特,從這裏通航肯定比霍爾姆斯海峽風險要小一些。他們也規劃在這裏建設特區,包括港務、工業、物流、漁業、商業、休閑、旅遊、教育八大區塊,是一個很雄偉的規劃。他們人少,就需要各方麵的聯係,和我們合作的意向也非常明確,希望我們去參與。

阿曼方麵還提出一個文化符號,這也很重要。因為大家知道阿曼有它海上獨特的優勢,公元八世紀中葉曾經有一艘蘇哈爾號船從阿曼的祖法兒港到廣州,成為了一段佳話,所以阿曼對此情有獨鍾。八十年代他們按照原來的規格重新做了一艘蘇哈爾號,重走老路,200多天到了廣州,這個船回去以後,就放在他們的國賓館展示,成為馬斯喀特市的一景。他們提出來要在鄭和下西洋時曾經七次到過的塞拉萊港建立一座鄭和紀念園區,樹立紀念碑,同時建成一個休閑區,要有中國餐館,可以旅遊,既可以紀念鄭和,同時也為來自中國的遊客創造一個園區。我覺得這裏麵就有很深厚的文化符號,它把鄭和與蘇哈爾號連在一起,我當時對這個感受也很深。“一帶一路”裏有五通,除了道路連通、金融貿易這些之外,最後一點是民心相通,這種文化符號確實要重視。阿曼提出的這個想法就是五通裏的民心相通,值得我們關注。

所以在那之後,我就說除了杜庫姆經濟特區有雙方合作的機遇之外,鄭和紀念園區帶動的雙方文化和旅遊交流,也凸顯了我們古代文化的交流,把鄭和這種和平交往的精神傳播開來,我覺得這是一個很好的想法,應該說雙方也是很契合的。所以,我覺得阿曼這個地方,在“一帶一路”的建設中間,有很深的內涵。

卡塔爾:建設多哈新港
再講一下卡塔爾。卡塔爾在談到“一帶一路”時,說要建一個多哈新港區,現在這個港口不夠用,要把它擴大。這裏原本有鐵路和外界相通,又提出了一個海灣合作委員會六國有一個鐵路相連的規劃。因此多哈新港,除了港口擴建之外,連通方麵也有它的一套設想。卡塔爾提出希望中國企業參與,和中國加強合作。卡塔爾這個國家很小,但它的天然氣儲備豐富,所以,它的資金很充足。這些年,卡塔爾在中東地區的活躍度和發揮的作用遠超出了它的國界和體量,卡塔爾國家體量小但能量很大,各方都很關注這個地區,褒貶不一。但它畢竟是一股力量,大家都關注它,這也是很現實的。所以,這幾年作為中東特使,我基本上每年都要去一趟卡塔爾。後來想卡塔爾這麽小,為什麽這麽有影響?因為我覺得它有一個半島台在那裏,好多事情半島台在那裏攪和,需要和半島台進行交流。所以,這個小國家鬧出一個大作用來,引起大家對它的關注。

因此,剛才講的多哈新港也有它雄心勃勃的構想,希望我們能夠參與其中。我又想科威特的絲綢城和阿曼杜庫姆經濟區、多哈新港都雄心勃勃,想把自己打造成這個地區的綜合性據點,有點和迪拜一爭的意思,大家手裏都有點錢,都想借助這個機會。我們怎樣利用這種機會和他們加強合作,也是值得思考的問題。

黎巴嫩:幫我們建座新樓吧
最後我也去了一趟黎巴嫩,和他們探討了“一帶一路”的合作。當然黎巴嫩有自己的特點,它的經濟實力不是太強,長時間處於動亂中,現在就是一種尋求穩定、尋求發展,更希望別人給他們多一點援助。所以,它想的是“一帶一路”和亞投行都建設起來以後,怎麽能夠對他們進行援助。他們現在是百廢待興,包括外交部長說我們現在外交部大樓都是危樓,給我們幫幫忙,建一個新樓吧。

不同的國家有不同的特點,要看怎樣適應它。黎巴嫩作為地中海很重要的一個國家,我們也要探討同他們的合作。在必要的時候,我們還是講多予少取,先予後取這樣的構思,在需要的時候也重視和他們的合作。

堅持“共商共建共享”原則
對“一帶一路”的具體實施,我們提出了“共商共建共享”的原則。關於共商,我的想法是要貫穿在“一帶一路”建設的整個過程中,從提出到現在為止,可能是務虛的方麵,大家探討它的意義、內涵和怎樣合作更多一些。我們和外麵做了很多的交流,我覺得也是共商的一個階段,使各方麵更多地了解。真正到項目開始實施,也要堅持共商,相互尊重是成功很重要的一個方麵。“一帶一路”是長期戰略構思,需要考慮怎樣能夠真正讓大家由點到線,由線到麵做下來,達到五通的目標,這需要幾十年持之以恒的努力,又需要一步步的頂層設計和具體的項目。而且跨度很大,涉及到幾十個環境、民族各不同的國家,因此每個方麵都要進行很深的探討和交流,包括每一個項目的起步,都需要非常謹慎,這是研究和共商的階段。

剛才講到埃及已經有它的園區、蘇伊士運河和新的航道,盡管這個航道它自己很看好。首先要鼓勵它的國民進行投資,它會帶動整個配套項目,包括基礎建設、港口建設,這裏麵的需求量也非常大,我剛才講的產能轉移,在帶動工業化的過程中,中國企業怎樣走出去,這也需要進行很好的探討,把“共商”貫穿到整個過程中,顯示了相互尊重。

與此同時,還要充分發揮企業和市場的作用。避免這種對外合作成為我們獨大,好像認為有了規劃、有了投入,反正絲路基金是我們自己的,亞投行我們也占大頭,要特別警惕這種老思路和老辦法。要注意防範風險,深入研究和發揮市場的作用,這一點對於“絲綢之路”能夠開展起來、走的盡可能平穩一點,也是非常重要的。
共享,就是怎麽樣能夠兼顧各方麵的利益,妥善處理好各方麵的關係,這也是整個過程中要考慮的。特別是中東現在還處在一個大的變局中,處於一種曆史性的轉折,用百廢待興來形容這裏的很多地方也毫不為過,因此他們認為“一帶一路”是他們的曆史性機遇,可能希望我們更多一點投入。怎樣調動雙方的積極性,使雙方都能建立起共建共贏的思想,也要在交往中進行溝通和實踐。真正找到一個雙方利益更大的契合點,能夠合作得更紮實,走得更長遠,這是我們要努力的。

另外針對這個地區的特點,怎樣增加人文交流,實現心靈溝通,也是保障我們“一帶一路”能夠圓滿成功的非常重要的方麵。前麵也講到了,這個地方的民族、宗教、文化有它自己的獨特行,非常卓越也非常複雜,要增加相互了解,溝通是非常重要的。因此,我們在原有中華地區的文明對話基礎上,怎麽樣增加智庫之間的交流,增加相互之間的了解,確實也是非常重要的。前不久重陽研究院的領導到伊朗做了一次訪問和交流。我到過一次伊朗,我聽使館的人介紹,那次溝通和交流起到了很好的作用。這種智庫方麵的交流,人文的溝通,有時候往往能起到正式外交起不到的作用,以後這方麵的交流溝通也需要增加,包括青年黨派、宗教各方麵的交流都有進一步加強的需要。通過這樣的溝通,使建設“絲綢之路”達到利益共同體、命運共同體的目標,我們現在講的是亞洲,其實我們和中東在尋求利益共同體、命運共同體這一點上也很有基礎,從曆史上我們就沒有矛盾沒有衝突,更多是友好的交往和利益上的相互補充,雙方之間有很好的基礎。

和中東域外大國也要搞好關係
同時還有一條,“一帶一路”建設講到開放性和包容性,中東地區除了地區的各種矛盾交匯複雜之外,它對域外大國,包括美國、俄羅斯和歐洲各國,都有自己的影響力,有它自己的合作夥伴和利益訴求。中國進入中東是比較晚的,是後來者,這些年我們和各方麵的關係不斷發展,交流不斷增多,但總體上和美國、歐洲、俄羅斯相比還是略遜。我們怎樣運用好大國關係的平台也需要考慮,當然在這裏我們有一定的溝通渠道,包括和美國,我們在政治、經濟戰略對話框架下,有一個中東問題的戰略對話,我們是副部長級,對方是副國務卿級。在中東這個地方還是可以找到很多我們的共同利益訴求,保持這個地區的相對穩定,不要讓它出現太大的問題,怎樣努力使這些問題可控,保證戰略通道的安全,這方麵我們和美國都有共同的利益。

同時我們也有很多分歧點,比如對巴勒斯坦和以色列問題我們有不同的主張,特別是現在的熱點敘利亞問題,大家都同意要堅持政治解決,但怎樣實現還是有分歧。但有分歧不阻礙我們進行交流和對話,通過對話可以形成更多的共同點,在一時達不到共同點的時候,可以求同存異,有些問題可以擱置。

西方在“一帶一路”問題上可能對我們有些誤解,認為我們要擴大影響,搞新時代的馬歇爾計劃。這也需要我們去宣傳解釋,這需要一定的時間,需要耐心和定力推進下去,但不管怎麽說,同大國之間的溝通和對話,這是非常重要的一個環節,是我們需要做的。我們和俄羅斯在這方麵有一個穩定的溝通渠道,和歐盟也有這樣的聯係。我自己做中東特使的時候,也和安理會的四個常任理事國保持聯係和交流,大家還是能夠找到共同點的。有時候從他們的角度不太理解中國的做法,認為我們不透明,我們就解釋說我們是最透明的,我們就想做這個東西,我們要做的目標也說得很清楚。所以,要增進同中東國家的溝通,除了地區對話溝通之外也要同大國溝通,盡量減少我們在實現“一帶一路”戰略規劃願景過程中的一些障礙,沒有障礙是不可能的,但要盡量化解它,在建設和推進過程中不斷完善我們的規劃。

這是我對中東地區的一些看法,也向大家介紹了對方的一些看法和願望,他們的一些思考。這中間哪些方麵可以對接,哪些方麵可以先做起來的,哪些方麵在認識上還有一些差距需要我們注意,當然包括這些地方局部動亂也是一個常態的問題,我們要有思想準備。在動亂過程中,我們怎樣尋求機會,在亂中發揮我們的作用,也是需要思考的。比如剛才講的敘利亞,亂的狀況還會繼續,可能還會延續比較長的一段時間,這個過程中,我們和敘利亞政府保持關係,和反對派進行聯係。有些東西現在不能說為下一步的發展創造機會,但也是要思考的。比如“一帶一路”,敘利亞這個地方有一個塔塔木爾,過去是古絲綢之路上的一點,現在成為了一片廢墟,它有幾個當時建築物的殘留,就像圓明園的石頭一樣。那裏也有“絲綢之路”的情結,另外它麵對地中海,也是下一步我們往外絲綢之路的延伸,海上和陸上在那裏也是一個交匯處。在這個過程中,我們一方麵推動它的熱點問題走向正式解決,同時探討下一步我們推動哪些合作。這個時候他們也有這樣的訴求,我們提出一些合作,對他們來說也是雪中送炭,也可以為我們的以後合作做一些鋪墊工作。這也是一種想法,供大家在思考問題時做一些參考。

我今天的演講就到這裏,謝謝大家。

【作者吳思科係前中東特使,高級外交官,本文係吳思科獨家供稿觀察者網】





非洲投資


見到彭博的報道,說去年日本在非洲的投資,不但超過中國,而且是中國的兩倍,數據來源是英國律師行年利達(Linklaters LLP,原文),說是日本“悄悄地”投。此報道被日媒廣泛轉載。

覺得不可思議,年利達說日本投了35億美元,中國肯定比這兒高。不過,會不會中國過去五年世界上遙遙領先,不過去年(2014)沒多少呢?也許中國承建項目不少,資金大,但2014年用到的不多。可能,查查。

遺憾,商務部、國家統計局、國家外匯管理局還沒有2014年的數據,2013年,中國在非洲直接投資是33億美元,難以想象2014年會降,參見

2014年對外投資首破千億美元商務部:中國實際已成資本淨輸出國
參見:世界資源研究所:圖解中國投資“走出去”

美國(八卦)網站商業內幕
China has crossed a major investment threshold that is going to change the entire world
此文援引了美國遺產基金的數據
China Global Reach
大概2014年資料不齊全,總投資量像是不對。另外沒有單獨非洲的數據。
China in Africa
China first started investing in Angola in 2004, when a Chinese program of road investments was agreed in exchange for a share of Angola's vast oil reserves.
Five years later, China became the biggest trading partner not only of Angola, but for the whole of Africa. Last year, China pledged investments of $20 billion in African infrastructure alone. But there is much more than roads and bridges: Chinese investments in Africa are in the tens-of-billions of dollars, and cover  everything from real estate to minerals to financial services.
Countries like Chad and Niger now owe to China about 15 times what they receive from the International Monetary Fund (chart below).
Even in Sierra Leone, which received a new wave of IMF funds to fight ebola, China leads the way by far.
This chart compares current open loans granted by the IMF in its development projects in Africa with Chinese direct investments between 2008 and 2014:
IMF vs China In Africa
Data: IMF, Heritage Foundation/Graphic: Stefano Pozzebon/BI
Chinese investment is mainly intended at sourcing raw materials to feed China's manufacturing sector, with almost no other local processing than shipping them from the mine to the harbour.
Africans are already complaining of the downside of this practice: "We lose all the job creation opportunities, because all the jobs are still made by Chinese in China," Joseph Onjala, senior research fellow at the Institute for Development Studies at the University of Nairobi, told Al Jazeera【中國得改】.

中國資料難查,報紙新聞機構一般把中央公布抄一遍,一字不改,也不解釋,說多了,容易犯錯誤。

商務部:
商務部、國家統計局、國家外匯管理局聯合發布《2013年度中國對外直接投資統計公報》
三是除對歐洲地區投資下滑外,對其他地區均呈不同程度的增長。2013年,中國對歐洲地區的投資59.5億美元,同比下降15.4%;對拉丁美洲、大洋 洲、非洲、亞洲的投資分別實現了132.7%、51.6%、33.9%、16.7%的較快增長;對北美洲投資較上年實現0.4%的微增長。
“據中國商務部《2012年對外投資公報》,在我國對外投資中,非洲占比並不高,僅為4.1%”
可見中國投資結構有待提高,私營企業確實利潤為主,注重在歐美加奧,不少是地產之類的無建設功能的財產。對非洲比例應當增加,參見周其仁“一些中國人腦子裏的外國就是發達國家,去紐約,去巴黎願意去,新德裏不肯去。華為為什麽厲害,伊拉克都去,前線掉炸彈,後線照樣搞生產,中國就缺這股勁,市場開拓能力不強”。

就非洲來說,全世界的投資是:
2013年非洲吸引外國直接投資約520億美元
“2013年非洲吸引外國直接投資519.8億美元,同比2012年的469.2億美元增長10.76%,低於2011年的709.2億美元”

張小峰(浙江師範大學非洲研究院非洲經濟研究所所長,《非洲地區發展報告》編輯部主任)
中國對非洲基礎設施投資現狀及前景

商務部 2012 2013  中國 非洲 投資

2014.08.04
非洲外國直接投資大漲 中國對非直投新項目152個


2015.02.23
How Africa profits from the great haul of China

China’s Controversial Trade in Africa’s Natural Resources
A China in Africa Podcast
Eric Olander, Cobus van StadenApril 17, 2015



2015.05.12
外交部司長:非洲油和礦都由中國控製是誤讀 中國建34個電廠9個港口

Kinsgley Chiedu Moghalu




《CFR: China in Africa


Japan Has Invested More Africa Project Financing Than China

(Bloomberg) -- Japan has invested more in project financing in Africa than China as Asian nations continue to strengthen their economic influence on the continent, according to Linklaters LLP.

Japanese investors accounted for $3.5 billion of the $4.2 billion of project funds that Asian nations poured into Africa last year to improve roads, water and sanitation and build oil and gas pipelines, according to the London-based law firm.

“Japan now ranks as the most active Asian project finance sponsor in Africa, investing almost three times as much as China, which is often regarded as the most active Asian investor on the continent,” according to the report published Monday.

Sub-Saharan African nations are seeking to reverse years of under-investment by moving forward with road and rail projects to help boost economic growth, which is forecast by the International Monetary Fund to expand 4.9 percent this year, more than double the rate of advanced economies. Asian investors are among those seeking deals to develop oil, gas and mineral deposits in African nations, which are exploiting their natural resources to boost revenue to fund development plans.

China ranked as the second-biggest Asian financier of projects in Africa, committing more than $11.9 billion over the past decade, with more than half spent in South Africa, while India placed third, Linklaters said.

Below Radar
“Japan has a much quieter and below-the-radar approach, less headline-grabbing than Chinese investment,” said Andrew Jones, head of Linklaters’ Africa unit, in an interview with Bloomberg TV Africa. “We had a phase 10 to 15 years ago where there were some big Japanese investments into Africa and now there’s a new wave of investment coming.”

A significant amount of Japanese investors’ money for projects went into Morocco last year, according to the study. The North African country said in September that Japan will provide the majority of funds to build a coal-fired power plant in the western city of Safi, which will produce 1,386 megawatts, or 25 percent of the country’s needs.

“We’ve seen a mixture of securing fuel and natural resources, but also selling equipment like turbines for power stations,” Jones said of Japanese investment in Africa.

Nigeria, South Africa and Mozambique have attracted the most project financing from Asian investors in Africa over the past 10 years, according to Linklaters.

Project financing is a method of funding whereby debt repayments are sourced primarily from the forecast cash flows of a venture and security is limited to its assets.






稀土

中國稀土的慘景,大家熟悉了。如果要列舉一下,一,對環境巨大的汙染,二,私人企業對人民資產的原始野蠻的搜刮掠奪,三,地方政府官員腐敗的象征,既是受賄得益的腐敗,也是為了一個誤導的目標盲目、無能的追求,四,(中央集權)政府在製度上的僵化,也是一種腐敗,

《證券市場紅周刊》2012.07.15
稀土平台整合在即 關注中重稀土股
在稀土行業低迷之際,政府再次出手“拯救”。由工信部等多部委參與製定的國家級《推進稀土行業兼並重組的實施方案》將近期出台。資源版圖將逐步劃定的南方中重稀土更成重中之重。

《光明日報》2014.08.20
稀土案敗訴對中國意味著什麽?
《證券日報 》2014.0.8.11
WTO稀土案終裁中國敗訴 西方利用規劃擊敗中方

《 證券日報》2014.08.11
六大稀土集團年內完成審批 打黑將保持高壓態勢
《上海證券報 》2014.08.11
稀土敗訴後的中國策:打擊非法開采至關重要
《經濟參考報》2014.08.11
非法稀土占市場流通量一半以上 背後存官商勾結
《每日經濟新聞 》2014.08.11
我國稀土黑礦超過三成 資源稅征收爭議四起



《京華時報》2015.01.06
中國稀土出口配額取消 主要受稀土案敗訴影響


《澎湃新聞》2015,04.23
中國5月起取消稀土出口關稅

《國際商報》2012.10.23
稀土走私的背後就是官場腐敗


《博文:何青青》2013.03.26
走私猖獗:誰來拯救中國的中重稀土行業

無視現有法律、置環境於不顧、走私的手段非法販賣,與地方官員狼狽為奸、沆瀣一氣、一丘之貉、同流合汙,即使造成生產過剩,寧願將礦物賤賣,也不願意減產整頓。

《新浪博客赫榮亮》2014.12.01
倚重環保手段解決稀土難題


《中國科學報》2013.11.07
中國稀土儲量從占世界71%降到23% 產能是需求3倍


《全景網絡》2015.02.04
稀土行業:稀土工作會議後供需趨緊漲價加速 重點推薦中重稀土
工信部文件中明確提出2015年底前六大稀土要整合全國所有稀土礦山和冶煉分離企業。

《網文》2015.04.07
美國道出中國稀土內控真相:這次終於說了大實話



對中國稀土的搜刮掠奪,是近代最大的,為數不多的賣國行徑之一,曆史罪。

2015.04.29
5月起稀土從價計稅 助力引導資源合理利用
中國作為全球第一大稀土生產國,正在稀土行業整合方麵不遺餘力。繼出口配額、出口關稅退出時間相繼確定後,中國稀土、鎢、鉬資源稅改革的決定也到了公布“佳期”。

國務院總理李克強4月28日主持召開國務院常務會議,進一步推進清費立稅,理順資源稅費關係。會議決定,從2015年5月1日起,將稀土、鎢、鉬資源稅由從量計征改為從價計征,並按照不增加企業稅負的原則合理確定稅率。

同時,進一步清理和規範收費,將稀土、鎢、鉬的礦產資源補償費費率降為零,停止征收相關價格調節基金,取締省以下地方政府違規設立的相關收費基金;研究建立礦產資源權益金製度。

自此,市場對稀土行業資源稅改革的預期終於“落地”。諸多業內人士對澎湃新聞表示,“這是中國稀土行業整合裏一攬子計劃中的其中一項,沒有什麽意外可言”。

中國自2011年4月份開始統一調整稀土礦原礦資源稅,實施新的稀土資源稅。按原礦征收,輕稀土(基本分布在北方),包括包括氟碳鈰礦、獨居石礦,60元/噸;中重稀土(基本分布中國社會科學院工業經濟研究所資源與環境研究室主任楊丹輝對澎湃新聞表示,“資源稅實行從量計征的情況下,按開采多少礦來交資源稅,造成了‘采富棄貧‘、資源利用不合理的現象,現在從價計征是引導對資源的合理利用”。

此次稀土、鎢、鉬資源稅改革決定宣布之前,出口配額、出口關稅的取消已先行一步,市場也早已預料資源稅改革勢在必行,並以此來應對上述兩大政策工具取消帶來的潛在混亂危對於資源稅接棒出口配額、出口關稅來把控中國稀土行業,楊丹輝表示,“這是毫無疑問的,出口配額、出口關稅這些貿易手段在WTO(世界貿易組織)機製下失靈,我們需要更合理的、大家都能接受的政策工具來保護我們的資源和環境”。

至於國務院常務會議中提到的在不增加企業稅負的原則合理確定稅率,楊丹輝表示,“這次主要的目標是清費立稅,如果把其它一些不合理的費用清掉的話,確實是可以做到不增加企業稅負”。

另外,盡管資源稅改革與“打擊黑稀土“看起來並無直接關係,但稀土行業日益規範化的氛圍或許對“黑稀土”的減少起到間接作用。楊丹輝表示,“整個行業規則的正規化和透明化,對整個行業的健康發展會起到好的引導作用,對‘黑稀土‘多少會起到一點抑製作用”。

卓創資訊稀土分析師李祾譞在接受澎湃新聞采訪時還提到,“資源稅的征收,將有利於政府更好地打擊稀土走私,目前打擊稀土走私投入非常巨大”。

同時,針對稀土行業另一項大的部署——大型稀土集團的建立,李祾譞表示,“大集團的形成,也是鼓勵本地的企業不要以挖本地的礦為主,而是要延伸它的產業鏈,我們現在是大規模出口初級產品,而引進高端產品”。

2015.04.15
去年稀土行業首次普遍虧損 六大集團整合提速

截至目前,稀土行業上市公司的2014年財報披露顯示,由於稀土產品價格波動下行和行業的整合等因素,去年,稀土行業首次出現普遍虧損,正在經曆鎮痛期。在全行業出現首虧之際,稀土企業的重組加快推進。

近日,工業和信息化部原材料工業司巡視員、國家稀土辦公室主任賈銀鬆對外強調,今年稀土行業首要的工作是加快推進六大稀土集團組建的實質性工作,在2015年底完成全國稀土礦山和冶煉分離企業的整合。由此,全國稀土行業“多、小、散”的長期局麵有望結束。

陣痛之年加快重組

近日,中國稀土行業協會公布了一組最新的統計數據 .

該協會通過對全國18家重點稀土企業2014年的經營情況進行統計後發現,這些重點企業2014年銷售收入259.59億元,較2011年的625億元下 降了58.47%,較2012年的375.6億元下降了30.89%,較2013年的329.1億元下降了21.12%。利潤從2011年的147.35 億元、2012年的80.58億元和2013年的30.89億元下降至2014年總體虧損。

據了解,上述被列入統計的18家重點企業包含各類子公司、分公司共計74家,其礦產品產量占全國礦產品總量的90%以上,冶煉分離總量的78%以上,金屬總量的72%以上,可反映出中國稀土行業的現狀。

18家重點稀土企業去年業績出現大幅度下滑,最主要的原因要歸結於稀土價格的下滑。

稀土價格的急速走低還要追溯到2010年初,當時甚至有行業龍頭企業不得不以停產方式尋求保價。與此同時,稀土行業內私挖亂采、非法走私等亂象也愈演愈烈時,這種亂象嚴重擠壓了正規企業的生存空間。

雖說國家曾經聯手多部門對違法企業進行打壓,但整治利劍並未徹底斬除行業亂象,計劃外開采生產的稀土仍衝擊著正常的市場秩序。

上述情況也延續至今,導致國內大部分稀土品種價格築底,一些產品猛跌至成本線以下,企業生產經營舉步維艱,停產半停產麵積不斷擴大,行業企業經營壓力明顯。

在此大環境下,稀土行業大規模的重組拉開序幕。

去年,在國家政策的規範和支持下,稀土行業產業結構正逐步調整。2014年初,由工信部牽頭製定的稀土大集團組建方案獲批,將形成“5+1”稀土大集團格 局。北方1家為包鋼稀土組建成立的北方稀土集團,南方5家為五礦集團和中鋁公司兩大央企,以及贛州稀土、廣晟有色 、廈門鎢業等3家地方稀土集團。

此前據媒體報道,和包鋼稀土、贛州稀土、廣晟有色和廈門鎢業等地方國企以掌握資源為紐帶進行的集團化整合不同,五礦集團和中鋁公司兩大央企在稀土霸主爭奪 戰中勝出可謂“不易”。在獲得上遊資源無門的情況下,央企涉足南方離子型稀土產業過程中通過兼並重組下遊冶煉分離和深加工行業,逐步向上遊滲透。

五礦集團旗下擁有8.37億元注冊資本的五礦稀土 (000831.SZ)成立於2008年10月,目前已掌握了14000噸每年的稀土冶煉分離產能,為南方最大。中鋁成立了中鋁稀土有限公司,將整合精力 首要放在整合江蘇省內稀土下遊企業,並逐步向上遊滲透,獲得稀土礦產資源。

該方案獲批,距離2011年國務院發布《國務院關於促進稀土行業持續健康發展的若幹意見》,明確提出用1至2年時間基本形成以大型企業為主導的稀土行業格局,時隔近三年。

近日,賈銀鬆對外強調,今年稀土行業要做好6項工作,首要的工作就是加快推進6大稀土集團組建的實質性工作,在2015年底完成全國稀土礦山和冶煉分離企業的整合。

同時,工信部指出,堅決打擊稀土生產流通領域的違法違規行為,大力發展稀土高端應用產業,加強稀土生產和流通管理,繼續完善行業管理政策和法規,完成稀有金屬管理條例及實施細則的製定工作,製定完成稀土行業“十三五”發展規劃。(記者曹晟源 上海報道)

中國稀土行業亂象:黃金隻賣白菜價 環境破壞觸目驚心

由於多年來“黃金”隻賣“白菜價”,中國稀土行業其實真沒掙到多少錢。

據前瞻產業研究院數據顯示,2011年底江西省稀土企業51個,全年稀土主營收入329.2億元,同比增長139.8%;利潤65億元,同比增長493.5%;增幅環比下降33.4個百分點;稅金27.1億元,同比增長227.1%。

據工信部副部長蘇波介紹,如今開采的工藝有了改進,植被保護下來了,但仍是兩三米挖一個洞,向洞內注入化學藥劑,以獲取稀土。過去是注入草酸,現在用硫酸銨,但都是有毒的化學藥劑。

“開采1噸的稀土氧化物需要注入7~8噸的硫酸銨。硫酸銨長期留在地下,這不是定時炸彈嗎?如果流入地下水怎麽辦?”蘇波說。

“我也去過許多地方調研,有一些哪像個企業——就是個小作坊,一點不像樣子,根本沒有規範的設計,哪裏是現代化的工廠。”工信部另一位官員表示。

不僅是在贛州這樣的中重稀土產區,以包頭為首的北方輕稀土產業對環境的破壞同樣非常嚴重。

直到目前,全國最大的稀土企業包鋼稀土依然沒有通過國家的環保資質審核。環保部去年11月和今年4月6日公示兩批“符合”與“基本符合”環保要求的稀土企業共56家,包鋼稀土兩次落榜。

限製出口:環保不隻是借口

稀土的環境汙染其實牽涉著國家的稀土出口戰略抉擇,也是國際稀土貿易爭端的一個關鍵。

自2011年開始,中國加大了對稀土行業的整頓力度,引發了國際稀土價格大漲,同時也招來國際貿易爭端。

目前美國、歐盟、日本已著手向世界貿易組織(WTO)起訴中國限製稀土出口。

此外,也有一些國家正在重啟稀土開采。中國稀土學會副秘書長張安文表示,目前美國、澳大利亞、加拿大等國家一些企業都陸續進入稀土行業。

中國稀土行業協會會長幹勇透露了一組數據:目前國外36個國家250多個公司在運作406個稀土項目,有35個項目進展較快,雖然大多項目不可能馬上見效投產,但至少大約有5個公司將很快參與到稀土市場的國際競爭。

此外,張安文認為應該調整稀土出口策略,比如一些輕稀土元素如鐠釹不應該再提為戰略資源,這些資源儲量非常大,而且鐠釹對下遊工業拉動很大,拉動下遊幾十、上百倍的增值,對稀土的出口控製主要還是應該放在中重稀土上。

但無論如何,中國稀土開采的環境代價是不爭的事實。據蘇波介紹,目前國營稀土開采回收率為60%,一些民營企業回收率僅40%,濫采濫挖的更是低至5%。而且目前尚沒有很好的技術來解決汙染問題。

“所以,我們保護環境是真真切切的,是政府的責任,絕不是國外所說的那樣,歐盟的官員說中國限製稀土出口隻是以環境治理為借口,這個說法是完全站不住腳的。”蘇波說。







美國空軍下一代隱形戰略轟炸機

世界獨一無二的美國隱形戰略轟炸機B2(幽靈戰略轟炸機)提休後,美國國防部正在定策,製定下


彭博社論:The Pentagon's Next Long-Range Boondoggle?
【五角大樓下一個長距離的“竹籃打水一場空?】
Apr 26, 2015

In the next few months, the U.S. Air Force will decide which military contractor will win the right to charge the government for billions in cost overruns for the next few decades. Oh, and the winner will have to build a new bomber, too.

They are separate but related questions: How exactly does the military plan to avoid the fiasco that was the previous long-range bomber project, which resulted in a cut from a planned fleet of 132 to just 20? More important, how exactly do manned aircraft fit into the future of warfare? On these and other issues, Congress needs to demand answers.

The first question is more immediate. The $55 billion contract is for 100 planes -- which has most budget experts struggling to keep a straight face, given that the previous-generation bomber, the slow aforementioned B-2, ended up costing $2.2 billion apiece. Moreover, the military has gone all-in on its new F-35 fighter, a $400 billion contract that can no longer be scaled back significantly given that 45 U.S. states have some employment stake in its production and a host of allied nations are waiting on deliveries. So if the U.S. wants to slow the annual increases in Pentagon budgeting, as it should, something else will have to give.

On that score, one aspect of this contract is already worrisome. There are only two bidders on the nascent project: Northrop Grumman, which built the B-2, and a joint bid from Lockheed Martin and Boeing. This has led to concerns that the loser may quit the combat-aircraft industry entirely, further consolidating the so-called defense-industrial base. As concerning as this is, however, it cannot be a consideration in choosing the winner.

No matter who wins, the larger questions are strategic. What are the greatest threats the U.S. is likely to face during the bomber's lifespan, probably between 2025 and 2060? Will stealth or speed be more effective in countering them? What is its exact role in the so-called pivot to Asia and in the Pentagon's official new doctrine of "Air-Sea Battle" (which centers on ensuring free access to the "global commons")? What place will it have in our nuclear-deterrence triad? And, to reiterate, how important will manned bombers be in an age of drones and other unmanned technologies?

The primary threats to U.S. interests in the medium term remain terrorists and non-state actors (such as the stateless Islamic State). And even as potential adversaries catch up, the trio of U.S. bombers -- the slow but stealthy B-2, the aging B-1 Lancer, and the ancient but dependable B-52, which has been in service since the late 1940s -- continue to be retrofitted and updated and remain capable of most offensive and reactionary missions, especially in combination with the Navy's nuclear-powered submarines and other assets.

U.S. taxpayers will end up paying for these new bombers. And while the Pentagon may be justified in keeping many details of this contract classified, it needs to provide some answers to Congress and taxpayers. This is a once-in-a-generation decision that will have a profound effect not only on the military's budget but also on America's ability to defend itself.  It's not too much to ask that the Air Force be more forthcoming about it.


《美國外交政策雜誌》
2015.04.01
Xi Jinping Forever
Is China’s increasingly powerful president angling to break tradition and extend his rule indefinitely?
【習近平準備一直到2017年都大全在手】

Foreign and Chinese observers surprised at Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s maneuvers to shake up the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) — and at the same time arrogate powers of the party, state, and military to himself — may be in for another shock. Just two and a half years into his reign, Xi appears to be angling to break the 10-year-tenure rule for the country’s supreme leader, with the aim of serving longer than any Chinese ruler in decades.

According to three sources close to top CCP officials, Xi and several top aides are making plans to ensure that the strongman will rule until at least 2027, when he will still be a relatively sprightly 74 years old.

“Xi’s total dominance of the party-state-military apparatus — and the fact that he has so far not groomed any successor — indicates that he will remain China’s supreme ruler irrespective of whether he gives up his post of CCP general secretary in 2022,” said one of the sources, all three of whom asked to remain anonymous because of the sensitivity of discussing elite politics. While much could happen to derail Xi’s plans — including pushback from rivals, an international or domestic crisis, or health issues, among other things — Xi appears to be planning to stay in office for as long as he can.  

Xi’s desire to rule for longer than a decade is best evidenced by his refusal to publicly groom potential successors
Xi’s desire to rule for longer than a decade is best evidenced by his refusal to publicly groom potential successors. In China, leaders are often classified by their generation. Xi, a member of the fifth generation of leadership — a reference to cadres born in the 1950s — has failed to groom potential successors from the sixth or seventh generation.

Consider, by contrast, the actions of his predecessor Hu Jintao, CCP general secretary from 2002 to 2012, who was born in 1942 and was the core leader of the fourth generation. Not long after ascending to the elite Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) in 1992, Hu started preparing to elevate fifth-generation cadres, including Xi Jinping (then Zhejiang province party secretary) and Li Keqiang (then Liaoning province party secretary and now China’s premier) to the 25-member ruling body, the Politburo. He also elevated slightly lower-ranking officials: By the mid 1990s, roughly 20 fifth-generation rising stars had achieved the rank of vice minister or above.

Equally significantly, in the years leading up to 2007’s 17th Party Congress, a major meeting that happens twice a decade, Hu picked roughly 30 sixth-generation rising stars and prepared them for major promotions.

By 2005, Hu and Jiang appear to have decided to install Xi and Li into the PBSC, as successors to Hu and then-premier Wen Jiabao. And by the end of 2005, a few dozen sixth-generation cadres had attained the rank of vice minister or higher.

If Xi were following the CCP’s tradition of injecting new blood into the ruling elite, he should by late 2015 promote a few dozen seventh-generation officials to ministers and vice ministers. However, only one seventh-generation cadre — Shanghai Vice Mayor Shi Guanghui (born 1970) — has attained the rank of vice minister since Xi came to office in November 2012. It seems very unlikely that he’ll elevate many more this year.

Xi seems poised to break another unwritten rule. Ever since the late 1980s, the top level of the party has unofficially followed the policy of qishang baxia, or “seven in, eight out”: A cadre 67 years of age or younger can still ascend to the PBSC, while one who is 68 or older cannot. At the major party congresses, held every five years, PBSC members 68 and over are expected to retire, while those under 68 can stay on. Of the current seven members of the PBSC, all but Xi and Li will be 68 or older by 2017 — and therefore should retire. But who will replace the ranks?

The three anonymous party sources indicate that at least three fifth-generation candidates who are confidants of Xi — Li Zhanshu (born 1950), Wang Huning (born 1955), and Zhao Leji (born 1957) — will likely ascend to the PBSC in 2017. More significantly, current PBSC member Wang Qishan (born 1948), the nation’s top graft-buster, would likely get a second term. This is even though Wang, a fellow princeling who has known Xi since the 1950s, will be 69 years old at the 19th Party Congress in 2017. That fifth-generation leaders will likely remain the bulwark of the party leadership until the 20th Party Congress in 2022 is another indication, the sources say, that Xi will try to stay on at least until the 21st Party Congress in 2027.   
Given the expectation that a supreme leader should only remain in power for 10 years, how will Xi sidestep this entrenched tradition?
Given the expectation that a supreme leader should only remain in power for 10 years, how will Xi sidestep this entrenched tradition?

The Chinese constitution bars government ministers, including the prime minister, from serving more than 10 years. However, the CCP Charter — the Communist Party’s constitution — carries no stipulation about the length of service of cadres with ranks equivalent to minister or above. Instead, there’s an unofficial rule instituted by Deng Xiaoping, China’s paramount leader for most of the 1980s and 1990s, that members of the PBSC don’t serve more than 10 years.

But it’s possible that Xi could step down as president and still remain the country’s top official. In China, while the CCP and the government often appear to exist in parallel, the CCP in fact outranks and controls the government. For example, the top official in Hubei province is the province’s party secretary; the provincial governor ranks second. The same is true at the national level. Of Xi’s three titles – president, general secretary of the CCP, and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), which oversees China’s military — the CCP position is by far the most important.

Besides holding onto the position of CCP general secretary, Xi has other options. One scenario is that Xi will revive the position of party chairman — which Deng abolished in 1982 in an apparent effort to weaken Mao’s legacy — and take the post himself. This would mean that the future general secretary would have to report to Xi, the party chairman.

Alternately, Xi could retire from the two top jobs of party general secretary and president but remain chairman of the CMC. There’s some precedent for this: Deng ruled China in the 1980s from his position as chairman of the CMC, and Jiang remained incredibly influential by holding onto that post for two years after he stepped down as president.

Moreover, in late 2013, just one year after gaining power, Xi created two super organs at the top of the party — the Central National Security Commission (CNSC) and the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (CLGCDR) — which control the quasi police-state apparatus and economic policy, respectively. If Xi holds onto his chairmanship of the CMC and his two recently created organizations, whoever becomes general secretary of the CCP will likely have to defer to Xi.

Of course, Xi’s power grab — and his far-ranging anti-corruption campaign — could invite a ferocious pushback from members of rival CCP cliques. And having assumed control over domestic and foreign policy, Xi could find himself the scapegoat in an unexpected crisis at home or abroad.

Xi has a difficult task ahead of him. It’s possible that he will fail to consolidate power to a level that would allow him to remain in control past 2022. But Xi seems convinced that only a leader with supreme power — unencumbered by a fixed term in office — would ensure that China and the Communist Party will continue to prosper. And Xi seems convinced that he is the man to do it.







結尾


The list

Food Processing, a food industry publication, ranks the top 100 food and beverage processorsin the U.S. by their sales in the previous year. The 26 processors that have aquired organic brands are shown here, ranked by their 2013 food sales.

1. Pepsi

2012 revenue: $376.18 billion

  1. Naked Juice 2006
3. Nestle

2012 revenue: $272 billion

  1. Sweet Leaf Tea 2011
  2. Tribe Mediterranean Foods2008
5. AB InBev

2012 revenue: $160.28 billion

  1. Goose Island 2011
7. General Mills

2012 revenue: $125.47 billion

  1. Annie's Homegrown 2014
  2. Immaculate Baking 2013
  3. Food Should Taste Good 2012
  4. LaraBar 2008
  5. Cascadian Farm 1999
  6. Muir Glen 1998
10. M&M Mars

2012 revenue: $110 billion

  1. Seeds of Change 1997
11. Coca-Cola

2012 revenue: $105.15 billion

  1. Green Mountain Coffee 2013
  2. Honest Tea 2011
  3. Odwalla 2001
12. ConAgra and Ralcorp

2012 revenue: $103.24 billion

  1. Alexia Foods 2007
  2. Lovin Oven 2007
  3. Bloomfield Bakers 2007
13. Kellogg

2012 revenue: $95.39 billion

  1. Wholesome & Hearty 2007
  2. Bear Naked 2007
  3. Kashi 2000
  4. Morningstar Farms and Natural Touch 1999
16. Miller-Coors

2012 revenue: $77.61 billion

  1. Crispin 2012
  2. Fox Barrel 2010
19. Mondelez

2012 revenue: $69.03 billion

  1. Green & Black's 2010
  2. Boca Foods 2000
20. Hershey Foods

2012 revenue: $66.44 billion

  1. Dagoba 2006
22. Bimbo Bakeries

2012 revenue: $6.062 million

  1. Olafson's Baking 2014
24. J.M. Smucker

2012 revenue: $58.98 billion

  1. Enray 2013
  2. Millstone 2008
  3. Santa Cruz Organic 1989
  4. R.W. Knudsen 1984
29. Campbell Soup

2012 revenue: $41.1 billion

  1. Plum Organics 2013
  2. Bolthouse Farms 2012
  3. Wolfgang Puck 2008
30. Hillshire Brands

2012 revenue: $39.64 billion

  1. Van's Natural Foods 2014
  2. Aidell's Sausage 2011
31. Perdue Farms

2012 revenue: $3.86 million

  1. Coleman Natural 2011
  2. Draper Valley Farms 2007
  3. Hans 2003
  4. Petaluma and Rosie 2002
40. Rich Products

2012 revenue: $25 billion

  1. French Meadow 2006
45. Foster Farms

2012 revenue: $22 billion

  1. Humboldt Creamery 2009
46. TreeHouse Foods

2012 revenue: $21.82 billion

  1. Sturm Foods 2009
52. White-Wave

2012 revenue: $19.37 billion

  1. So Delicious 2014
  2. Earthbound Farm 2013
  3. Horizon 2004
  4. Silk 2002
  5. Alta Dena 1999
  6. The Organic Cow of Vermont1999
65. Snyder's-Lance

2012 revenue: $16.19 billion

  1. Late July 2007
68. Dannon

2012 revenue: $15.45 billion

  1. Happy Family 2013
  2. Stonyfield 2004
  3. Brown Cow 2003
83. Hain Celestial

2012 revenue: $992 million

  1. Rudi's Organic Bakery 2014
  2. Ella's Kitchen 2013
  3. BluePrint 2012
  4. SunSpire 2008
  5. MaraNatha 2008
  6. TofuTown 2007
  7. Spectrum Organics 2005
  8. Walnut Acres 2003
  9. Imagine, Rice Dream and Soy Dream 2002
  10. ShariAnn's 2001
  11. Mountain Sun 2001
  12. Millina's Finest 2001
  13. Frutti di Bosco 2001
  14. Celestial Seasonings 2000
  15. Earth's Best 1999
  16. Breadshop 1999
  17. Health Valley 1999
  18. Casbah 1999
  19. Nile Spice 1998
  20. DeBole's 1998
  21. Arrowhead Mills 1998
  22. Garden of Eatin' 1998
  23. Westbrae 1997
  24. Little Bear 1997
  25. Bearitos 1997
  26. Westsoy 1997
85. Post Foods

2012 revenue: $959 million

  1. MOM Brands, Malt-O-Meal and BetterOats 2015
  2. Michael Foods 2014
  3. PowerBarPria 2014
  4. Golden Boy 2013
  5. Dakota Growers Pasta 2013
  6. New Morning 2012
  7. Erewhon 2012
  8. Golden Temple 2010
  9. Peace Cereal 2010
  10. Willamette Valley Granola 2010
89. Diamond Foods

2012 revenue: $899 million

  1. Kettle 2010
94. J&J Snack Foods

2012 revenue: $831 million

  1. Kim & Scott's 2012




 

 

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