中國芯片產業現狀：筆記

外行，準備給自己教育教育，收集些文章。專家不說，資料不好找，網民都是張口就說，多屬胡謅。

很長，整理未完，抱歉，跳出去吧.



引子
世界大型計算機500強
前十：


中國三大大型計算機：天河2號（國家超級計算廣州中心，RMax=33.9PF，RPeak=55.0PF），天河1號（國家超級計算天津中心，(1A)RMax=2.6PF，RPeak=4.7PF），神威藍光（國家超級計算濟南中心，RMax=0.8PF，RPeak=1.1PF）。
[RMax:maximal achieved performance; RPeak:theoretical peak performance; TF=TeraFLOPS=10¹²=萬億，PF=PetaFLOPS=10¹⁵=千萬億]

天河2號55千萬億,也就是每秒5.5億億次。

神威藍光芯片是國產的，整體國產程度高，但不及天河1號，而天河1號比天河2號又低了一個數量級。


【後記】
OmniVision收購成定局。


單子
製裁後：
2015.04.14光明科技張雲泉：美國對華禁售超級計算機芯片屬刺探行為

天河2號的國產化率很高，從網絡連接到軟件再到前端都是自主研發，唯獨需要使用英特爾生產的Xeon處理器和 Xeon Phi協處理器

2015.04.15環球 中國超算不怕美國芯片禁售 或倒逼中國國產決心

對於“天河2號”，美國禁售的就是中國沒有國產化的核心處理器，這正是中國的軟肋

2015.04.16電子信息產業網 李佳師:芯片禁運 中國應該如何發展HPC？

內容

2015.04.18中國青年報 美國芯片禁運將極大刺激中國國產芯片產業化

內容

2015.04.13中國電子報中國電子重量級芯片“飛騰”亮相 可替換英特爾

“可替代”，不誰說馬上能替代。參見此網民博文： “飛騰FT-1500A處理器使用的是ARMv8架構，盡管中國電子設計出了4核以及16核處理器，但ARM處理器在性能上要想取代Intel的至強處理 器簡直是癡人說夢。這不是否認飛騰處理器的功勞，實際上天河2號超級計算機上已經使用了4096顆飛騰FT-1500處理器，這是國防大學為天河1研發 的，使用的是Sparc V9架構，40nm工藝，現在的FT-1500A則是ARM架構，28nm工藝”

2015.04.14網民天河2號已經追不上了，Intel45億億次超級計算機來了

距離在增大

2015.04.08IDG News ServiceAfter U.S. chip block, China's plan for 100 petaflop supercomputer may get delayed

內容

2015.04.19紐約時報IBM Project in China Raises U.S. Concerns

北京市一篇“領導視察”報道，市領導調研北京可信開放高端計算係統產業化項目服務器生產基地，漏了餡兒？

2015.04.20光明科技光明科技專家反思美國超算限售：應盡快出台《反禁運法》

內容

2015.04.19中國新聞網“天河二號”主任設計師：美國限售令不會影響

隻是表表態？

2015.04.20新華網超算專家：美國限售“天河”芯片或將倒逼中國丟掉幻想創造奇跡

與上文近似

2015.04.21觀察者中國“天河二號”超算專家淡定麵對美芯片限售：我們不怕限購

內容基本上類似的報道。“中國整體實力特別是應用能力比美國差10年以上。他們放心了”
參見：美叫停對華出口英特爾超算芯片 瞄準天河二號

2015.04.22易網【另一麵】美國禁運芯片，立法反製不靠譜

稀土？

2014.12.0221世紀宏觀研究院分析師 耿雁冰 張夢潔 尋找中國最強“芯”：集成電路產業區域格局

內容

文學城博文、論壇

楊子：對Intel Xeon --〉美國商業部 --〉 中國超級計算的初步看法
東北大漢：CPU禁運科普

2015.04.07VR WorldUncle Sam Shocks Intel With a Ban on Xeon Supercomputers in China

像是見到的首篇報道。認為神威不差

美國封鎖對華超算技術出口：出什麽事了？上；下。

2015.04.13
上篇科普。
“國產天河2號超算就是與Intel合作，提前數月拿到了Xeon Phi計算卡並完成了部署。待Xeon Phi正式發售時天河2號已經跑完了測試項目，準備進入商業運行階段。彼時負責天河2號項目的國防科大與Intel進行了深度溝通，獲得了大量編程指導，很順利地進行了係統代碼部署。如果沒有這層合作關係，不僅天河的工期會大大延後，由於異構計算的複雜性國防科大也很難獨立完成超算的軟件調試優化任務”，“美國意識到了異構計算時代芯片企業與超算製造方合作的重要性。隻要掐斷美國企業和中國機構的合作關係，即便後者能夠從公開市場買到芯片，也需要等到芯片正式發售後才能做到；缺乏芯片設計商的指導，中國的超算項目也很難充分利用芯片性能，進而在與美國同行的對抗中喪失優勢”
“幾種國產芯片的主要問題是它們的性能遠遜於美國對手：單芯片浮點性能不過200G Flops以下，遠不如新一代Xeon E5的700G Flops，更比不上Xeon Phi、Tesla等眾核協處理器”

美國禁售芯片，中國超級計算機還有戲嗎？

過度自信

製裁前：
2015.01.17鈦媒體網站芯片設計企業群狼共舞，中國芯片產業正進入爆發期

2013年中國芯片進口花費的資金超過石油進口【然而2014年毫無舉動，2015年才思疼，不是國安局醜聞，斯諾登之功，習近平會下決心嗎？習不下決心，企業會有眼光嗎？】

2014.12.23康源半導體2015年中國芯片如何取得突破

芯片嚴重依賴進口；突破麵臨眾多挑戰

2015.01.27華爾街日報技術網站 China’s Chip Makers Explained

清華控股（同方、紫光），展訊，中芯國際，海思半導體，瑞芯微電子

2015.01.27華爾街日報China Looks to Prop Up Domestic Chip Makers

內容

2014.10.13路透社Intel gains a new ally in China's chip wars

中國芯片極度依賴高通、三星和（台灣）聯發科技
英特爾公司以15億美元入股紫光集團旗下的控股公司，投資展訊與銳迪科，持股比例約為20%。展訊同時獲得英特爾x86架構的授權，可以開發與銷售相關產品

2015.03.02北京周刊英文版China's Chip Race

海外收購芯片企業：文章裏見不到實在的收購。“A Bloomberg report on December 3, 2014 said Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months”
據此文報道，基本沒戲。
高通收購展訊？英特爾咋辦？清華居然考慮？

2015.04.05聖何塞水星報More deals ahead? China fund buys Silicon Valley chip maker

海外收購芯片企業

2014.06.24IDG News ServiceChina sets out to become global leader in chip manufacturing

中央技術國有化決定後的報道

2015.03.26中國電子報、電子信息產業網中國電子重量級芯片“智橋”、“飛騰”聯袂亮相

以上的芯片大都用於手機，這是計算機芯片。

2015.03.30道瓊斯IBM technology adopted in Chinese chips, servers

IBM招呼嘍囉，要跟英特爾做垂死前的競爭。徒勞，不過中國能否利用一把？參見IBM既蘋果後讓步，將向中國轉讓技術

2015.04.08IDG News ServiceIntel courts China's hardware startups to popularize its mobile, IoT chips

還是小菜。

2014.12.03彭博China Wants What’s in Your Phone as Chips Replace Oil

China, home to 1.3 billion mobile-phone accounts, pursues ways to build its domestic chip industry and reduce reliance on imports from Taiwan, the U.S. and South Korea
Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months

2015.04.06鈦媒體中國芯片爭雄：展訊強營銷，海思強技術

還是青蛙思維

2014.12.12北京市市領導調研北京可信開放高端計算係統產業化項目服務器生產基地

沈昌祥

2015.04.15華爾街日報China’s Biggest Chip Maker’s Possible Tie-Up With H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion

張為國：‘Many people suspect I’m a ‘white glove’ for the government. But we’re really just a very market-oriented company’，說的夠了嗎？美國政府會封嗎？
參見：China rivals vie for state backing to buy HP unit

2015.03.12中國計算機學會中國計算機學會建議製定《反禁運法》

內容

美通社2015.03.04DeLclima將為無錫超級計算中心提供效率最高的製冷係統

無錫超級計算中心由中國科學技術部和無錫政府於2006年共同投資建立，乃是全球最為先進的一個高性能計算平台
這家中心的新式超級計算機的每秒浮點運算次數 (FLOPS) 為100千萬億次，躋身全球速度最快行列。10億億次，天河2號兩倍。真的？（吳君線索）不過，報道沒說什麽芯片，說不準。無錫中心說“中心建設麵積為1173平方米，引進了峰值速度為1萬億次/秒的“神威2000A”高性能計算機係統”，百度說“引進了峰值速度為20萬億次每秒的“神威4000A”超級計算係統”。含糊。

標題

內容

製裁後

2015.04.14光明科技
張雲泉：美國對華禁售超級計算機芯片屬刺探行為

光明網4月14日訊 據美國中文網報道，美國以違反“美國國家安全利益”為由，禁止英特爾(Intel)和英偉達(Nvidia)向中國4家國家超級計算機中心出售“至強”(XEON)芯片。

美國政府認為使用了兩款英特爾微處理器芯片的天河二號係統和早先的天河一號A係統，“據信被用於核爆炸模擬”。

美國政府認為使用了兩款英特爾微處理器芯片的天河二號係統和早先的天河一號A係統，“據信被用於核爆炸模擬”。

　　“美國此次禁令屬於一種刺探行為”

天河2號超級計算機是世界上速度最快的超級計算機，使用了數萬塊“至強”芯片。在去年的一次測試中，天河2號達到了每秒5.49億億次的峰值運算速度，而且連續多年蟬聯世界第一超級計算機的桂冠。

“中國已經蟬聯四連冠，未來六連貫八連冠也是有可能的，美國已然感到了威脅”，對於此次美國禁止向中國出口超算芯片的禁令，中國計算機學會高性能計算專業委員會秘書長、中科院研究員張雲泉這樣解釋到。

張雲泉認為，美國此次禁令屬於一種刺探的行為，如果中國政府的反應比較激烈，反抗態度比較強硬，美國會認為我們必須依賴於美國的技術，禁令的範圍不會擴大；如果中國的反應恰恰相反如果冷淡應對，美國則會猜測我們的內部實力或許更強，未來諸如此類的禁令會越來越多，波及範圍也會更廣。

　　美國禁運為更多國產化自主技術創造了機會

天河2號的國產化率很高，從網絡連接到軟件再到前端都是自主研發，唯獨需要使用英特爾生產的Xeon處理器和 Xeon Phi協處理器。由於長時間高負荷工作，這兩種芯片每隔一段時間都需要更換，因此美國的對華禁售政策對中國現有的“天河”係列超級計算機的正常運行可能會產生一定的影響。

觀察者網IT評論員認為，雖然美國的製裁不難繞過，但至少也會增加中國維護現有超算係統的麻煩和成本。不過長遠來看，這一禁運隻會刺激中國更多使用國產芯片來構建新型的超級計算機，屆時，這家美國企業將會被排除出中國市場，對生產“至強”芯片的英特爾公司而言，則意味著芯片銷售額的大幅降低。

盡管天河二號仍主要采用英特爾公司芯片，但中國自主研發的芯片達到4000塊左右，美國伯克利勞倫斯國家實驗所的超級計算機專家霍斯特•西蒙指出，中國超級計算機對國外技術的依賴正在減弱。“從長遠來看，美國的限製將對中國芯片製造商有利，對美國企業不利。這會激勵中國人開發自己的技術，而美國製造商則會被認為不可靠，滿足不了外國訂單的需求。”

核心技術自主化一直是非常熱門的話題，但是進程卻有些緩慢。此次美國的禁令在一定程度上確實增大了我國超算產業發展的成本，但同時這種壓力也會變為動力，使國內產業更加重視加速對芯片技術的研發和應用。

“一方麵，美國政府試圖遏製超級計算機在中國的發展，短期內一定會造成一些影響，天河今年應該會讓出霸主的地位；但從另外一個角度看，禁令可能會加速中國自主設計芯片的研發。”張雲泉表達了和西蒙相似的看法，目前，中國正朝著建造全部采用本國部件的超級計算機邁進，包括100%采用中國芯片。（光明網記者 許瑩瑩 陳百惠）


2015.04.15環球
中國超算不怕美國芯片禁售 或倒逼中國國產決心

美國商務部前不久發布公告稱，決定禁止向中國4家國家超級計算機機構出售“至強”(XEON)芯片。這一禁售令引發中國各方關注。到底這會對長期占據全球超算排行榜冠軍的中國“天河2號”造成多大影響？中國超級計算機領域權威專家張雲泉14日接受《環球時報》專訪時表示，禁售短期內可能造成“天河2號”升級計劃拖延，但長期來看是倒逼中國推進超算國產化戰略的重要機遇。

此次遭到禁售的4家機構分別是國家超級計算長沙中心、國家超級計算廣州中心、國家超級計算天津中心和國防科技大學。據美媒報道，美國商務部此前發布的一份通知稱，使用兩款英特爾微處理器芯片的“天河2號”和早先的“天河1號”，“據信被用於核爆炸模擬”。

中國計算機學會高專委秘書長、中科院計算所研究員張雲泉14日對《環球時報》表示，美國以中國將民用超算進行“模擬核試驗”為由對中國進行芯片禁售是沒道理的。因為民用的超算是不允許運行軍用級核武器程序的，這在超算中心的管理規程上就有明確規定。如果在民用超算上跑這種程序，不能滿足軍事級核武器模擬程序的安全需求，泄密風險非常高。

“中國超級計算機長期占據國際排行榜冠軍也是美國禁售的一個重要原因”，張雲泉說，美國人對於中國超算拿兩三次第一還能忍受，但絕不能容忍中國長期領跑。如果“天河2號”的運算速度一旦成功升級到100P(P為超級計算機運算單位，意為每秒千萬億次)的話，到2017年之前，都將是“天河2號”或中國超算拿第一。而美國要研製出100P以上超算大概要到2017年，現在中國已經四連冠，還很可能實現八連冠，這讓美國無法容忍。

據張雲泉介紹，“天河2號”目前采用美國英特爾公司的兩種“至強”產品，一種是普通的“至強”處理器，一種是“至強”Phi加速器，這兩種產品搭配在一起才能產生很強的性能，而美國禁售的是英特爾公司的下一代產品，具有很多新特性，性能也大幅提高，美國擔心中國將這種產品用在“天河2號”上，進一步提升運算性能，並促進中國軟件發展，所以不賣給中國了。

對於這次禁售的影響，張雲泉認為，這次禁售對於“天河1號”沒什麽影響，因為機型已比較老，沒有升級計劃，影響最大的是廣州超算中心的“天河2號”。因為它原計劃今年進行性能升級，從55P升級到100P以上，禁售之後，這一升級計劃可能就要暫緩。但中國並非沒有其他解決方案，因為其他外國公司的產品也可以用於此次升級，比如AMD等公司的GPU。但如果美國擴大禁售範圍，中國則麵臨著短期無法升級的情況。如果那樣，就需要采用國產芯片，這就需要重新調整研製進展，周期會更長一些。

不過，張雲泉也表示，對於西方的禁售，比較直接的應對是打破封鎖，搞自主可控的處理器，但這無非是重複過去60年的老故事。關鍵是要發展產業，要有企業能做核心產品，要有市場競爭力，在IT領域光靠反封鎖隻會不斷被新的產品封鎖。

對於中國超算的國產化情況，張雲泉表示，按照評估，“天河”係列大概是70%左右，而濟南超算中心的“神威藍光”超級計算機能達到85%以上，“神威”的處理器是全國產的，隻有網絡部分采用美國標準。而對於“天河2號”，美國禁售的就是中國沒有國產化的核心處理器，這正是中國的軟肋。張雲泉表示，中國863計劃一直要求用全國產處理器來打造中國超級計算機，但目前有些核心產品仍從國外采購，這次禁售從短期來看，可能會拖延“天河2號”的升級計劃，但從長期來看，這對中國是好事，可成為倒逼中國堅決推進超算國產化戰略的重要機遇。在超算的綜合實力特別是軟件方麵還落後於西方的情況下，是否蟬聯全球冠軍並不是最重要的，甚至有時會給自身招來不必要的麻煩，所以不如拋掉虛名，向成功走出去的中國企業學習，紮紮實實做好超算的軟、硬件研發，擴展實際應用。

張雲泉認為，“我們在超級計算機的發展過程中，一直在回避一個問題，就是核心處理器的自主化”。對於中國超算發展采用外國公司核心處理器的原因，張雲泉表示，總體而言，國產化之路確實很不容易。直接購買國外產品簡單方便、風險低、使用效果好，又能得到國外公司的大力支持，所以一些中國機構習慣使用外國公司的處理器。而如果使用國產處理器，那就意味著軟件生態係統需要重新構建，國外的軟件也會對中國進行封鎖。

不過，張雲泉強調，中國超算發展不怕美國禁售，曙光、神威、天河等中國超算的研發正是在禁運和封鎖中不斷壯大起來的。按照以往經驗，美國禁運的技術和產品，反而都倒逼出中國巨大的決心和潛力，將相關項目搞好，所以要對中國超算國產化有信心。


2015.04.16電子信息產業網
李佳師:芯片禁運 中國應該如何發展HPC？

4月9日，美國商務部發布公告，決定拒絕英特爾公司向中國的國家超級計算廣州中心出售“至強”(XEON)芯片用於天河二號係統升級的申請。據美國媒體報道，美國商務部於今年2月18日發布的一份通知稱，使用了兩款英特爾微處理器芯片的天河二號係統和早先的天河1號A係統 “據信被用於核爆炸模擬”，因此四家位於中國的機構包括國家超級計算長沙、廣州、天津中心和國防科技大學因為從事實質上危害美國國家安全和外交利益的活動被列入出口管製名單。美國為何突然對中國超級計算機(簡稱HPC)使用的芯片實行禁運?禁運對我國超級計算機(HPC)升級意味著什麽?中國應該如何來發展自主的高性能計算?

　　緣起於中國在世界超級計算大會上的“四連冠“?

有不願意透露姓名的專家分析稱，天河二號“被用於核爆炸模擬”隻是借口，更多原因一方麵是出於政治的需要，另一方麵也是擔心中國的超級計算機綜合實力會超過美國。中國計算機學會高性能計算專業委員會秘書長、中科院計算所研究員張雲泉在接受《中國電子報》記者采訪時表示，無論是出於安全或是保密的角度來說，天河二號都不可能直接用於核爆炸模擬，所以這個理由更多是一種莫須有的借口，真正的理由既有天河二號連續“四連冠“的原因，也有中美政治，經濟和科技較量的原因。

芯謀谘詢的顧問軍認為，在超級計算機領域，美國、日本一直處於領先位置。中國屬於後者，追趕著，當中國的發展速度太快，開始冒出苗頭威脅到海外霸主的時候，海外的“有形的手”就開始指揮整個局麵了。

畢竟在世界超級計算大會上，中國的天河二號已經連續四次奪得了冠軍。中國超級計算機在計算速度的領先，讓一直位居冠軍位置多年的歐美日等國有了一些不安。2014年11月，在美國新奧爾良市召開的世界超級計算機大會上，天河二號在國際TOP500組織首次正式發布的超級計算機高性能測試排行榜上，位居世界第一。此前，由該組織發布的第44屆世界超級計算機500強排行榜中，天河二號以峰值計算速度達每秒5.49億億次、持續計算速度達每秒3.39億億次位居榜首，獲得“四連冠”。

“或許是出於對於天河二號升級後可能連續六次甚至八次奪冠的擔憂，所以天河二號成為了芯片禁售的對象。禁售從短期來看，會對天河二號今年將性能升級一倍到110千萬億次每秒的計劃造成一定的影響，畢竟更換芯片，天河二號需要重新尋找新的芯片替代方案，這需要一些時間。“張雲泉說。

　　軟件和應用差距是十年?

超級計算機指當前時代運算速度最快的大容量大型計算機，是計算機領域的“珠穆朗瑪峰”，是解決國家經濟建設、社會發展、科學進步、國家安全和國防建設等領域一係列重大挑戰性問題的重要手段，已成為世界各國特別是大國爭奪的戰略製高點。正是因為它的戰略地位，世界各國都在部署和搶奪它的話語權，從目前全球超級計算機排名前十位來看，除了中國、日本、瑞士和德國各一席外，美國占據其餘6席。

但在世界超級計算機500強排行中奪冠是否就意味著中國的超級計算綜合實力就真正領先於全球呢?曙光總裁曆軍在之前關於HPC的采訪中表示，事實上超級計算的綜合實力，既包含了軟件的能力也包含了應用的能力，即便是在係統技術的維度計算速度也僅僅是其中一個維度，其穩定性和可用性都需要在應用中不斷磨合不斷實驗不斷提升。

清華大學計算機係高性能計算技術研究所陳文光教授在接受記者采訪時曾表示，中國高性能計算在研製和建造方麵取得了巨大的進步，在硬件層麵已經逐漸趕上了國際水平，但是在軟件方麵仍非常弱，比如在應用方麵，大規模並行應用開發非常少。

事實上，HPC的價值在於應用，必須要有與之型匹配的軟件與應用才能夠真正釋放HPC的價值。曆軍說，中國的超算中心普遍缺乏可持續發展的機製，由於缺乏穩定的運行經費，超級計算機大都開工不足，導致超算資源不能充分利用，難以實現超算資源的共享。另外我國超級計算應用的水平和普及程度與美國、歐盟、日本等相比差距很大。大型計算軟件基本依賴進口，進口的並行應用軟件不僅價格高，而且在並行規模上受到限製，製約了我國高性能計算應用水平的提高。從人才的維度看，超級計算是學科交叉的典型領域，但是我國學科交叉協作尚未形成風氣，缺乏鼓勵學科交叉合作的具體機製和組織保障。高水平人才，特別是既懂信息技術，又掌握領域專門知識的人才的缺乏，成為我國高性能計算發展的瓶頸。

張雲泉明確表示，中國與美國在高性能計算整體實力上不是一兩年而是十年量級的差距。要解決這樣的差異，國家應該在未來投入HPC研製項目的經費上加大軟件和應用的預算比例，目前現在的預算比例為10%，未來應該增加到20%甚至是30%。我們不僅僅需要造出機器、造出係統，更要用好係統。

　　除了X86國外芯片全在中國複活了?

曆軍認為，中國應該製定HPC產業發展的長期計劃，保證國家對HPC技術研發的長期持續投入、定製相關的標準，並對相關的產業發展給予政策優惠。目前我國HPC的研製仍然主要依靠國外的處理器和關鍵器件，在核心關鍵技術例如高性能處理器、高速互連、存儲器件、大規模並行算法等方麵的基礎性研究積累不足，與世界先進水平相比仍然落後。所以這些方麵需要著力發展。

張雲泉介紹，此次美國政府禁運中國4家機構的芯片是英特爾研製生產的至強”(XEON)芯片。“HPC芯片禁售令的出台，短期對於中國HPC來說有影響，但長期來看對於中國的HPC產業和芯片產業來說，都是一個利好，這將進一步促使中國芯片產業發展提速。“

中國必須要加快自主芯片產業發展。顧文軍說，近些日子，國內對中國政府的扶持政策產生了種種非議，一些保護主義的言論甚囂塵上，似乎我們國家應該開放國門，任半導體產業自由發展、自生自滅，才能體現“經濟自由主義”。但其實所有國家對半導體產業都是異常重視、特殊對待、著力扶持的。

不僅僅是因為HPC， 在自主可控的需求下，國家正在加快加大芯片產業的發展推進力度。張雲泉同時坦言，目前中國政府和產業界非常重視芯片產業的發展，現在在中國正在研製的芯片類型也很多，已經出現”一哄而上“的跡象了，國外的芯片家族中，除了X86芯片，幾乎所有在美國出現過的芯片都開始在中國複活，中國應該盡快選出一兩個有前景且基礎好的芯片，集中力量進行長期的重點扶持，構建可持續發展的產業鏈和軟件生態係統。


2015.04.18中國青年報
美國芯片禁運將極大刺激中國國產芯片產業化

　　美國芯片禁運將極大刺激我國國產芯片產業化

本報北京4月17日電(記者李新玲)今年2月18日，美國商務部把包括中國國家超級計算廣州中心(以下簡稱“廣州中心”)在內的4家中國機構列入限製芯片出口名單。今天，廣州中心就此發表聲明稱：美國“終端用戶審查委員會”對廣州中心“被用於模擬核爆炸”的指責與事實不符。

這份聲明提及，廣州中心是廣州市政府下屬的自負盈虧、純市場化運營、公益三類事業單位，是廣州市的“科技一號工程”，廣東省最大的科技基礎設施。該中心建設的總目標是立足廣州、服務廣東，向全國、向全世界開放，重點推進廣州的科技創新，支撐廣東省產業升級，為提高國家綜合科技競爭力作出貢獻。

國防科學技術大學於2012年3月獲得了為廣州中心在2015年之前提供峰值達每秒10億億次以上主機係統的合同。隨後，“天河二號”一期係統於2013年5月研製成功，同年10月遷入位於廣州大學城的超算中心大樓，2014年3月進入邊建設、邊運營階段。自從2013年6月以來，“天河二號”一期係統分別在每年兩次的世界TOP500超算性能排名中，連續獲得4次第一。國防科學技術大學與廣州中心之間是典型的計算機承造方與購買使用方的商業關係。

廣州中心稱，美國商務部實施出口限製(禁運)損人不利己，嚴重損害了包括英特爾公司在內的美國企業通過長期耕耘中國市場所建立的良好信譽。美國商務部對廣州中心實施出口限製(禁運)將妨礙以“天河二號”為平台的正常中美科技合作交流。去年11月5日，美國工程院院士、世界超級計算機500強排名發起人之一、橡樹嶺國家實驗室Jack Dongarra教授，美國能源部先進科學計算研究部主任William Harrod博士等來自美國、歐洲、日本超級計算領域的國際專家齊聚廣州中心，圍繞如何應用“天河二號”解決諸如氣候、環境、開發綠色能源、疾病與健康等世界性難題，與我國有關專家展開深入交流，重點探討超級計算應用和發展前景等熱點問題。但美國商務部的限製令，將極大地挫傷美國科學家來廣州中心開展合作工作的積極性。

廣州中心認為，美國商務部實施出口限製(禁運)將極大地刺激我國國產芯片產業化以及在國產超算係統部署的進程。按原合同計劃，“天河二號”一期係統有4096個節點使用的是國內目前主頻最高的“飛騰1500”芯片，效果良好。截至當前，承造方已經完成了“天河二號”計算陣列的擴容和高速通信互連係統的升級。就目前已有的計算資源而言，“天河二號”至少在今後5年內仍會位居Top500的前10名，完全能夠滿足廣大用戶的需求。


2015.04.13中國電子報
中國電子重量級芯片“飛騰”亮相 可替換英特爾

3月26日，中國電子信息產業集團有限公司（以下簡稱“中國電子”）在京召開“CPU與網絡交換芯片新品發布暨成果推廣會”，網絡交換芯片“智橋”SDN智能高密度萬兆交換芯片和“飛騰”FT-1500A係列CPU處理器聯袂發布。

科技部、國資委、工業和信息化部、國家保密局等主管機關單位領導，天津市、杭州市等地方政府機關單位領導以及國家集成電路基金公司、華芯投資、中國電信、聯想集團、浪潮集團等行業領域、產業界代表嘉賓共百餘人出席了發布活動。

中國電子總經理劉烈宏在致辭中指出，近年來，中國電子采取聯合創新、協同創新、軍民融合創新的發展策略，聚焦通用CPU和網絡交換芯片作為重點突破口，取 得了一係列可喜的成果。中國電子旗下天津飛騰信息技術有限公司（以下簡稱“天津飛騰”）的FT-1500A係列CPU處理器和盛科網絡（蘇州）有限公司 （以下簡稱“盛科網絡”）的“智橋”SDN智能高密度萬兆交換芯片CTC8096便是非常具有代表性的新產品。

據盛科網絡總經理、“千人計劃”專家孫劍勇介紹，此次推出的“智橋”芯片是其自主研發的第四代交換芯片，目標是快速響應雲計算、大數據、網絡功能虛擬化的 市場趨勢，芯片具有性能優、功能強、功耗低和高可靠、高性價比等特點。該芯片由9.4億人晶體管構成，具有1.2T的交換容量；配圖了96個10G端 口，24個40G端口，4個100G端口，支持L2/L3/MPLS/OpenFlow和數據中心功能等特性集合。

據天津飛騰總經理穀虹介紹，FT-1500A係列處理器是64位通用CPU，兼容ARM V8指令集，采用國際先進的28nm工藝流片，具有高性能、低功耗等特點，關鍵技術國內領先，可實現對Intel中高端“至強”服務器芯片的替代，並廣泛 應用於政府辦公和金融、稅務等各行業信息化係統之中。FT-1500A係列目前包括4核和16核兩款產品。其中4核處理器芯片主要麵向桌麵終端和輕量級服 務器應用領域，主頻2GHz,功耗15W，兩個DDR3-1600存儲通道，支持電源關斷、DVFS等低功耗技術，適用於構建台式終端、一體機、便攜筆記 本、微服務器等產品；16核處理器芯片麵向服務器應用領域，主頻2GHz，功耗35W，4個DDR3-1600存儲通道，支持虛擬化功能，適用於構建網絡 前端接入服務器、事務處理服務器、郵件服務器、數據庫服務器、存儲服務器等產品。


2015.04.14網民
天河2號已經追不上了，Intel45億億次超級計算機來了

上周美國宣布禁止向中國出口超級計算機技術，天河2號性能提升受阻，而Intel公司接到了美國政府的新訂單，將於2018年部署一套性能高達18-45億億次的超級計算機，遠超天河2號。

上周美國政府宣布禁止向中國四家單位出口超級計算機相關技術，Intel顯然備受傷害，因為國內的天河2號使用了Intel的Xeon處理器及Xeon Phi加速卡，而且連續四次獲得了TOP500冠軍，這不僅給Intel帶來大筆利潤，而且有很強的示範效應，現在這筆生意黃了，後續升級估計沒戲了，隻能靠中國特色國產了。



不管這是不是網上有些人說的美帝陰謀，不過美國在找理由阻礙他國超級計算機發展的同時也在加快自家超級計算機的研發。繼去年底向NVIDIA、IBM投資3.2億美元研發10億億次（100PFLOPS）超級計算機之後，美國能源部再次投資2億美元給Intel、Cray公司研發18-45億億次超級計算 機，主要部署在能源部下屬的阿爾貢國家實驗室，此前NVIDIA、IBM研發的10億億次計算機則部署在橡樹嶺、勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室。（PS：雖然美國能源部下屬的國家實驗室名義上也是民用的，但了解過這些實驗室曆史的讀者應該知道，核爆什麽的也是他們的重點，美國用這種理由禁止Intel出口芯片到國內是“隻許州官放火不許百姓點燈”。）

這次2億美金投資研發的超級計算機有兩台，其中代號Theta的那台計算性能隻有8.5PFLOPS（8500萬億次），使用的是Intel的Xeon處理器及代號Kingts Landing的Xeon Phi加速卡，這套HPC使用的都是成熟部件，性能較低，不過功耗也隻有1.7兆瓦。

真正值得關注的是其中代號Aurora（歐若拉，極光）的HPC，因為要等到2018年才能部署，所以這台計算機集各種黑科技高科技於一身，理論浮點性能可達180PFLOPS（18億億次），最高可擴展到450PFLOPS（45億億次），比NVIDIA、IBM的10億億次性能要高得多，也要比目前 TOP500排名第一的天河2號的54.9PFLOPS（5.49億億次）高出2-7倍多，除非中國能在未來兩年內解決高性能計算芯片（自研不太可能，估計可以用各種小手段買到Intel或者其他家的芯片，畢竟美帝隻禁止了國內四家單位，不是全麵禁止Intel對中國的出口），否則Aurora在2018年登頂TOP500第一應該沒什麽懸念了，HPC領域除了中國能與美國爭鋒之外，其他國家不論財力還是需求都小得多。


Intel的Aurora超級計算機

我們再來詳細看下Intel的Aurora超級計算機的架構組成，要想實現高達18-45億億次的性能（對比的Mira是目前的HPC），Aurora得 使用新一代硬件，其中Intel已經證實Xeon處理器在其中隻起到管理作用，計算主力是新一代的Xeon Phi處理器，代號為Kinghts Hill，詳情不多，但今年的Kinghts Landing已經使用了14nm工藝，這個Knights Hill加速卡不出意外將使用2018年的10nm工藝，單卡性能估計在4-4.5TFLOPS之間，目前Knights Landing加速卡的性能約為3TFLOPS。


Aurora超級計算機將使用新一代Xeon Phi加速卡

整套HPC將有超過5萬個節點，基於Cray公司的Shasta新一代HPC平台設計，板載內存容量超過7000TB，內存帶寬高於30PB/s，每個節點的帶寬超過2.5PB/s，帶寬超過500TB/s。存儲係統則會使用Intel第一、第二代Omni-Path架構，容量不低於150PB，文件吞吐 量1TB/s。

整套係統功耗為13兆瓦，比目前的Mira計算機的4.8兆瓦高了1.7倍，但其性能是後者的18倍還多，因此整體的每瓦性能比實際上從2GFLOPS/W提升到了13GFLOPS了，能效比提升了5倍多。


目前美國擁有或者在建的幾台HPC（Anandtech）


2015.04.08IDG News Service
After U.S. chip block, China's plan for 100 petaflop supercomputer may get delayed

The U.S.’s recent denial of Intel chips for China’s fastest supercomputer could derail an upgrade to double the machine’s processing power.

China’s Tianhe-2 is the world’s fastest supercomputer with a theoretical peak speed of 54.9 petaflops. It was scheduled to be expanded, and reach a new peak speed of 100 petaflops this year.

Now those plans may be in jeopardy. The U.S. government claims the Tianhe-2 has been used in “nuclear explosive activities”, and has forbidden Intel from shipping its Xeon chips to four related Chinese supercomputing centers.

“I think the U.S. doesn’t want the Tianhe-2 to reach 100 petaflops,” said Zhang Yunquan, a professor at the Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, who also keeps track of China’s top supercomputers.

Although other supercomputers in the world are being developed to reach or exceed the 100 petaflops figure, China’s Tianhe-2 may have been the closest to reaching that goal this year.

The National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou, which operates the Tianhe-2, declined to comment. But Zhang said in the short-term, China’s supercomputing efforts might be stalled, given that the Tianhe-2 and many other supercomputing systems in the country use Intel’s Xeon chips.

In the U.S., computer scientists are also developing their own 100-petaflop machines, but they aren’t expected to be ready until 2017, said Jack Dongarra, a computer scientist at the University of Tennessee who also compiles the list of the world’s top 500 supercomputers.

As a result of this situation, China will probably “energize” its efforts to develop its own chip technology, he added.

China already showed some of that capability back in 2011, with a supercomputer that used a homegrown processor called the Shenwei 1600.

“Now China is being forced to develop its chip technology,” Zhang said. “We wanted to cooperate with the U.S. on these supercomputer projects, but we can’t do that.”

The U.S. Department of Commerce did not immediately respond to a request for comment.


2015.04.19紐約時報
IBM Project in China Raises U.S. Concerns


IBM’s chief executive, Virginia M. Rometty, said the company’s approach in China was different from that of any other foreign technology maker

HONG KONG — Shen Changxiang, who once supervised the cybersecurity of China’s strategic missile arsenal and spearheaded computer security research for the navy, has warned of the perils of his country’s reliance on American technology.

Yet in December, the 74-year-old former military engineer, one of China’s top-ranking cyberofficials, quietly started working with a company synonymous with American technological prowess: IBM. Mr. Shen’s task is to help a little-known Chinese company absorb and build upon key technologies licensed by IBM, according to a statement posted on a Beijing government website.

In the past 16 months, IBM has agreed — and received permission under United States export laws — to provide the Beijing company, Teamsun, with a partial blueprint of its higher-end servers and the software that runs on them, according to IBM announcements and filings from Teamsun. As the chief scientist overseeing the IBM project on behalf of the Chinese government, Mr. Shen is helping Teamsun, and in turn China, develop a full supply chain of computers and software atop IBM’s technology.

The goal is to create a domestic tech industry that in the long run will no longer need to buy American products, thus avoiding security concerns.

What IBM is doing in China is no different from what the company is doing elsewhere. Yet IBM’s activities in China have become sensitive as they now run into efforts by the Obama administration to persuade Beijing to drop new measures requiring American companies to hand over technology in exchange for market access.

Critics say IBM is caving in to Chinese demands, placing short-term business gains ahead of longer-term political and trade issues. Its actions may spur other American companies to break ranks and also submit to the new Chinese regulations, out of concern that IBM will get advantages by cooperating with the country.

“People do feel angry about what appears to be an accommodation with the Chinese,” said James A. Lewis, an analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “And you have to kind of expect that, particularly at a time when you have the whole U.S. government ginned up to push the Chinese on this.”

IBM said it was simply being open with licensing technologies as part of a global program called Open Power. Open Power, which IBM initiated in 2013, has 120 members worldwide, including Google and Samsung Electronics. Fewer than 20 are from China, IBM said. The point of the program is to provide base technology that can be enhanced by licensees worldwide and spur global partnerships and business opportunities, the company added.

“Our Open Power partners in China are getting access to the same technology that we make available to all Open Power members around the world,” Edward Barbini, a spokesman, wrote in an email. “We’ve been very transparent with all our stakeholders on this strategy, including the Obama administration, about our plans to expand both the Open Power community and IBM’s technology partnerships around the world.”

In a recent interview posted on Teamsun’s website, Huang Hua, a vice president, said the company’s new capabilities would help it better address security concerns of local Chinese companies. Calling a movement in China to replace crucial high-end technology from IBM, Oracle and EMC an “opportunity,” Mr. Huang said Teamsun’s strategy to “absorb and then innovate” would enable it to eliminate the capability gap between Chinese and American companies and create products that could replace those sold by firms in the United States.

Language about replacing IBM, Oracle and EMC was removed from the site after Teamsun and IBM were contacted for this article. Teamsun declined to be interviewed about the IBM project, and an assistant declined to make Mr. Shen available for comment.

IBM declined to comment on Mr. Shen because he is not an IBM employee. A spokesman with the United States trade representative declined to comment on IBM’s strategy in China.

IBM has many business projects in China. The company has also agreed to license the advanced chip technology that works as the brain of the servers to a separate Chinese company, Suzhou PowerCore. And IBM says it has spoken to clients about letting them build local encryption over its z13 mainframe computer, which could help in China, where a proposed antiterror law requires domestic companies to provide encryption keys or use local Chinese encryption standards.

IBM’s cooperation with Teamsun and Suzhou PowerCore through Open Power is part of the company’s strategic shift away from its traditional hardware, software and services businesses to new cloud, data and mobile offerings. IBM, which reports quarterly earnings on Monday, has been grappling with declining revenue as it makes that transition.

Both the server and chip technology IBM is licensing in China are widely used by banks in the country. In the fourth quarter, IBM generated $4.9 billion in revenue, or 20 percent of the total, from Asia; it does not break out China sales.

“You have Chinese policy interests, U.S. policy interests and IBM policy interests — realistically, your hope of aligning these is not all that high,” said Willy C. Shih, a professor of technology and operations management at Harvard Business School. “I think it’s a tough call for IBM.”

On a trip last month to Beijing, IBM’s chief executive, Virginia M. Rometty, said the company’s approach in China was different from any other foreign technology maker’s.

“Foreign firms need to collaborate with Chinese companies to grow new industries — nowhere is this truer than in the I.T. sector,” she said in remarks at a March 24 panel discussion in Beijing. She said opening IBM’s chip technology to Chinese partners “will create a new and vibrant ecosystem of Chinese companies producing homegrown computer systems for the local and international markets.”

IBM’s Open Power program is getting particular attention in China, according to analysts, because it plays into local demands that foreign tech companies disclose intellectual property, open up encryption standards and submit to invasive security audits of products.

While Beijing has long pushed indigenous innovation policies designed to foster a domestic tech industry, the disclosures in 2013 of online spying efforts by the United States made by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden gave the more hawkish officials in China the evidence they needed to expedite plans to wean sensitive industries, like banking and energy, off foreign technology.

One new Chinese law, which called for disclosure of source code of products sold to banks, was suspended by the government this month. But analysts say Beijing is likely to continue making similar demands in different ways.

Mr. Shen has been thinking about pushing American tech companies out of China for a while. In 2009, he warned of global communications surveillance by the United States in an essay posted on the website of China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

In a May 2014 interview with state-run media, Mr. Shen said tech products coming from the United States presented “huge security risks,” and in a July essay he wrote that America’s technological dominance makes it a serious threat to Chinese national security. He added that “the U.S. and Israel cultivate hackers in primary school to find the finest Internet and cybersecurity talents” and recommended China create similar policies.

By handing over some intellectual property, analysts say, IBM is calculating it can be a part of the base technology with which Chinese companies build higher-end servers and other new products that meet Chinese regulations. That would help IBM compete with Intel, which provides chip technology from which companies build their own servers.

Many banks in China will soon switch from IBM servers that run the Unix operating system to servers using Linux. And, analysts say, Open Power’s goal in the country is to help keep a part of that business.

Clyde V. Prestowitz, a senior Commerce Department official in the Reagan administration, said IBM’s approach to China is reminiscent of what the company did in Japan decades ago. He said tech transfers to Japanese companies helped them catch up to the United States.

“IBM was arrogant in saying, ‘We’ll give them some tech and then innovate faster than them,’ and that wasn’t the case,” he said.

For Mr. Shen, Chinese-made products built atop IBM technology to be sold worldwide would be a small victory for China in a technological race with the United States that he sometimes characterizes in military terms.

In a speech in September at the China Internet Security Conference in Beijing, Mr. Shen said expansion of the United States military’s online attack and defense capabilities made the Internet the fifth strategic front for the United States, after land, air, ocean and space.

He added, according to state-run media, “That poses a severe challenge to the cybersecurity of China, and we should actively respond, accelerate the building of our cybersecure system and safeguard our cybersecurity and state sovereignty.”


2015.04.20光明科技
光明科技專家反思美國超算限售：應盡快出台《反禁運法》

“三大超算中心在科技部立項的時候，就都是民用的，美國商務部對我們涉核的指責根本不可能。作為公開的超算中心，廣州超算有哪些應用，我們網站上介紹都有清楚的介紹。”天河二號係統主任設計師盧宇彤在中國計算機學會舉辦的“芯片限售對我國超算的影響”論壇上表示。

在此之前，美國商務部發布報告稱，決定拒絕英特爾公司向中國的國家超級計算廣州中心出售至強芯片用於天河二號係統升級的申請。國家超級計算長沙中心、廣州中心、天津中心和國防科技大學四家國家超算中心被列入出口管製名單。

而據《華爾街日報》報道，美國商務部曾於今年2月18日發布一份通知稱，使用了兩款英特爾微處理器芯片的天河二號和早先的天河1號A係統，“據信被用於核爆炸模擬”。

超算限售提醒國人：核心技術買不來

中國超算技術連續四年奪得世界冠軍，無疑給美國施加了很大壓力。在去年4月份中美超級計算戰略對話會上，有美國專家指出，中國的超算已經超過美國，引發了美國國內一係列的爭論。有美國學者指出，由於政府對超算的研究投入減少，使其計算機的領先地位受到威脅。

在盧宇彤看來，涉核隻是美國對華超算限售的一個借口。

“這其實是美國學界在給政府施壓，你該撥款了。現在美國國會要批2016年的預算，奧巴馬最近一直壓縮，不停扣錢，大家都要從裏麵搶錢。” 中科院計算所張雲泉研究員補充說。

盡管中國超算技術能夠拿世界第一，但從整體水平和應用能力上，與美國尚有差距。盧宇彤表示，美國此次限售令的確影響天河二號的升級計劃，但升級是一項複雜的係統工程，中方對此已有部署。“我可以肯定地說，天河二號的‘100P升級目標’肯定能夠實現，實現時間也是可控的。”

“借此機會，我想提醒一下我們的相關部門，在選用國外核心產品的時候，一定要做好產品的風險評估。本來天河係統在購買英特爾CPU的時候，是得到了美國政府的許可，但是美國找了一個涉核的借口就終止了正常的商務行動，造成了損失，所以一定要有風險意識，要清醒認識到，核心技術是買不來的。”盧宇彤說。

要研以致用，不要研以致獎

在會議中，胡偉武指出，科研想要獲得發展，就應當與市場相結合，形成螺旋上升，隻靠政府投資科研經費是不夠的，還應當形成良性互動。 “20多年來，我們一直強調要產學研結合，但是直到現在國內也少有成功案例，如果隻想的是論文，得一個獎，這肯定是不行的。我們現在不缺院士，缺少一個像英特爾這樣的公司。” 中國計算機學會秘書長杜子德稱。

“現在中國科技產業的瓶頸不在於研發，而在於應用。做一個高性能的CPU並不難，難的是如何用起來”，胡偉武坦言，超算領域中的很多技術可以達標，但應用指標都還不行，“就技術而言，我們和國外隻差兩三年，但算上應用，我們就差了二十年了。”

北京並行科技公司總經理陳健表示，國家科研經費中應當有一部分給用戶作為基石。“在超算行業中，科技部有很多錢投到造機器上，但是造出來的機器，大家都說用不起，我有一個呼籲，國家能不能分出一部分經費給用戶做基石，如果用戶有錢用超算，這樣超算就有收益，這樣超算就可以更好更健康的發展。”

胡偉武尤其強調科技生態產業鏈的構建，他認為，自主體係有利於自主創新和持續改進，隻要建立自主可控的軟硬件技術體係，就能基於該技術體係進行持續改進，形成螺旋上升，否則在別人的技術體係中跟著升級，永遠沒有超越的機會。“像喬布斯，微軟說要支持他，他說不要，我要自己做。所以蘋果雖然CPU性能很低，但是用戶體驗很好。”

技術不是目的，而是控製產業生態的手段。產業的組織者或產業生態的控製者可以設計對自己有利的商業模式。“每個產業生態中都隻有一個老大，其他都是馬仔，每個老大都有控製馬仔的手段。所以要想改變目前中國IT產業受製於人的局麵，光靠一兩項核心技術或一兩個產品的突破是不管用的，必須建立起自主可控的信息產業體係。”胡偉武說。

反禁運法的製定非常必要

針對此次美國對華芯片限售令，身為人大代表的胡偉武呼籲有關部門盡快出台《反禁運法》。“國外禁運的產品，隻要我們國內科技一有突破，他們就立即解禁，傾銷進來，我們希望政府有關部門製定法規，對曾經對我們禁運的產品，重點審查10年，不予其銷售。不然國外一解禁，我們的自主研究就白費了——這是對付禁運最有效的辦法。”胡偉武稱。

“如果在禁運後十年，沒有讓外國廠商因解禁而進來，國產高性能芯片市場化方麵會做得很好”，胡偉武認為，反禁運法可以讓國產芯片廠商在芯片禁運發生後，能夠放心地進行研發，不擔心由於國外突然解禁而白折騰。

實際上今年3月，中國計算機學會(CCF)已經向全國人大常務委員會法製工作委員會、國務院法製辦公室提交了“中國計算機學會關於製定《反禁運法》的建議”，指出凡對我國禁運的裝備、器材、技術及軟件等，在我國研發成功以後，一定時期不得進口或征收高額關稅等反製措施，以保護我國的國家利益、民族產業利益和科技人員的積極性。

“盡管這項建議是在一個月之前的提的，當時沒有爆發美國限售芯片的事。但現在回過頭來看，反禁運法的製定是非常重要，非常必要的。”陳健稱。（光明網記者 陳百惠）


2015.04.19中國新聞網
“天河二號”主任設計師：美國限售令不會影響

中新社北京4月19日電 (記者 張素)針對近期美國限製英特爾公司(Intel)向中國的國家超級計算中心和國防科技大學出售“至強”處理器芯片，中國人民解放軍國防科學技術大學教授、天河二號係統主任設計師盧宇彤19日在北京首次進行公開回應。

4月初，美國商務部發布公告，決定拒絕英特爾公司向中國的國家超級計算廣州中心出售“至強”芯片用於天河二號係統升級的申請。美國媒體隨後披露，美國商務部在2月發布通知，稱使用了兩款英特爾微處理器芯片的天河二號係統和天河一號A係統“據信被用於核爆炸模擬”，因此4家位於中國的機構包括國家超級計算長沙、廣州、天津中心和國防科技大學被列入出口管製名單。

“‘天河’係列主要針對民用市場，又是公開的超算中心，根本不可能涉核。”盧宇彤對此反駁。中國國家超級計算廣州中心亦在4月16日發布聲明，表示該中心是一家完全開放的公共平台，懷疑在此開展核爆炸模擬是缺乏基本的軍事常識。

據悉，天河二號使用了32000顆“Xeon”處理器和48000顆“XeonPhi”協處理器，曾在世界超級計算機500強排行榜連續四次奪冠。天河二號原計劃在今年將計算能力從55PFLOPS升級到100PFLOPS(PFLOPS是petaflops縮寫，表示每秒1千萬億次浮點計算速度)。

“我可以肯定地告訴大家，天河二號的‘100P升級目標’肯定能夠實現，實現時間也是可控的。目前已有技術路線和相應預案，待時機成熟時會對外發布。”盧宇彤說。

盧宇彤表示，美國限售令的確影響天河二號的升級計劃，但升級是一項複雜的係統工程，中方對此已有部署。“超級計算機是各國政府戰略布局的重點，2010年以來，科技部和國家自然基金委都對項目加大投資力度，無論國際形勢如何變化，中國都會堅定不移地發展國產超級計算機係統”。

盧宇彤還透露，研發團隊長期致力於實現核心技術自主可控，天河一號及天河二號均使用了部分國產芯片，試用龍芯、飛騰等國產芯片既是發現現有產品不足，也為下一代係統作準備，“國產芯片比世界最先進的芯片還有三到五年的差距，我們會繼續縮小差距”。

“超級計算機催生了技術革新和產業革命，是一項造福全人類的科學事業。美國限售令顯得不合時宜。”盧宇彤說，研發團隊願意積極開展國際合作，全麵提升超級計算的技術和應用水平。


2015.04.20新華網
超算專家：美國限售“天河”芯片或將倒逼中國丟掉幻想創造奇跡

新華網北京４月２０日電（記者白瑞雪）中國計算機學會青年計算機科技論壇１９日在北京舉行的特別論壇上，“天河二號”主任設計師盧宇彤透露，“天河二號”的升級目標肯定能實現，時間也在可控範圍內。
這是美國公布“限售令”以來中國“天河”團隊成員首次做出回應。
根據計劃，位於國家超級計算廣州中心的“天河二號”將在２０１５年內從５５Ｐ升級到１００Ｐ以上。Ｐ為超級計算機的運算單位，代表每秒千萬億次的計算性能。這意味著，在每半年進行一次排名的全球超級計算機５００強排行榜（ＴＯＰ５００）上，已經有了“四連冠”紀錄的這套中國係統很可能會成為占據冠軍寶座時間最長的機器之一。
而現在，由於美國商務部４月初出台的限售措施，這一原本沒有懸念的預測變得不再確定。列入限售對象的４家中國機構，包括以“天河”為業務主機的三家超級計算中心和“天河”的研製者國防科大，限售的產品則直指已在“天河二號”上裝配近１０萬顆的英特爾“至強”ＣＰＵ。
盧宇彤表示，“限售令”的確會給“天河二號”升級計劃帶來一定的負麵影響，但升級是一項複雜的係統工程，不可能將成敗完全係於ＣＰＵ。
關於“天河二號”升級到１００Ｐ的目標，盧宇彤說：“我們已有技術方案，待時機成熟會對外發布。中國的高性能計算發展會主動應對各種挑戰，在未來不太長的時間內邁上一個新台階。”
作為目前世界上速度最快的超級計算機，“天河二號”的強大計算能力與英特爾ＣＰＵ的高性能密切相關，也離不開中國自主研發的體係結構、高速互連係統、操作係統、容錯技術、節能技術等核心技術。
中國計算機學會高專委秘書長、中科院計算所研究員張雲泉認為，限售事件或將倒逼出中國進一步打造自主可控係統的決心和潛力，長遠來看對中國超算發展利大於弊。
部署在濟南超算中心的“神威藍光”超級計算機，ＣＰＵ和係統軟件全部為中國自主研發。構建“天河二號”服務陣列的“飛騰－１５００”達到了“天河一號”時代的英特爾ＣＰＵ水平，目前距離國外先進水平還有３到５年的差距。
“核心技術的自主可控是國家戰略，也是我們一直在努力的目標，不會因為美國限售與否而有任何改變。”盧宇彤說。
“龍芯”係列處理器負責人胡偉武指出，要改變中國ＩＴ產業受製於人的局麵，光靠其中一兩項核心技術或一兩個產品的突破是不管用的，必須建立起自主可控的信息產業體係，就像“兩彈一星”時代建立起自主可控的工業體係一樣。
論壇執行主席、北京並行科技有限公司ＣＥＯ陳健表達了相似的觀點：“英特爾不僅有市場領先的芯片，同時集中了全世界最優秀的調優工程師和上萬名軟件工程師。”
至於美方稱“天河二號”“被用於模擬核爆炸”的說法，中國國家超級計算廣州中心１６日已發表聲明進行駁斥。
盧宇彤說：“無論國際形勢如何變化，中國都會堅定不移地發展國產超級計算機係統。”
實際上，作為求解挑戰性問題的科學計算工具，“天河”係列超級計算機一直是充分開放的平台。
基於“天河一號”，國家超級計算天津中心廣泛開展與美國、亞太地區和歐盟地區的超級計算中心、高性能計算研究機構之間的技術交流合作。依托“天河二號”，德國科學家對１９９２年美國加州蘭德斯大地震進行了模擬研究，美國科學家開展抗艾滋病毒藥物作用機理研究，均取得重要成果。



2015.04.21觀察者
中國“天河二號”超算專家淡定麵對美芯片限售：我們不怕限購

“沒事不惹事，事來了也不怕事。”“天河二號”主任設計師盧宇彤借電視主持人汪涵的話表達她對美國限售芯片的看法。她同時透露說，“天河二號”的升級目標肯定能實現，時間也在可控範圍內。

盧宇彤是在19日舉行的中國計算機協會青年計算機科技論壇特別論壇上發布上述消息的。這也是美國公布“限售令”以來中國“天河”團隊成員首次作出回應。

4月上旬，媒體報道了美國商務部把與超級計算機相關的四家中國機構列入限製出口黑名單一事。這四家中國機構包括以“天河”為業務主機的三家超級計算機中心和天河的研製者國防科學技術大學，限售的產品則直指在“天河二號”上裝配近10萬塊的英特爾“至強”CPU。美國商務部的公告聲稱，美國政府認定名單上的這些機構“涉及違反美國國家安全或外交政策利益的活動”。

以“天河”為代表的中國超級計算機事業似乎正在麵臨一場危機。而出席特別論壇的業界專家認為，長遠來看，這一事件將加快中國自主研發進程，總體說來可能利大於弊。


天河二號主任設計師盧宇彤

對限售令早有預案
“沒有這次限售令事件的話，‘天河二號’拿下6到8個冠軍沒問題。”中國計算機學會高專委秘書長、中科院計算機所研究員張雲泉說。

根據計劃，為與國家超級計算機廣州中心的“天河二號”將在2015年內從55P升級到100P以上。P為超級計算機的運算單位，代表每秒千萬億次的運算性能。這意味著，在每半年進行一次排名的全球超級計算機500強排行榜上，已經實現“四連冠”的這套中國係統很可能會成為占據冠軍寶座事件最長的機器之一。

CPU被譽為計算機的“大腦”。麵對英特爾難以繼續武裝中國“大腦”的現實，“天河二號”升級所需的CPU能否以其他外國產品替代？或者，已在“天河”係列計算機上小試牛刀的國產CPU能否獨挑大梁？


天河二號所使用的國產主板

一片猜測聲中，盧宇彤表示，“限售令”的確會給“天河二號”升級計劃帶來一定的負麵影響，但升級是一項複雜的係統工程，不可能將成敗完全係於CPU。

她說，“天河”在選擇技術路線之處就就進行過充分的風險評估，也針對各種情況製訂了相應的預案和部署。這一次，當美國的“限售令”引發各方熱議時，“國防科大內部非常平靜”。

“‘天河二號’升級到100P的目標肯定會實現。我們已有技術方案，待時機成熟會對外發布，”盧宇彤說，“中國的高性能計算發展會應對各種挑戰，在未來不太長的時間內邁上一個新台階。”

作為目前世界上運算速度最快的超級計算機，“天河二號”的強大計算能力與英特爾CPU的高性能密切相關，也離不開國防科大原創的體係結構、高速互聯係統、操作係統、容錯技術、節能技術的核心技術。

“中國超算不怕限售。”張雲泉說，“曙光、神威、天河等係統的研發正是在禁運和封鎖中不斷壯大起來的。實踐表明，外國禁運的技術和產品，反倒“逼”出了中國巨大的決心和潛力。”

國產CPU差距仍在
今天的技術語境下，“不怕”並不是民族主義的情緒化表達。根據張雲泉的評估，“天河”係列超級計算機的國產化率約為70%，部署在濟南超算中心的“神威藍光”則達到85%以上。後者的CPU和係統軟件全部自主研發。


中科院計算機所研究員張雲泉

同樣得到較廣泛應用的國產CPU還包括“龍芯”和“飛騰”，其產業化是國家“核高基”重大專項支持的結果。作為與載人航天、探月工程並列的16個重大專項科技之一，這一從2006年延續至2020年的計劃期望擺脫我國在核心器件、高端芯片、基礎軟件領域依賴國外的局麵。
但業界專家的共識是：盡管進步很大，國產CPU差距仍在。

據中科院計算所研究員、“龍芯”係列處理器負責人胡偉武介紹，由於編譯係統和微結構的差距更大，“龍芯”與國外CPU相比雖然主頻隻差一倍，用戶體驗卻有數量級的差異。盧宇彤認為，構建“天河二號”服務陣列的“飛騰-1500”達到了“天河一號”時代的CPU水平，目前距離國外先進水平還有3到5年的差距。

“核心技術的自主可控是國家戰略，也是國防科大一直努力的目標，不會因為美國限售與否而有任何改變。”盧宇彤說。

胡偉武指出，要改變中國IT產業受製於人的局麵，光靠其中一兩項核心技術或一兩個產品的突破是不管用的，必須建立起自主可控的信息產業體係，就像“兩彈一星”時代建立起一個完整的軟硬件生態係統而不是在英特爾、微軟控製格局下增磚添瓦，需要借助市場和政府雙重力量，也需要科技價值觀的轉變。

除此之外，也要對自主研發加強保護。早在美國公布“限售令”之前，中國計算機學會已向國家相關部門建議製定《反禁運法》——“其他國家對我國禁運的裝備、器材、技術及軟件等在我國研發成功之後，已定時期不得進口該國的同類產品或對其征收高額關稅，以此作為反製措施，保護我國的國家利益、民族產業利益和科技人員的積極性。”

超算競爭日益激烈
針對美方稱“天河”超級計算機“被用於模擬核爆炸”的說法，中國國家超級計算廣州中心16日發表聲明說，該中心是一個完全開放、市場化運營的公共平台，懷疑在此開展核爆炸模擬至少是缺乏基本的軍事常識。盡管限購的真正原因必然比借口複雜得多，美國的這一舉動顯然與中國“天河”接連奪冠直接相關。

超級計算領域異常激烈的競爭背後是國家綜合實力的較量，是國家前瞻性發展規劃的角逐。如果說當年日本“地球模擬器”的橫空出世推動了美國將超級計算機從軍用擴展至民用，中國“天河”的穩穩領先則進一步加劇了國際競爭，促使美國、日本、歐洲、印度、韓國等調整其超級計算發展戰略。


天河二號計算機

2014年4月，張雲泉與多名中國超算專家一起赴美，就“中國超算是否已經超越美國”與美方展開戰略對話。“中美專家共同的研判結果是：中國整體實力特別是應用能力比美國差10年以上。他們放心了。”

僅僅過去一年，美國人的想法似乎又變了，一方麵給中國超級計算機升級設置障礙，另一方麵加快自己的性能跨越，宣布將為三個國家實驗室建立超過100P的超級計算機。

盧宇彤說：“這次限售再次證明，超級計算機是各國政府戰略布局的重點。無論國際形勢如何變化，中國都會堅定不移地發展國產超級計算機係統。”

“許多年來，美國都以擁有世界上最快的超級計算機而驕傲，但現在，中國成為這一榮譽的擁有者。與這個變化本身相比，更重要的是變化背後的努力——中國多年來在計算機產業上的巨大投入。但無論怎樣，其結果隻會是推動科學的發展，科學將是最後的贏家。”在“天河”首次奪冠的2010年，英國愛丁堡大學並行計算中心主任阿瑟·特魯曾這樣說。


2015.04.22易網
【另一麵】美國禁運芯片，立法反製不靠譜
中國目前的反禁運立法建議都缺乏基本的法律常識

導讀：近日，中國計算機學會建議中國立法機構盡快製定《反禁運法》，部分中國IT人士也為反禁運立法搖旗呐喊。但目前中國媒體報道中的的反禁運立法建議都缺乏基本的法律常識。

六十秒讀懂專題：禁運決策的主體是外國政府，跨國公司隻是服從監管，因為美國政府的禁運決定懲罰跨國公司是張冠李戴；若進口高技術產品受到限製，可通過行政申訴尋求權利救濟；若行政申訴的嚐試失敗，還可以訴諸世貿組織的爭議解決程序；“中國 自主研製高新技術產品後，美國馬上對中國市場進行傾銷”的說法毫無根據：1993年，美國政府解除對中國高科技設備出口限製跟中國研發出同類設備無關；如果國內企業認為國外競爭者涉嫌傾銷，可以訴諸已有的反傾銷國際國內法律，無須另立《反禁運法》。

禁運決策的主體是外國政府，跨國公司隻是服從監管，因為美國政府的禁運決定懲罰跨國公司是張冠李戴，缺乏法律常識

中國計算機學會在其《關於製定<反禁運法>的建議》中聲稱《反禁運法》應“通過規定對我國禁運的裝備、器材、技術及軟件等在我國研發成功以後，一定時期不得進口或征收高額關稅等反製措施，以保護我國的國家利益、民族產業利益和科技人員的積極性。” 部分支持人士走的更遠，聲稱“對於禁運的外國廠商在解禁後需要重點審查十年，不予其銷售”。

但事實上，做出限製商品出口決策的主體是外國政府，出口公司作為其司法轄區內的商業機構隻能服從政府監管。以近日美國政府行政限製因特爾等公司向中國四家機構出口芯片一案為例，英特爾就曾在接受媒體詢問時聲稱對這次出口限製表示不解，但“既然美國政府得出了結論，公司必須遵守美國法律”。荒謬的是，《反禁運法》支持者的主張的反禁運措施對外國政府和企業不作區分，最終付出代價的卻是無辜的外國企業，而不是做出禁運決策的政府部門。對於外國企業來說，被本國政府限製出口商品已經讓其利益受損，如果禁運解除後又被中國法律限製進入市場，外國企業相當於為其所在地政府的政策買了兩次單。這種張冠李戴的主張明顯是缺乏法律常識的表現。

若進口高技術產品受到限製，可在45天內向美國政府申訴召開聽證會：如果證據令人信服，美國政府就要解除出口限製

如果商品進口受限方認為出口國政府限製其進口某種商品的理由明顯不合理，首先應該在其法律框架下尋求申訴進行權利救濟。根據美國負責高技術產品出口管製的政府商務部產業和安全局(Bureau of  Industry and Security, BIS)的規定(15 CFR Part 756)，受限製的企業或個人可在被通知之日起45天以內向BIS提交申訴申請。BIS會隨即召開聽證會，如果受限企業或個人的證據讓人信服，BIS就需要解除對該種商品的出口限製。實際上，在談及限製向中國四家機構出口芯片一事時，美國商務部長普裏茨克就提到相關機構如果不滿出口限製，可以向商務部申訴召開聽證會。

若行政申訴的權利救濟嚐試失敗，還可以訴諸世貿組織的爭議解決程序：1975年，瑞典曾以國家安全為由限製商品進口，受影響國家向世貿組織隨即上訴，瑞典被迫解除進口限製

另外，如果商品進口受限方認為禁運理由不合理，且出口國的行政上訴機製不夠公平，還可以通過訴諸世貿組織的貿易爭端解決機製(DSB)。國際貿易法專家馬丁·斯密茨(Martin Smeets)在《全球對話》上的《WTO與經濟製裁》一文給出了一個實例：1975年11月，瑞典曾對部分鞋類的進口數量進行了限製，認為進口鞋類威脅到了本國鞋類產品的生產能力，從而影響了戰爭時期和緊急狀況下本國的應急能力。受影響的國家隨即訴諸世貿組織的爭端解決機製。專門成立的委員會最終認為瑞典的主張不成立，瑞典也因此宣布結束對皮鞋和橡膠鞋類的進口數量限製。

“中國自主研製高新技術產品後，美國馬上對中國市場進行傾銷”的說法毫無根據：1993年美國政府解除對中國高科技設備出口限製，跟中國研發同類設備無關

支持設立《反禁運法》的人士認為，中國研究機構研發出被禁運裝備、技術及軟件等以後，“美國和其他國家往往立即解禁該類產品與技術，向我國大肆傾銷”，並指出實例：1993年10月中國研究機構研發出“曙光一號”3天後，“美國立即解除了該等級設備對中國的禁運”。但這一說法和事實相去甚遠。根據美國國會研究處的資料(96-272 F)和《紐約時報》的報道，美國政府正式解除該項出口限製的時間是1993年12月9日，解除限製的主要原因是克林頓總統希望在防大規模殺傷性武器擴散方麵推動和中方的合作：既不是中國媒體宣稱的“中國研發出來的設備美國3天就解除禁運”，禁運解除的理由也跟中國企業的“自主”研發毫無關係。最終由美國克雷公司（Cray）出口到中國的產品僅800萬美元，根本無法達到中國媒體所謂“傾銷”的標準。

反禁運不能拿傾銷說事：對傾銷行為已有世貿組織《反傾銷協約》和中國《反傾銷協定》界定，禁運不能作為傾銷認定的依據

不看動機隻看事實是法律最基本的原則。如果中國企業認為國外競爭者在中國企業研發出同類設備後對中國的銷售行為構成傾銷，無論外國企業傾銷出於什麽動機，中國企業都應訴諸中國業已存在的《反傾銷條例》向中國商務部申請調查。中國《反傾銷條例》的國際法依據是世貿組織《反傾銷協議》，而這一國際條約對傾銷的認定標準中並無任何關於禁運的規定。換句話說，根據國際法，對傾銷行為的認定，和傾銷者的動機、傾銷商品是否被禁運、或傾銷行為與“國產”同類商品研發時間的先後都毫無關係。



2015.04.07VR World
Uncle Sam Shocks Intel With a Ban on Xeon Supercomputers in China

China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer is world's fastest supercomputer, at 33 PFLOPS demonstrated and 55 PFLOPS theoretical performance.

Just as Intel’s (NASDAQ: INTC) CEO Brian Krzanich opens the regular staff meetings before a dramatically reduced IDF2015 Shenzhen conference, it is a good time to review how government and enterprises don’t see eye to eye when it comes to strategic business.


China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer is world's fastest supercomputer, at 33 PFLOPS demonstrated and 55 PFLOPS theoretical performance

Remember the Tianhe-2 machine at Guangzhou Supercomputer Center, the current World’s number one according to Top 500 Supercomputer list? Unlike some other China supercomputers – Tianhe-2 is fully Intel based machine,  the world’s largest assembly of Intel Xeon CPUs and Xeon Phi accelerators.

Even after Intel ‘opened the kimono’ and gave a nearly 70%  discount on its processors and accelerators, it has given Intel, and therefore US technology sector a major foothold in China and Asian region as such. Over the course of past two years, we were involved in a lot of discussions with Intel staff who were not privy to see the financial impact of the deal — and even argued our undoubtedly solid information. We’re not here to report how things should be, or are in marketing and investor presentations to its numerous staff, but how things really are.

During 2015, the Tianhe-2 supercomputer was supposed to be doubled in its size, up to 110 PFLOPs peak, again using the very same Intel processors and accelerators. Since now these are mature products with lower real manufacturing cost for Intel, they could finally make some real money.

Well, it was not to be: our tweety bird from the window chirped to us that Uncle Sam has put this supercomputer centre, together with National University of Defense Technology in Changsha, the system’s creators, and Tianjin centre, among others, on so a so-called “Denial List”, which prevents any high technology from the USA to be sold to these sites. Our sources used even harsher words.

Knowing that these several sites alone are expected to order some 250+ PFLOPS of compute in the next few years (around 500,000 top-end Broadwell-EP Xeon E5v4 processors, or  approximately $1 billion high margin list price) and they were THE Intel friendly ones, this is quite a loss to Intel, thanks to Uncle Sam.

But, what’s worse strategic loss in time is that, based on this decision as an excuse, indigenous China high end processor architectures can now push the government to gradually remove any dependence on US. This means just one thing: an AMD or Intel x86 processor technology is increasingly becoming errata non grata. Should the Chinese government react in force, it will give the Chinese vendors the blank check support to go all the way a developing their Alpha, POWER and MIPS processors for both the government and the mainstream commercial use.

You may think they are not up to the mark, but remember how fast British ARM architecture became the dominant processing architecture in the world. And this group doesn’t need to worry about the antiquated x86 ISA, worry about satisfying the dumbed down shareholder masses, or overpaying their marketing and sales staff, as well as the fat check, golden parachute-protected CxOs.

They have taken the best that the USA has developed (some of key Alpha, GPGPU and MIPS architects left US over the course of past four years, a lot of them due to non-renewed visas) and discarded due to corporate shenanigans, and the continued developing it much farther than anyone expected both on hardware and software side.
Five years ago, ShenWei showed a CPU that performed faster than the fastest GPUs of the time. Now, fourth generation is approaching.


Five years ago, ShenWei showed a CPU that performed faster than the fastest GPUs of the time. Now, fifth generation is approaching, slotting between Tesla and FirePro GPGPUs and next-gen Xeon Phi accelerators. However, this is not an accelerator or a GPGPU – this is a CPU

So, thanks to Uncle Sam, China might not have a 110 PFLOPS Intel based supercomputer but it definitely will launch a 100 PFLOPS system based on upcoming 64-core, TFLOPS-class ShenWei Alpha, with true blue CPUs possibly faster per socket then even the next generation Xeon Phi or Volta/Pascal-based Teslas.  Next, of course 100 PFLOPS Chinese POWER8 or 9 — (thank you IBM) and then possibly even Loongson MIPS – -it may come back into the high end field with renewed government support because of this Uncle Sam move. All are clean, elegant, scalable high end RISC architectures.

So who are the winners and losers from this?

NUDT and Tianhe may be the losers for now, but only short term. They will simply speed up their HPC ARM plan.

Intel comes out the big loser from this and a lot: who will want to do a phased deployment large x86 machine in China now, and worry about future phases? Then comes Uncle Sam himself: they lost even that little bit of influence on the high end China HPC. How is that for “cutting your nose to spite your face?”.

VR WORLD’s  Analysis: US government moves accelerate the Chinese CPU roadmap while curtailing juiciest sales for Intel and other US vendors





製裁前:

2015.01.17鈦媒體網站
芯片設計企業群狼共舞，中國芯片產業正進入爆發期

憑借強大的市場優勢和產業優勢，中國成為能與歐洲、美國爭奪通信技術標準製定權的力量之一，已經成功主導製定了3G標準TD-SCDMA和4G標準TD-LTE，並正在積極推動5G標準。

芯片

2013年中國芯片進口花費的資金超過石油進口，讓國人開始關注中國芯片業的發展，2014年9月中國成立芯片產業扶持基金1500億進一步炒熱了這個話題，中國大陸芯片產業眼前的目標就是台灣，相對台灣，大陸的芯片產業優勢明顯。

憑借強大的市場優勢和產業優勢，中國成為能與歐洲、美國爭奪通信技術標準製定權的力量之一，已經成功主導製定了3G標準TD-SCDMA和4G標準TD-LTE，並正在積極推動5G標準。中國擁有世界五大設備商中的兩個，其中華為居世界設備商之首。在中國各方的努力下，快速提升在移動通信技術標準上的專利話語權，為國內芯片產業走向世界保駕護航，中興和華為已在美國市場與對手展開多次專利訴訟並部分贏得勝利，中國已不再任歐美隨便揮舞專利大棒。

中國已經成為全球最大的智能手機市場，2013年中國市場銷售的智能手機占全球銷售智能手機的比例超過30%，與此同時中國也是全球最大的手機製造國，中國生產了全球約8成的手機，據估計中國采購了全球約50%的芯片。為了就近服務中國市場贏取市場份額，目前Intel、三星和SK海力士等都在中國建設半導體製造廠，聯電已經在蘇州建設了8英寸的和艦半導體工廠並剛獲得台灣當局批準投資參股在廈門建設12英寸的半導體工廠。

台灣雖有聯發科和台積電兩個芯片產業龍頭，其中台積電居世界半導體代工廠第一名占有全球代工市場份額46.3%的市場份額，聯發科是世界手機芯片市場僅次於高通的巨頭。聯發科麵臨著大陸芯片設計企業的群狼衝擊，並麵臨著大陸芯片設計企業搶人才的挑戰【參見：2015.0327到大陸去！人才流失加劇，台灣產業正遭遇瓶頸】；台灣第二大、世界第三大半導體代工廠聯電受到大陸半導體代工廠中芯國際的挑戰。台灣的手機企業HTC自從被蘋果以專利戰打壓衰敗後至今未見複興的跡象。由於缺乏大陸在整個產業鏈條上強壯實力，兩大芯片產業龍頭麵臨孤軍作戰的不利局麵。

芯片設計群狼共舞

中國目前擁有海思、紫光、瑞芯微等芯片設計企業，他們各有優勢，除了這幾個芯片企業還有其他幾個，這裏隻是著重介紹這幾個處於領頭位置的芯片企業。

根據IC Insights的數據，2013年海思位居世界無晶圓廠IC設計企業第十二位，2014年海思發布的麒麟920芯片性能據測試軟件安兔兔的數據超過了聯發科和高通的同檔次芯片，基帶支持LTE CAT6技術是世界第一個支持該技術的基帶。在64位處理器成為熱點後，海思隻是比高通和聯發科遲了2~3個月就在12月推出64位的處理器。在采用生產工藝上，海思比高通、聯發科更激進，已經采用台積電16nm FINFET工藝生產網通芯片。從技術上看海思無疑是中國的領頭羊，隻是目前海思的手機芯片還隻是供給兄弟企業華為手機。

紫光在並購展訊和RDA後獲得了INTEL的投資入股，並獲得X86架構的授權。2013年據IC Insights的數據展訊在世界無晶圓廠IC設計企業排名第十四位，而2012年是第18位上升迅猛；另外據Strategy Analytics的數據在2014年第一季度展訊在全球基帶芯片市場超過INTEL據世界第三；目前展訊的TD-LTE芯片已經被聯想和酷派等采用。RDA在2012年開始推出GSM基帶芯片並在當年8月起每月出貨量達到1000萬片以上，在當時已經形成了對展訊的威脅，這也是紫光將他並購以免它威脅展訊的原因。在整合RDA和展訊後紫光將強化在手機芯片市場的優勢。

瑞芯微在平板芯片市場崛起，2014年一季度居中國平板芯片市場份額第一，借助與INTEL的合作獲得了通信基帶，將能穩固在平板市場的份額，並有機會進軍手機市場。INTEL在出售了采用ARM架構的XSCALE業務後，一再努力進軍移動市場，但是始終難有起色，於是與瑞芯微合作並將X86架構授權給瑞芯微，希望借助瑞芯微的成本和功耗控製能力幫助INTEL解決撓頭的成本和功耗問題，而從首款芯片XMM6321來看看瑞芯微的表現也沒有讓INTEL失望。2015年瑞芯微將推出整合LTE基帶的Sofia芯片，進入目前火熱的LTE市場，INTEL的領先工藝、X86架構強大的性能與瑞芯微的成本和功耗控製能力結合或為雙方帶來希望。

芯片製造，拉近與台灣差距

中國擁有中芯國際、華虹宏力等半導體製造企業，其中以中芯國際的實力最強、工藝最先進。據IC Insights的數據，2013年中芯國際以4.6%的市場份額據世界第五位。2014年6月高通宣布將采用中芯國際的28納米工藝生產4G芯片，12月高通和中芯國際共同宣傳采用28納米工藝生產驍龍410成功，借助與高通的合作加速了中芯國際28納米工藝的成熟。中芯國際28納米比台積電落後了兩年，但是相比聯電落後並不大，其40納米製程正與聯電搶奪市場份額，28納米工藝成熟將會導致高通將部分芯片轉單到中芯國際，進一步拉近與聯電的差距。

上海華虹宏力半導體製造有限公司，由原上海華虹NEC電子有限公司和上海宏力半導體製造有限公司合並而成，是世界領先的8英寸晶圓代工廠。華虹宏力工藝技術覆蓋1微米至90納米各節點。據IC Insights的數據2013年華虹宏力的市場份額居世界第八位。

政府扶持下的芯片業

中國正著力扶持自己的芯片產業，組建了1500億元的資金扶持芯片產業的發展，中芯國際等是被扶持的半導體製造廠之一，高通將部分芯片轉交給中芯國際製造，部分原因正是受到中國政府的反壟斷調查壓力所致，目前中芯國際在工藝上已經形成緊逼聯電的態勢，再加上政府的扶持將能對台灣半導體製造老二聯電造成更大的壓力。中芯國際這幾年也在提升對大陸芯片設計企業的支持，2013年大陸業務占中芯國際的營收比例已經達到40.4%。

紫光、海思等是被政府重點扶持的芯片設計企業，正受惠於中國手機業的發展。紫光、海思等芯片設計企業對台灣芯片設計龍頭聯發科已經產生威脅，海思甚至在技術上超越了聯發科。華為手機2014年出貨量達到7500萬同比猛增40%，其明確優先采用自家兄弟企業海思的芯片。

據StrategyAnalytics估計，紫光旗下的展訊2014年Q2憑借著WCDMA基帶出貨量同比猛增170%，超越Intel成為基帶營收份額第三，已經推出TD-LTE芯片並被聯想、酷派等采用，早期曾投資參股印度Micromax並成為它的主力芯片提供商，目前Micromax已經成為印度本地第一智能手機品牌並正在威脅印度市場份額第一的三星；國內這幾年成長最快速的手機企業小米已經與國內的聯芯合資生產手機芯片，憑借小米龐大的出貨量聯芯或將實現史上最好的業績。國內芯片設計企業憑借著各自的優勢對台灣芯片設計企業龍頭聯發科產生威脅，而聯發科的主力市場正是大陸市場，國內的芯片設計企業在技術和市場上都正在形成對聯發科的優勢。

因此有相關人士認為在扶持政策出台和行業維持高景氣度的背景下，中國的芯片產業將進入爆發期，其中大陸芯片設計產值有望超越我國台灣，成為全球第二，僅次美國。


2014.12.23康源半導體
2015年中國芯片如何取得突破

        隨著智能手機的普及和4G的推廣，我國對於芯片的需求量日漸增加，但是受製於核心技術不強和知識產權等方麵的限製，我國芯片主要依賴進口的局麵依然改觀不大。

據《經濟參考報》報道，根據央行規定，從2015年起我國將逐步停發磁條銀行卡，並以更加先進的金融IC卡進行替代，目前各地已陸續開展“磁條卡換芯”工作。目前，我國存量金融IC卡已突破十億張，但僅荷蘭恩智浦一家公司就占據我國超過95%的市場份額，剩餘市場也被德國英飛淩與韓國三星等國際巨頭瓜分。中新社 供圖

日前，工信部發布公告，宣布國家集成電路產業發展谘詢委員會成立，負責對集成電路產業發展也即芯片產業發展的重大問題和政策措施開展調查研究，提出谘詢意見和建議等。

據了解，該谘詢委員會由集成電路、網絡與信息安全、通信、軟件、產業經濟、金融等領域的專家和企業家組成。第一屆谘詢委員會共有37名委員。

在業內人士看來，這是工信部積極落實《國家集成電路產業發展推進綱要》的又一重要舉措，顯示出我國盡快在集成電路產業發展方麵取得新突破的決心。

芯片嚴重依賴進口

隨著智能手機的普及和4G的推廣，我國對於芯片的需求量日漸增加，但是受製於核心技術不強和知識產權等方麵的限製，我國芯片主要依賴進口的局麵依然改觀不大。根據海關總署統計，2013年中國進口集成電路2313.4億美元，同比增長20.4%，國內近八成的芯片依賴於進口，其中高端芯片進口率超過九成。芯片也超過石油成為國內第一進口大戶。

據中國半導體協會的數據顯示，2014年1月~9月中國集成電路產業銷售額為2125.9億元，同比增長17.2%。但是，2014年1月~9月我國進 口集成電路2086.9億塊，同比增長4.9%;進口金額雖然同比下降了10%，但依然達到1576.9億美元，預計全年依然會超過2000億美元。

中國已經成為全球最大的智能手機市場，2013年中國市場銷售的智能手機占全球銷售智能手機的比例超過30%，與此同時中國也是全球最大的手機製造國， 據估計中國采購了全球約50%的芯片。這也因此吸引了更多國際芯片巨頭的目光，為了在中國市場取得一定的市場份額，目前英特爾、三星等都在中國建設半導體 製造廠。國際手機芯片巨頭美國高通更是高度重視中國市場。

據了解，目前國內芯片企業發展迅速，在芯片設計行業，已經出現了海思、紫光、瑞芯微等企業，它們在國際競爭中具備了一定的實力。而在芯片製造方麵，中國擁有中芯國際、華虹宏力等半導體製造企業，其中以中芯國際的實力最強，據統計，2013年中芯國際以4.6%的市場份額居世界第五位。目前，中芯國際還在手機芯片領域謀求與高通合作生產更加先進的芯片。比如，2014年6月高通宣布將采用中芯國際的28納米工藝生產4G芯片，當年12月高通和中芯國際共同宣布采用28納米工藝生產驍龍410成功。

有業內人士分析稱，我國目前擁有全球最大、增長最快的集成電路市場，成為全球集成電路巨頭鏖戰的主戰場。除了高通外，越來越多的海外巨頭也在謀求與國內 企業合作。中國的企業也開始加強對外合作。據不完全統計，從2013年底到2014年底，中國集成電路行業共發生4宗海外並購，涉及金額超過50億美元。

突破麵臨眾多挑戰

雖然發展迅速，但我國芯片產業依然麵臨許多困境。

芯片製造方麵仍有諸多壓力。中國電子信息研究院相關研究人員告訴記者，當前全球集成電路產業競爭格局，正逐漸由寡頭壟斷轉變為寡頭聯盟，聯盟之外的企業很難進入，而專利共享、技術共享也造就了各種小圈子，在這種情況下，中國企業僅靠一己之力占有一席之地越來越困難。

從目前全球芯片代工格局來看，台灣台積電一家獨大，市場占有率接近50%，另有三家企業市場占有率近30%，中芯國際目前市場占有率全球排名僅第五位，但是技術水平與國際一流企業還有一定差距。

在業內人士看來，核心技術和知識產權的缺失，仍是製約我國集成電路產業發展的重要因素。

作為全球最大的手機芯片廠商，高通在手機芯片和無線通信標準必要專利技術上居於支配地位，幾乎把控著全球中高端手機的“命門”。憑借知識產權的壟斷地位，高通建立起獲利高昂、廣受業界詬病的商業模式。

高通的專利許可費被業界稱為“高通稅”，是按照整機售價的 5%來計費，而不是按照其提供的芯片來計，也就是說對和高通毫無關係的顯示器、電池、軟件等部分甚至手機營銷費用和利潤，高通也要收費。 這在一定程度上導致我國國產手機利潤低薄，據了解，扣除高通5%的專利費後，2013年華為、中興等手機廠商的利潤不到0.5%。

自2013年年底至今，國家發改委對高通壟斷調查事件已經持續一年多，目前進入了最後處罰階段。但有分析人士指出，即便罰金超過10億美元，對於年收入超過200億美元的高通來說，影響相對較小。

“如果核心創新能力不能跟上世界高端腳步，未來高端芯片對外依存度較高的局麵就不會有較大改觀。”中國電子信息研究院一位研究員稱。

政府支持力度加大

也正是在這種落後的背景下，2014年，國家加大了對集成電路產業的支持力度。先是《國家集成電路產業發展推進綱要》推出，接著，2014年9月份，1200億元的集成電路產業發展基金正式成立，這讓中國的芯片設計、研發、製造產業獲得了新一輪的發展機遇。

據工信部相關負責人介紹，發展基金采取市場化的運作方式，發揮杠杆的作用，通過撬動社會資金，來推動整個產業的良性發展。

據了解，基金的投資將遵循五個基本原則進行：一是政策，按照國家戰略，重點支持集成電路產業發展;二是市場化，充分發揮市場機製作用;三是成本效率，以 最合理成本達到最佳效益;四是風險控製，以風險管控確保穩健經營;五是資產配置，重點關注芯片製造，同時要兼顧產業鏈的相關環節。

不過，仍有分析人士指出，基金1200億元的首期投資已經算是很多，但由於中國集成電路產業基礎落後，還不足以滿足跨越式發展的需要。

據工信部軟件與集成電路促進中心調查，國內35家IC企業采用的工藝，仍主要集中在中低端的65納米以上，采用最新28納米工藝的企業數僅占8%，近一半以上的企業工藝停留在較低檔次的0.1微米左右的水平。

因此，從長遠來看，基金的持續運營還需要更多的政策補位，中國芯片發展也還需要更多支撐。

從發達國家走過的曆程來看，在集成電路產業發展初期都有政府的身影。比如上世紀80年代，日本曾一度超越美國，成為全球儲存半導體芯片領域的引領者，關鍵便在於政府搭建的超大規模集成電路合作研究平台。1987年，在美國政府補貼10億美元的情況下，14家在美國半導體製造業中居領先地位的企業也組成了R&D(研發投資)戰略技術聯盟，該組織的建立為今後美國集成電路的快速發展起到了關鍵作用。

中國集成電路產業發展基金的成立和運營也必將會促進中國芯片產業的發展，不久前工信部相關負責人就要求，2015年應盡快總結基金運營的經驗，並為其它領域的突破提供示範。


2015.01.27華爾街日報技術網站
China’s Chip Makers Explained
Eva Dou


Spreadtrum Communications Inc. is one of China’s rapidly growing chip design firms. The Shanghai-headquartered company is partnering with Intel and expanding with the help of Chinese government grants.

China has no chipmakers on a scale of a Qualcomm or Intel, but it’s sure been busy in the sector lately. The government is pouring billions of dollars into its chipmakers for economic and security purposes. Overseas investors like Intel have had their interest piqued as well. Here are the sector’s main players explained.

TSINGHUA UNIGROUP（清華控股，同方、紫光）:
Imagine if the Massachusetts Institute of Technology purchased Qualcomm to help meet President Obama’s economic goals. That’s more or less the unlikely back story of Tsinghua Unigroup in China. The company is a subsidiary of a larger conglomerate, Tsinghua Holdings, whose sole investor is one of China’s elite universities, Tsinghua University. In the past year, Tsinghua Unigroup has kicked it into high gear as China’s top leaders seek to build up the country’s chip sector. TU scooped up two Chinese chip design firms in quick succession and merged them (the larger one being Spreadtrum, which makes the chips inside many a Chinese smartphone and tablet). The moves have attracted attention overseas as well: Intel bought a 20% stake in Tsinghua Unigroup last year for $1.5 billion. It all means Tsinghua Unigroup is the closest thing China has to a chip champion right now. Its technology is still years behind U.S. firms like Qualcomm, but the influx of funds from Intel and the Chinese government could be a game changer.

SPREADTRUM（展訊）:
Remember that time Mozilla announced a $25 Firefox smartphone? A main reason for the low price was the low-cost Spreadtrum chip inside. Spreadtrum is doubtlessly the most global of China’s chipmakers, with a western-trained CEO Leo Li and a range of international clients. The company thrived on making cheap feature phone chips, and has since transitioned to making smartphone chips, albeit with lagging technology. The company listed on Nasdaq in 2007, but was delisted last year when it was acquired by state-owned Tsinghua Unigroup. It has since expanded rapidly with the help of Chinese government grants, and is working on secure chips to run Chinese officials’ smartphones. It’s also partnering with Intel on co-designed chips after Intel’s investment in Tsinghua Unigroup last year. Spreadtrum plans to relist at some point on a Chinese stock exchange.

SMIC (SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING INTERNATIONAL CORP.中芯國際):
Most chip makers from Qualcomm to Spreadtrum outsource their manufacturing to contractors, known in the industry as “foundries.”  SMIC, or the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp., is China’s main player in the foundry sector. While SMIC has attracted both Chinese and international clients since its founding in 2000, it only holds a sliver of global market share. Analysts say SMIC is about two generations behind industry leaders in technology, and narrowing the gap will be difficult. Foundries require vast quantities of capital investment each year just to keep pace with technological advancement, unlike chip designers, so it is much harder for SMIC to catch up with its rivals than, say, Spreadtrum among chip designers.

HISILICON（海思半導體）:
This Chinese chip designer is China’s largest and has the most advanced technology. But it flies under the radar as it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Huawei and makes chips mainly for its parent company’s electronics. Hisilicon has been notable in the past year for beating some international rivals like Taiwan’s Mediatek at making chips based on the speedy so-called “LTE Advanced” standard, a development that Bernstein Research analyst Mark Li characterized as “quite amazing.” But as an inward-focused subsidiary of Huawei, it’s unlikely to be become a major challenger to global chipmakers anytime soon.

ROCKCHIP（瑞芯微電子）:
Rockchip is another Chinese chip maker that Intel recently chose as a strategic partner. Originally a maker of chips for MP3 players, it has progressed to making the processors inside many cheap Chinese tablets. Its main challenge has been a lack of cellular baseband technology, as tablets increasingly take on phone functions. But the company has begun to make gains outside of China: In 2013 H-P chose a Rockchip processor for its Slate 7 tablet. Like Spreadtrum, Rockchip will be launching processors co-developed with Intel this year, and it will likely be striking a higher profile with the help of the Silicon Valley giant.



2015.01.27華爾街日報
China Looks to Prop Up Domestic Chip Makers
Cybersecurity Concerns Give New Impetus to Country’s Effort to Cut Reliance on Foreign Components

Eva Dou in Beijing and Don Clark in San Francisco


The Chinese government has asked Spreadtrum to make special-order ‘safe phone’ processors for some officials’ smartphones. Above, an engineer at the company’s facility in Shanghai

As China tries to forestall foreign governments from tapping its phones, it has turned to a man named Leo Li.

The chief executive of Chinese chip maker Spreadtrum Communications Inc. said China’s central government asked his company last year to begin making special-order “safe phone” processors for some officials’ smartphones, replacing in one to two years widely used chips from U.S. suppliers that Beijing fears could have built-in “back doors” to aid foreign spies.

“The security of handsets is very much on the minds of Chinese officials,” said Mr. Li in an interview this month.



China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology didn’t respond to a request for comment.

Cybersecurity concerns are helping to shape a new wave of technological development in China, adding another impetus to a well-financed government campaign to reduce the country’s dependence on foreign components. Semiconductors have emerged as a focus, both because of their economic importance and in controlling key functions of smartphones, televisions, computers, networking equipment and other products.

Most recent disclosures about intelligence-gathering have focused on software vulnerabilities rather than computer chips, which are much more difficult to modify. But Chinese officials are nonetheless trying to reduce the risks, following revelations about U.S. surveillance activities by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden.

China Vice Premier Ma Kai declared semiconductors a key sector in September 2013, three months after Mr. Snowden alleged U.S. authorities hacked millions of Chinese phone messages. These hacks, however, had nothing to do with chips, and it is unclear if chips have ever been used for spying purposes.

The push dovetails with China’s growing aspirations to move beyond the factory floor and foster homegrown innovation. Though the country has become a dominant maker of smartphones and other products, the vast majority of chips inside them come from foreign suppliers including Qualcomm -1.17

Chinese chip designers and manufacturers are years away from fulfilling the country’s needs, analysts and industry executives say. But the government’s uneasiness about foreign chip makers—and the push to create competition for them—adds to pressures facing U.S. companies trying to do business in the country.

A Chinese agency is investigating Qualcomm, which supplies the vast majority of advanced wireless chips for smartphones as well as many processor chips, under the country’s antimonopoly law. The government is expected to accuse the company of abusing its market dominance over smartphone patents.

The country has tried to spur semiconductor development in the past, but remains far behind foreign competitors in both design and manufacturing technology. This time, though, the government’s funding is more generous and its tactics more sophisticated, analysts say. Since the fall of 2013, China has announced plans to funnel more than 160 billion yuan ($25.6 billion) into a variety of chip-related initiatives, with further investment expected.

“The growth goals are ambitious, but are very real,” said Handel Jones, chief executive of the Silicon Valley consultancy International Business Strategies, who has written two books about technology in China and spoke recently with government officials there.

Some progress has been made already. China’s semiconductor imports fell 5.9% last year compared with a 20.5% rise in 2013, according to Chinese customs data. The country still gets more than 90% of semiconductors from abroad, Mr. Jones of IBS estimates, but the percentage of homegrown chips—which stood at 4.5% in 2010—reached 8.6% in 2014.

For Spreadtrum, the government assistance has made a difference, says Mr. Li. The Nasdaq-listed company was acquired at the end of 2013 by a Chinese state-owned firm, Tsinghua Unigroup. Since then, government grants have helped Spreadtrum increase its staff by a third last year to 4,000, with plans to hire an additional 1,500 this year, he said.

The company has also been able to accelerate its chip development. Though Spreadtrum still lags years behind leading U.S. firms, Mr. Li says his company will be able this year to match a key selling point of companies like Qualcomm: the ability to handle speedy long-term evolution—or LTE—cellular connections on a new multifunction “system-on-a-chip.”

Previously, only one Chinese chip firm had LTE capability, a Huawei Technologies Co. subsidiary named Hisilicon that makes chips almost exclusively for Huawei-branded devices.

Foreign giants in the roughly $350 billion global semiconductor business seem to have little to fear soon from Chinese competition. Chinese chip design companies only held 8% of the global market in 2014, according to research firm IC Insights, and this was mainly low-end chips.

Samsung Electronics 005930 -1.83 , SK Hynix 000660 and Intel Corp. -1.22 have chip factories in China, and they are stepping up investments and joint ventures aimed at penetrating the Chinese market. This could also improve local expertise in semiconductor manufacturing and design.

One of the most sanguine about Chinese competition is Intel, whose x86 chip designs are found in almost all personal computers and can’t easily be copied by Chinese designers.

“The fact that they want to develop that capability, we don’t feel threatened by that,” Andy Bryant, Intel’s chairman, said in a December interview with Wall Street Journal editors.

The Silicon Valley giant has lagged behind in mobile chip market share though, and has looked to China for growth. Last year, Intel bought a 20% stake in Spreadtrum’s parent company Tsinghua Unigroup and announced a partnership with a smaller Chinese chip maker, Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co., to make tablet chips together.

Intel officials say the potential boost for sales in China outweigh any risks about sharing technology for the company, which has largely dodged the harsh government scrutiny faced by Qualcomm.

The U.S. government has long operated programs to make sure that chips used in military systems are produced in Pentagon-monitored domestic factories. It is also helping to fund research in ensuring that chips made in foreign factories for other kinds of devices haven’t been improperly modified, though there is little evidence such tampering has occurred.

Qualcomm representatives declined to comment on security concerns of Chinese officials. But Henry Samueli, co-founder and chairman of rival Broadcom Corp. -2.22 , dismisses the issue as largely “hype.” He said it is much easier to exploit vulnerabilities in software and other parts of high-tech products than tamper with chips.

Broadcom sells a broad range of communications chips used in networking devices and other systems built in China, and Mr. Samueli says he has noticed little hesitance to buy his company’s products. “In the end, if you deliver the products that they want, they will use them,” he says.

Still, Spreadtrum’s Mr. Li hopes to benefit from the security concerns. He said the Chinese government hopes to have “safe phones” for officials in a couple of years that use vetted chips made by Spreadtrum, as well as a secure operating system and encryption technology designed in China.

It is unclear what company might manufacture these “safe phones.”

A basic version will also be available for Chinese consumers, he said.

“Whether it’s the government or regular consumers, they worry about their privacy,” he said.


2014.10.13路透社
Intel gains a new ally in China's chip wars

BEIJING/SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Intel's investment of up to $1.5 billion in two fast-growing Chinese mobile chipmakers has effectively aligned the U.S. giant with a third party - a Beijing government intent on producing a viable domestic challenger to the likes of Qualcomm and Samsung.

For more than a decade, China has targeted semiconductor design and manufacture as a major focus of its industrial policy. Activity has picked up markedly over the past year with a spate of cross-border mergers and cooperation deals.

"We've entered an inflection point where government policy has started to work - it's started to help the local semiconductor industry," said Nomura analyst Leping Huang.

The deal hashed out by Intel Corp Chief Executive Brian Krzanich over 24 hours in Beijing in early August extends Intel's beachhead in China, the biggest battleground in the smartphone industry, and boosts the company's years-long effort to catch up to leading mobile chipmaker Qualcomm Inc.

A key visit during the trip was to Yang Xueshan, the deputy chief of China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), who gave his blessing for the deal.

The agreement, unveiled on Sept. 26, gives Intel a 20 percent stake in Spreadtrum Communications and RDA Microelectronics through shares in a Tsinghua University holding company, with the aim of jointly developing and marketing smartphone chips.

China is the world's largest consumer and manufacturer of smartphones yet relies heavily on imported chips - particularly the processors that power the latest devices - made by San Diego-based Qualcomm, South Korea's Samsung Electronics Co, or MediaTek Inc of Taiwan.

China's ramped-up activity also arrives on the heels of revelations about the U.S. surveillance program PRISM, which has prompted Beijing to undertake a slew of actions to enhance the security of its information technology industry.

For Intel, the world's leading manufacturer of chips for personal computers, the Tsinghua deal offers an additional path into the world's biggest chip market after it was slow to recognize the mobile revolution and design new processors for smartphones and tablets.

Intel spokesman John Mandeville declined to comment.

NATIONAL TARGETS

The China Semiconductor Industry Association estimates that revenue from China's chip industry reached 251 billion ($40.98 billion) in 2013, while domestic demand for chips amounted to 917 billion yuan, representing more than half of global semiconductor consumption.

Deng Zhonghan, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and National People's Congress, said in March that China's $210 billion worth of annual chip imports exceeds the value of the country's entire yearly petroleum imports.

In June, the State Council offered the country's most comprehensive guidelines for the development of the semiconductor industry, outlining specific revenue targets for 2015 and 2020, with chip revenue set to grow at a better-than 20 percent annual clip, to reach 350 billion yuan by 2020.

An important part of Beijing's effort, analysts and industry insiders say, was consolidation of Spreadtrum and RDA, two companies formerly trading independently on Nasdaq.

The two companies were acquired a year ago for $1.7 billion and $900 million respectively by Tsinghua Unigroup, government-affiliated private equity group controlled by Tsinghua University in Beijing.

As part of its recent deal, which is expected to close early next year, Intel and Unigroup will form a new holding company that contains Spreadtrum and RDA.

Beijing wants the Unigroup companies to become competitive with Taiwan's MediaTek within five years and overtake Qualcomm within 10 years, according to a person familiar with Unigroup.

TRUE PARTNERS

Since taking over in 2013, Krzanich has aggressively positioned Intel to catch up with Qualcomm, the leading mobile chipset maker.

A central part of that strategy is China, where consumers are snapping up low-end smartphones made with low-cost chips from local suppliers like Spreadtrum and MediaTek.

Intel started investing in local operations 20 years ago, and presently operates factories across the country for manufacturing, assembling and testing microprocessors. Intel also has research and development operations in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.

In May, Intel said it reached an agreement with Fuzhou-based Rockchip to produce chips for tablets based on Intel's architecture.

"With China, what they want is for you to be a true partner," Krzanich told reporters in September. "We go in and we partner, we build factories, we build R&D and we help local companies."

Intel's deal with Tsinghua Unigroup comes three months after Qualcomm agreed to partner with Shanghai-based Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), China's largest foundry, to produce some of Qualcomm's smartphone chips.

As part of the agreement, Qualcomm will help SMIC implement its first high-end 28 nanometer manufacturing technology.

It also coincides with a year-long Chinese anti-monopoly investigation into Qualcomm. Critics say the probe unfairly targets foreign companies in order to help domestic companies, which Chinese authorities flatly deny.

Krzanich first discussed ways to collaborate with the Chinese firms during a visit to Tsinghua University in April, where he and Intel China head Yang Xu met Tsinghua Holding's Xu Jinhong, Unigroup's Zhou Weiguo, Spreadtrum founder Li Liyou, who is also a Tsinghua University alumnus.

He made a second trip to Beijing, the whirlwind visit in August, after which the deal fell into place.

"Tsinghua University is an important driving force for the development of national science and technology, and Tsinghua Holdings is a key part of that effort," Tsinghua Holdings Chief Executive Xu Jinhong told Reuters by email.

Xu characterized the Intel investment as "a new model for cooperation between Chinese and U.S. companies in the chip industry."

Analysts say that Intel's deal will give the Santa Clara-based company a moderate boost by gaining a partner with strong relationships with local phone manufacturers.

The deal should also give Intel enough protection of its intellectual property through licensing arrangements and other conditions, said Scott Kennedy, director of the Research Centre for Chinese Politics and Business at Indiana University.

"There's potential benefits for everyone," Kennedy said.


2015.03.02北京周刊英文版
China's Chip Race
Chipmakers are becoming new favorites of overseas acquisitions by Chinese companies


CHIPS AT THE TOP: A technician checks the 28-nanometer chips for mobile phones produced by Spreadtrum Communications (Tianjin). This chip reaches internationally advanced levels

Chinese companies are changing their interests from oil and gas resources into nail-size chips. As the global chip industry remains in the doldrums and China is issuing various favorable policies, Chinese chip industry is bracing significant opportunities for takeoff.

Trendsetters

Since 2014, Chinese firms have been buying more foreign integrated circuit (IC), or chip, companies.

In May 2014, STATS ChipPAC Ltd., a leading service provider of advanced semiconductor packaging design, assembly, test and distribution solutions headquartered in Singapore, disclosed that some companies were offering to buy but didn't specify the names of the buyers. When disclosed later, the buyers turned out to be two Chinese firms, Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co. Ltd. and Tianshui Huatian Technology Co.

In August, California-based OmniVision Technologies Inc., an image censor chip supplier for iPhones, announced the receipt of a non-binding acquisition proposal worth of $1.67 billion from a Chinese consortium. The investment group was led by Beijing-based Hua Capital Management Ltd. and included Shanghai Pudong Science and Technology Investment Co. Ltd.

On December 23, Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co. Ltd. announced it was entering into a co-investment agreement to form an investment consortium with Siltech Semiconductor (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. and National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund Co. Ltd. in connection with the proposed acquisition of STATS ChipPAC Ltd.

A Bloomberg report on December 3, 2014 said Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months.

According to a report of Economic Information Daily, chips have been the most imported products by China for more than 10 years.

Serving as the "heart" of all electronic devices, chips are widely used in computers, consumer electronics, network communications and automobile electronics. According to a research by the International Monetary Fund, a semiconductor chip with production value of $1 translates into $10 in growth for the related information industry, and adds $100 to a country's GDP.The chip industry is crucial to both stimulating economic growth and ensuring information security and national security.

Various countries and regions, including the United States, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, regard the chip industry as a major strategic one and invest heavily in the industry, said the Economic Information Daily report.

Policy support

A series of favorable policies issued by the State Council since 2014 have encouraged Chinese companies make overseas acquisitions.

On June 24, 2014, the State Council published a set of rules called the National Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of the Integrated Circuit Industry, proposing eight major measures, such as putting in place a special national industry investment fund, to stimulate the dynamism and creativity of IC companies and accelerate the pace of China's IC industry to catch up with international leaders.

On October 14, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the establishment of a national IC industry investment fund worth 120 billion yuan ($20 billion).

Acquiring powerful overseas chipmakers seems to put the IC industry on the fast track. An anonymous vice president of a Shanghai-based chip firm told Economic Information Daily that mergers and acquisitions represent the general trend. For instance, after being merged, two IC industrial leaders in Taiwan--MediaTek and MStar Semiconductor--squeezed almost all the other companies out of the region. However, Chinese companies have frequently encountered "encirclement" by international giants with the strategy of patent.

"To be stronger, the best option for China's chip industry is to acquire powerful foreign companies with patent technologies," the anonymous executive said.

Gu Wenjun, chief semiconductor analyst with market research agency iSuppli, said the global chip industry is now lagging, with more than 100 chip factories worldwide being closed. But in East Asia, about 60 chip factories are in business. Robust market demand in Asia makes the region crucial to chipmakers. The global chip industry is shifting its focus to Asia, where China is the focus of the Asian market.

"In the past three decades, the industry has experienced several cyclical recessions, and each time of industrial restructuring has brought opportunities to Asia," said Gu. "Japan, South Korea and China's Taiwan have grasped such opportunities and contributed to the takeoff of chip industry, and now, China is facing the same opportunities."

Wang Yanhui, Secretary General of Mobile China Alliance, said in recent years, there are frequent threats to national security, such as the Prism spying scandal and the leak of 2 million emails and documents from Britain's offshore financial industry. China is now accelerating its production of information technologies, and chips are the cornerstone of the country's information security. In the government's future procurement, a large amount of domestically produced chips will be purchased. This will increase the demand for China's chip industry.

According to Wang, China's top leadership has made the chip industry part of its national strategy, and vows to support its development. The Central Government has issued several policies, while various local governments are preparing supporting measures to nurture large makers of core competitiveness through industry investment funds and overseas acquisitions.

Multiple challenges

Despite huge potentials and bright prospects, China's chip industry still faces severe challenges in taxes and suppression of international giants.

Li Liyou, CEO of China's biggest chip designer Spreadtrum Communications, Inc., told Economic Information Daily that domestic chip firms have to pay a 10-percent income tax and a 5-percent business tax, while their overseas rivals have much lower tax burdens. For instance, Taiwan's MediaTek only pays a 2-percent tax, because according to Taiwan's Statute for Upgrading Industry, IC companies can deduct income taxes with costs of research and development (R&D) as well as mergers and acquisitions.

Chipmakers on the Chinese mainland call for more tax cuts and other supporting measures. An anonymous president of a Guangzhou-based chip company suggested China follow practice of other countries, allowing chipmakers to deduct income taxes with R&D costs, or give tax rebates to domestic chipmakers. He also suggested the government not directly reduce the tax rate, but deduction of income taxes with R&D costs will encourage chip firms to make innovations.

It is more challenging for Chinese chipmakers, who are competing with international giants. In the Chinese market, international giants and domestic companies have the same target clients, and foreign firms, with their monopoly-like position in the market, often discourage Chinese clients from buying Chinese products.

Li cites an example that after his company began negotiating a contract with Chinese electronics company TCL. Senior executives of Taiwan's MediaTek soon required TCL to stop the cooperation with Spreadtrum, threatening that it would stop supplying its products to TCL and offering an extra sum of marketing allowance as incentive for keeping their business.

Hostile takeover is also a challenge. In recent years, many foreign firms have acquired emerging Chinese chipmakers with independently developed technologies. For example, American global semiconductor company Qualcomm has been attempting to acquire Chinese industrial leader Spreadtrum.

Wang said some foreign companies are also participating in China's industry investment funds, such as IC investment funds, established by governments of different levels. According to Wang, once overseas rivals successfully enter the government IC investment funds, they may use the funds to acquire emerging Chinese chip firms to consolidate their monopoly positions in the market. Wang warned that the government must watch out for such possibilities.


2015.04.05聖何塞水星報
More deals ahead? China fund buys Silicon Valley chip maker

China's aggressive new policy to expand its semiconductor industry is worrying U.S. chipmakers, many of which are based in Silicon Valley, and raising potential national security concerns as it begins to acquire U.S. tech companies.

The world's largest market for integrated circuits, China is expected to spend up to $100 billion on both domestic investments and acquisitions abroad to grow its semiconductor industry by more than 20 percent annually over the next five years.

"Clearly their ambition is to transition from being a technology follower to a leader," said Jonathan Davis, vice president of the semiconductor equipment maker trade group SEMI.

The Chinese growth plan, which was announced last year and is still unfolding, comes from a country awash in money and looking to grow its own information technology industry from the bottom up, experts say.



"The goal is total control end-to-end on their technology -- hardware and software," said semiconductor industry analyst Pat Moorhead of Moor Insights and Strategy in Austin, Texas.

In one of the first signs of its interest, a new Chinese investment group with connections to the government made a $1.64 billion offer in September to buy OmniVision Technologies of Santa Clara. The company has about 30 percent of the market for digital image sensors.

Little has been heard about the deal since then, prompting speculation it may have run into trouble with the secretive interagency Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. That panel reviews foreign acquisitions of U.S. tech companies for competitive and national security concerns, and OmniVision's image sensors, which can be use for surveillance and security systems, may have caught its attention. A spokesman for the agency said it does not comment on "specific cases."

Then in March, a Chinese consortium led by investment funds in Shanghai and Beijing offered to buy Milpitas-based Integrated Silicon Solution Inc., or ISSI, for $639 million. ISSI designs and sells specialty memory chips globally, including to U.S. companies that supply the aerospace industry and military. The deal is still pending and likely will be reviewed by the foreign investment panel.

The OmniVision offer may have been shelved when the political landscape wasn't shaping up favorably for the deal, said China expert Derek Scissors, who noted that it would have taken place as U.S. presidential campaigning heated up.

"I read the ISSI deal as a substitute for OmniVision," said Scissors, who is at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. "If they get pushback, they will try something else."

Because it is much smaller than OmniVision, the acquisition of ISSI is less likely to stir opposition, he said.

ISSI declined to comment, and the investment group did not respond to a request for comment.

China's sweeping plans have American semiconductor makers wondering how they'll fit in.

"The (Chinese) government has decided to spend literally billions of dollars trying to level the playing field a bit" between the U.S. and China, said Orville Schell, director of U.S.-China relations for the Asia Society, which commissioned a study of China's high-tech investments in the U.S. "I think the American semiconductor industry is torn between resisting Chinese intrusion into this field and buying into it."

Even at its most ambitious, the plan will not make China a dominant player internationally, and America will still have a leading role in the industry. Semiconductors are the third-largest U.S. export behind airplanes and automobiles, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.

Association president John Neuffer said in a statement that his group hopes China's plan doesn't prevent foreign semiconductor companies from competing there on equal terms.

The scope of the program is new, but China has long invested in the U.S., particularly California. The study commissioned by the Asia Society found that the Golden State has been "by far the most important recipient" of Chinese high-tech investment, both in the number of deals -- 148 since 2000 -- and in value -- $1.82 billion, with the Bay Area accounting for 40 percent of the investments. The goal often was "to gain a long-term foothold" in the U.S., or to develop markets in the U.S., rather than to pack a company up and ship it to China.

Last year Lenovo paid $2.1 billion for IBM's server business and paid $2.91 billion to Google for Motorola Mobility. Earlier, Lenovo also took a run at buying smartphone maker Blackberry, but the Canadian government reportedly stopped it on national security concerns.

Security concerns have also squelched a number of past Chinese attempts to buy U.S. tech companies. In 2011, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. forced Chinese telecom giant Huawei to drop the acquisition of some assets from bankrupt Silicon Valley cloud computing startup 3Leaf.

"They're jump-starting what they already have with acquisitions of what they consider to be strategic technologies," said Craig Ellis, an analyst with B. Riley.

Despite the valley's concerns, some companies here are finding ways to work with the Chinese on their chip efforts. Beijing-based Tsinghua Unigroup, a subsidiary of a state-owned fund, recently bought Chinese chipmakers Spreadtrum Communications and RDA Electronics. Intel is investing $1.5 billion in Tsinghua and Spreadtrum will sell a family of Intel chips for smartphones, then design its own chips based on that architecture. Both companies will sell those chips.


2014.06.24IDG News Service
China sets out to become global leader in chip manufacturing

China is propping up its local chip manufacturing industry with new policies and financial support intended to turn the country into a semiconductor-making powerhouse by 2030.

In policy guidelines published Tuesday, the Chinese government laid out a blueprint to develop the domestic integrated circuit industry.

The country not only wants to sharpen its competitive edge, but also wean itself from foreign chip makers, China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said in a separate posting.

China is already the biggest manufacturer of electronics, and also one of the largest markets for them. Last year, China-based companies made almost 1.5 billion mobile phones and 340 million PCs. But the country’s electronic industry, with profit margins at about 4.5 percent, is not generating the net earnings it would like from the goods, according to the ministry.

In addition, China’s semiconductor makers are still far behind their international rivals. In 2013, the country’s integrated circuit imports reached US$231 billion, the ministry said.

“Speeding up development of the integrated circuit industry represents a fundamental requirement to improve the IT industry and will raise the nation’s level of security,” the ministry added.

China set out several goals in the Tuesday guidelines. They include establishing a “financial platform and policy environment” by 2015 to support the local chip industry. In the same year, China’s integrated circuits industry will have exceeded 350 billion yuan (US$56.8 billion) in revenue and have started large-scale production of chips built with 32- to 28- nanometer manufacturing processes, the ministry said.

By 2020, China’s chip makers in mobile devices, networking and cloud computing will reach production levels on par with the global leaders, the ministry forecast. The technology is expected to be bought globally.

The Chinese government hopes that the industry blueprint, hammered together by various ministries, will pave the way for China’s integrated circuits industry to lead globally by 2030. Several Chinese companies in the industry will be considered top tier by then, according to the plan.

To meet these goals, China is creating a small government group to push the industry’s development. It’s also starting a fund to support industry players, and will encourage local banks to invest in the market.

Tuesday’s guidelines mark China’s latest effort to promote its domestic tech industry. The country is still largely dependent on foreign IT vendors. For example, Microsoft’s Windows and Google’s Android are the two most popular OSes in the country and Intel chips power many of the PCs and servers in China, as well as its fastest supercomputer, the Tianhe-2.

But certain Chinese companies are growing quickly. Lenovo is the world’s largest PC maker, and Huawei Technologies is a major supplier of networking gear. Chinese chip vendors Allwinner and Rockchip are also putting pressure on foreign rivals and gaining market share in lower-end tablets and smartphones.

Lately, China has also been pointing to the dangers of using foreign technology, in light of the U.S.’ surveillance programs. Last month, the Chinese government threatened to ban vendors from selling their products in the country if they failed to pass a new “cybersecurity vetting system.”


2015.03.26中國電子報、電子信息產業網
中國電子重量級芯片“智橋”、“飛騰”聯袂亮相

CENA訊：3月26日，中國電子信息產業集團有限公司（以下簡稱“中國電子”）在京召開“CPU與網絡交換芯片新品發布暨成果推廣會”，網絡交換芯片“智橋”SDN智能高密度萬兆交換芯片和“飛騰”FT-1500A係列CPU處理器聯袂發布。



科技部、國資委、工業和信息化部、國家保密局等主管機關單位領導，天津市、杭州市等地方政府機關單位領導以及國家集成電路基金公司、華芯投資、中國電信、聯想集團、浪潮集團等行業領域、產業界代表嘉賓共百餘人出席了發布活動。

中國電子總經理劉烈宏在致辭中指出，近年來，中國電子采取聯合創新、協同創新、軍民融合創新的發展策略，聚焦通用CPU和網絡交換芯片作為重點突破口，取得了一係列可喜的成果。中國電子旗下天津飛騰信息技術有限公司（以下簡稱“天津飛騰”）的FT-1500A係列CPU處理器和盛科網絡（蘇州）有限公司（以下簡稱“盛科網絡”）的“智橋”SDN智能高密度萬兆交換芯片CTC8096便是非常具有代表性的新產品。



據盛科網絡總經理、“千人計劃”專家孫劍勇介紹，此次推出的“智橋”芯片是其自主研發的第四代交換芯片，目標是快速響應雲計算、大數據、網絡功能虛擬化的市場趨勢，芯片具有性能優、功能強、功耗低和高可靠、高性價比等特點。該芯片由9.4億人晶體管構成，具有1.2T的交換容量；配圖了96個10G端口，24個40G端口，4個100G端口，支持L2/L3/MPLS/OpenFlow和數據中心功能等特性集合。



據天津飛騰總經理穀虹介紹，FT-1500A係列處理器是64位通用CPU，兼容ARM V8指令集，采用國際先進的28nm工藝流片，具有高性能、低功耗等特點，關鍵技術國內領先，可實現對 Intel中高端“至強”服務器芯片的替代，並廣泛應用於政府辦公和金融、稅務等各行業信息化係統之中。FT-1500A係列目前包括4核和16核兩款產品。其中4核處理器芯片主要麵向桌麵終端和輕量級服務器應用領域，主頻2GHz,功耗15W，兩個DDR3-1600存儲通道，支持電源關斷、DVFS等低功耗技術，適用於構建台式終端、一體機、便攜筆記本、微服務器等產品；16核處理器芯片麵向服務器應用領域，主頻2GHz，功耗35W，4個DDR3-1600存儲通道，支持虛擬化功能，適用於構建網絡前端接入服務器、事務處理服務器、郵件服務器、數據庫服務器、存儲服務器等產品。


2015.03.30道瓊斯
IBM technology adopted in Chinese chips, servers

International Business Machines Corp. in 2013 began offering its technology for other companies for use in their own chips and computers. Now some tech firms in China are taking Big Blue up on it.

China’s Suzhou PowerCore Technology Co. said it would offer its own variant of the IBM Power8 microprocessor, the first chip to emerge from the program, which is known as OpenPower. The CP1, as the Chinese chip is called, is expected to be used initially by another Chinese company called Zoom Netcom in a new line of servers called RedPower.

An array of hardware based on Power8 technology was on display at an event in Silicon Valley this week, including prototype circuit boards by Google Inc. and Rackspace Hosting Inc. and servers by China’s Inspur Group Co. The terms of IBM’s OpenPower licensing haven't been disclosed.

For IBM’s partners, a key motivator is the desire to foster competition amid Intel Corp.’s near-total lock on the market for microprocessor chips used in servers, particularly the varieties used by big Web companies and other cloud-style facilities.

In China, government officials have nurtured local chip makers for reasons that include fears that foreign intelligence agencies could find ways to exploit non-Chinese components. Taking part in IBM’s OpenPower program doesn’t address such concerns, but IBM is encouraging licensees in China and elsewhere to add custom features that they control.

“What we do is we develop based on key industries’ needs,” said Adam Zhu, Suzhou PowerCore’s chairman, in an interview Tuesday on the eve of an OpenPower event in San Jose, Calif.

Mr. Zhu said his company is in discussions with a range of potential customers in China about using the Power8 technology, including communications carriers and power companies. He expects the chip to be ready in June.

Ken King, IBM’s general manager for OpenPower alliances, said Chinese officials endorsed the program last fall, helping to spur demand in the country. “It’s a local China pull versus an IBM push,” he said.

IBM, which has been reducing its reliance on revenue from selling hardware, uses its Power microprocessor line, of which Power8 is the latest, in one of two remaining computer lines. The Power8 is known for extremely high performance.

But the IBM server business that uses the chip line has been shrinking, as the x86 technology used by Intel and Advanced Micro Devices Inc. has become ubiquitous. So Big Blue opted to change its tactics to reach cloud-based services, which have been the most active server buyers lately.

Such customers often favor commodity-style servers and components that are available from many suppliers. So one of IBM’s thrusts is to sell its own Power8 chips to makers of such hardware.

The first is Taiwan’s Tyan Computer Corp., a server supplier that is a unit of MiTAC International Corp. IBM recently said its cloud services unit SoftLayer would offer the Tyan systems as an option.

Other cloud companies have expressed interest in non-x86 servers. Google was an initial member of the OpenPower Foundation; one of the Web giant’s executives, Gordon MacKean, chairs the foundation. The company hasn’t spelled out any plans for deploying Power8 in its own data centers.

Rackspace didn’t initially publicize its involvement with the effort. But the cloud service, besides developing a prototype Power-based server design, says it plans to deploy such systems as an option in addition to servers based on Intel Xeon x86 chips.

Changing hardware technologies can translate into a lot of work for the software developers who patronize cloud services. But Aaron Sullivan, a Rackspace senior director who also holds the title distinguished engineer, said shifting to Power-based hardware has become a lot easier with recent versions of the Linux operating system and other developments.

And the shift could pay off big in many cases, he said. “You can get 10 to 20 times performance gains” from technologies enabled by OpenPower than traditional x86 systems, Mr. Sullivan said.

Intel isn't standing still, offering frequent upgrades to its Xeon line and customizing chips for big cloud customers. The company has been battling not only Power8 but also new chips based on technology licensed by ARM Holdings PLC, the chip design used in most smartphones.

Mark Miller, an Intel spokesman, dismissed the notion that Power8 offers major technical benefits, noting that Xeon sales have risen steadily as IBM’s volumes have fallen.

“Regardless of claims, Intel architecture has demonstrated the best balance of performance, cost efficiency and reliability across the broadest set of workloads,” Mr. Miller said.


2015.04.08IDG News Service
Intel courts China's hardware startups to popularize its mobile, IoT chips

Erwin Liu is the CEO of a fledgling Chinese startup, and he’s been the happy recipient of free chips from Intel.

“Whenever I went to Intel’s offices, they would always give us some free samples,” he said.

Liu’s company, CEIN Biotechnology, which develops finger vein scanners, is just one among the many Chinese tech startups Intel is courting.

In the battle for chip supremacy, the U.S. tech giant has been trying to dig deep into China’s hardware industry, and ensure that not just big vendors use its technology, but small emerging players too.

On Wednesday, Intel held its annual developers conference in Shenzhen, China, at a time when rival ARM-based chips from Qualcomm and MediaTek have been all the rage.

Although Intel has dominated the PC and server markets, it has struggled to replicate that success in smartphones and tablets. ARM-based chips have long been favored in mobile devices, even as Intel tries to catch up and offer new, more battery-friendly processors with improved connectivity.

Intel isn’t giving up, and in Shenzhen it has been promoting its upcoming mobile technology. The company has also been planting the seeds in China to keep its processors relevant in the long-term, through investment and partnerships.

On Wednesday, Intel announced a “Mass Makerspace Accelerator” program that seeks to fund Chinese startups and developers, with an investment that includes 120 million yuan (US$19.6 million.)

“Makers” can refer to tech hobbyists who enjoy building their own gadgets. But many of them are also establishing hardware startups that are selling wearables and smart home products, and seeking funding on Kickstarter. In Shenzhen, developers have come up with robots that can draw pictures, handheld air purifiers, and new phone charging accessories.

This all comes at a time when the Internet of Things space is starting to take off. Intel is expecting billions of new connected devices to be sold in the coming years for health monitoring, exercise, and smart furniture, among others.

However, it won’t just be a few vendors offering these products, but a giant crowd made up of both big and small players, not all of whom are well-known.

During the PC era, Intel’s route to chip-selling was defined and straight-forward. For example, in the laptop market, the company only had to work with six or so different notebook manufacturers out of neighboring Taiwan, said Bryan Ma, an analyst with research firm IDC.

That all changed with the arrival of tablets and smartphones. An army of Chinese vendors has stepped up, selling mobile devices across the world, although under brand names few may have heard of.

“Intel is being forced to work with a completely different set of supply chain folks that’s doing things quite differently in much smaller quantities,” Ma said.

This has involved finding partners that know the Chinese industry. Last year, it struck a deal with Rockchip, a local maker of ARM-based processors, to jointly develop an Intel-based Atom chip for tablets. The Atom X3 processor goes into production this month, and over 45 tablet, smartphone designs are already being developed around it.

“Mobile, we are coming,” said Rockchip’s CEO Min Li at Intel’s developer conference.

A year ago, Intel also announced it would spend $100 million to fund Chinese product development in convertible laptops, tablets, smartphones and wearables. About $37 million of those funds have already been used, with some going to a Chinese Android ROM developer called Lewa, and iris-recognition developer EyeSmart Technology.

“We are not the only company that innovates,” said Doug Fisher, an Intel senior vice president, in a press conference. “And so it’s important for us to plant a lot of seeds, and let a thousand flowers bloom, and try and harvest the most precious of those.”

Intel’s efforts include its Edison development platform, which involves helping entrepreneurs build connected devices around its Edison chip.

Liu, the CEO of the finger vein scanner startup, became involved with the Edison platform through a competition Intel sponsored. Liu’s company is developing finger vein recognition software that can be used in banks or hospitals to identify users.

The company, however, also wanted to come out with some consumer-facing hardware, so it developed a prototype finger vein reader with Intel’s Edison chip.

“The Edison support has been timely, and fast. In two or three weeks we’ve been able to complete the concept, and move it to hardware,” Liu said. To help his startup and others, Intel has also recruited manufacturers and Chinese Internet firms to potentially assemble and distribute the products.

Liu said he could have chosen chips from Qualcomm, but said Intel’s Edison processor was better designed to run his finger-vein reading services. Intel has also been quick to answer any technical questions, through its website, over the phone and via messaging apps.

The support has helped promote Liu’s company. “We were just established, our brand awareness and product still needs work, but Intel has been there to help us compensate,” he said.


2014.12.03彭博
China Wants What’s in Your Phone as Chips Replace Oil
China, home to 1.3 billion mobile-phone accounts, pursues ways to build its domestic chip industry and reduce reliance on imports from Taiwan, the U.S. and South Korea

Dec. 4 (Bloomberg) -- The Chinese government’s hearty appetite for oil and gas acquisitions to feed its economy is starting to give way to something most people carry with them in their pockets: semiconductors.

Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months, data compiled by Bloomberg show, with most deals getting state funding.

That spree shows no signs of slowing as China, home to 1.3 billion mobile-phone accounts, pursues ways to build its domestic chip industry and reduce reliance on imports from Taiwan, the U.S. and South Korea. The well-funded acquisitions could mean tougher competition for smaller chip companies from those countries.

“China doesn’t want to be dependent on anyone,” said Michelle Chen, head of China technology investment banking at JPMorgan Chase & Co. “There’s a strong desire to build their own intellectual property, increase product depth and breadth, and, if need be, acquire intellectual property and capabilities.” 

The Chinese government will provide as much as 1 trillion yuan ($163 billion) in funding over the next five to 10 years to boost the domestic market and help private companies make acquisitions at home and abroad, McKinsey & Co. estimates.

Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., China’s biggest chip tester, joined the fray in November when it offered $780 million for unprofitable Singaporean competitor Stats ChipPac Ltd. Beijing-based private equity firm Hua Capital Management Ltd. is tapping government funding for its $1.7 billion bid for OmniVision Technologies Inc., a U.S. company whose camera sensors have been used in Apple Inc.’s iPhone.
Taiwanese Imports

Before the recent string of deals, Chinese buyers had made just two semiconductor acquisitions that topped $500 million, according to data compiled by Bloomberg going back to 1994.

China is a huge consumer of chips, accounting for about 45 percent of worldwide demand. Imports feed more than 90 percent of that demand, with almost a quarter of processors bought from Taiwan, according to a McKinsey report in August and Chinese customs statistics from 2012. Last year the value of imported semiconductors amounted to $232 billion, up 35 percent from the year before and more than China’s oil imports, according to customs authorities cited by the official Xinhua News Agency.

U.S. manufacturer Qualcomm Inc., for example, supplies high-end chips to Chinese smartphone makers like Xiaomi Corp. Taiwan’s Mediatek Inc. provides the brains for cheaper phones. The chips are also found in hardware stretching from computer servers to televisions.
‘Moving Up’

Smaller U.S. and Taiwanese companies focused on semiconductor design will struggle to compete with the newly-merged Chinese firms, according to Mark Li, an analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. Even Taiwan’s Mediatek may need to lower prices, said Rick Hsu, an analyst at Daiwa Securities Capital Markets in Taipei.

“The Chinese are very aggressive and eating up competitors’ lunch in the low-end segment, and now they’re moving up,” he said.

China aims to generate more than 350 billion yuan in local semiconductor revenue by next year, up 40 percent from 2013, according to a June statement from the State Council, the nation’s cabinet. It plans to boost sales almost four times faster than the global average. Building a homegrown chip industry is a national security priority for China, Xinhua reported at the time.

“There is a clear strategic push from the Chinese government to strengthen the domestic semiconductor industry,” said James Perry, head of Asia technology investment banking at Citigroup Inc.
Resources Drop

The surge in chip purchases contrasts with a slump in acquisitions of overseas oil and gas assets following corruption probes into senior management at state-owned companies linked to former Chinese Politburo member Zhou Yongkang. This year, Chinese purchases of overseas energy assets are set to fall to $9.4 billion, the lowest since at least 2008, Bloomberg-compiled data show.

Semiconductor deals are mainly coming from government-backed acquirers or those who can tap into state funding sources, Citigroup’s Perry said. Beijing’s Tsinghua University plans to merge two recently-acquired semiconductor design firms while a government-owned company in Shanghai has announced two acquisitions so far this year.

Acquisitions will likely come across the semiconductor supply chain -- from testing and assembly to design and equipment used to manufacture chips, said JPMorgan’s Chen.
More Coherent

China’s current pursuit of semiconductor assets is more coherent than previous attempts to build an industry, said Chris Thomas, an associate partner at McKinsey and a former Intel Corp. China executive.

“It’s under direct oversight from the State Council,” he said. “It’s intended to bring in private talent to help the government spend money effectively.”

The success of the drive depends on whether Chinese companies can find the right targets and effectively integrate them, said Thomas. Another hurdle is local governments competing with each other for the same assets, he said.

That happened in November 2013 when a division of Tsinghua University outbid Shanghai Pudong Science & Technology Investment Co. for RDA Microelectronics Inc., a maker of chips for lower-end mobile phones that was traded in the U.S.

Such battles highlight “a constant tension in the overall government policy,” Thomas said. “Competition for assets may be inconsistent with the goals of consolidation and building scale.”


2015.04.06鈦媒體
中國芯片爭雄：展訊強營銷，海思強技術

華為海思與展訊是目前中國手機芯片企業中領先的兩個，展訊強在營銷，華為海思則強在技術。華為海思要想走出華為被其他手機企業采用還需要時間，而展訊已經走向世界被國內外手機企業采用，不過在技術上看展訊在相當長的時間內還是落後於華為海思的。

近日展訊發布了4G芯片SC9430A，產品路線圖描繪了明年將推出16nm FinFET工藝的LTE產品。據估計今年下半年台積電的16nm FinFET工藝將量產，而華為海思也將推出采用該工藝的LTE芯片。這兩個企業無疑是目前中國手機芯片企業中領先的兩個，展訊強在營銷，華為海思則強在技術。

展訊強在營銷，技術稍弱

早在2G時代，展訊就通過超低價、三模三待等特色從聯發科手裏搶奪份額，最高峰時期展訊曾占2G手機的20%的市場份額。

3G時代，展訊的精力主要放在TD-SCDMA上，當時在這個市場還有聯芯、MARVELL和T3G等，MARVELL當時的芯片表現不錯被手機企業用於高端市場，當時國內外的智能手機企業推出的中高端TD-SCDMA智能手機多采用MARVELL的芯片。展訊的產品較成熟、價格低、能推出turnkey方案占據TD-SCDMA市場的約半數市場份額。

展訊在TD-SCDMA市場的好景被聯發科搶走。2012年下半年，聯發科推出TD-SCDMA手機芯片，2012年底中國移動集采9款手機，聯發科即占5款，而展訊占4款。聯發科的加入推動中國的TD-SCDMA產業快速發展，2013年TD-SCDMA手機銷量達到1.55億部，約是2012年的6000萬部銷量的2.5倍，聯發科居功至偉。

展訊在WCDMA市場發威。聯發科2011年發布了支持Android係統的WCDMA芯片MT6573芯片並在當年贏得1000萬銷量，2012年更放量大增到1.1億片。展訊推出的WCDMA芯片要比聯發科晚太多，直到2013年7月才推出首款WCDMA芯片，不過展訊的WCDMA芯片技術成熟，價格超低，進入三星的采購清單，另外展訊也與印度市場的本地手機品牌MICROMAX合作，當然展訊的芯片也被國產手機采用，在這樣的情況下展訊的出貨量也迅猛增長，到2014年第一季度據strategy analysis的數據其出貨量超過intel居全球基帶市場份額第三的企業。

華為海思技術強大

作為全球最大的電信設備商華為，自然擁有雄厚的移動通信技術積累，這幫助了它在手機芯片市場的發展。早在2005年華為海思就推出了WCDMA基帶，並用於自己的上網卡產品上，比聯發科在2009年首次推出WCDMA芯片早了4年，不過由於華為海思在處理器技術上稍弱，華為海思一直都未能在手機芯片市場發力。

2012年華為海思推出K3V2四核手機芯片，當時號稱是全球最小的四核A9架構處理器，性能上與當時主流的處理器如三星獵戶座Exynos4412相當，雖然這款芯片存在一些發熱和GPU兼容問題，但是仍不失為是一款成功的芯片，代表著華為在手機芯片市場技術突破。

2014年，華為海思技術大爆發，先是發布了海思麒麟910芯片，其後發布了海思麒麟920芯片，麒麟920用安兔兔測試獲得了跑分王的稱號，讓華為海思一鳴驚人。此外，這款手機芯片的基帶支持LTE CAT6技術，是全球首款支持該技術的手機芯片，領先手機芯片霸主高通一個月發布，而聯發科支持LTE CAT6技術要到今年下半年，展訊則表示要到明年。

華為海思技術實力強大自不用說，不過至今華為海思的芯片隻是用於自己的兄弟企業華為手機上，而沒有被其他手機企業采用。

中國芯片，展訊與華為海思爭雄

如文章開頭介紹，展訊16nm FinFET工藝的芯片要到明年才能發布，而隻要台積電下半年量產16nm FinFET工藝，華為海思就將推出采用該工藝的產品，而在LTE產品發布上，華為早已領先於展訊，可以看出華為海思的技術很明顯是要領先展訊不少。

不過從市場營銷上看，就可以看出展訊要領先華為海思太多。早在2G時代，展訊的芯片就已經被國產手機采用銷售到國外市場，在3G時代展訊的手機芯片更是被三星這個全球手機市場份額第一的企業采用，並且展訊早早就已經與印度市場本地的手機企業MICROMAX合作，可見展訊在營銷上是領先華為的。或許可以說，華為手機成就了華為海思，但是華為手機同樣阻礙著海思走出華為，因為考慮到與華為手機的競爭關係手機企業要采用華為海思的產品總是有顧慮的，這正是三星的處理器在世界都是處於領先位置的，但是隻有魅族采用，其他手機企業考慮到與三星的競爭關係而至今沒有采用。

華為海思與展訊的競爭，從手機芯片市場份額看，展訊未來還是會遙遙領先於華為海思，華為海思要想走出華為被其他手機企業采用還需要時間，而展訊已經走向世界被國內外手機企業采用，不過在技術上看展訊在相當長的時間內還是落後於華為海思的。（本文首發鈦媒體）


2014.12.12北京市
市領導調研北京可信開放高端計算係統產業化項目服務器生產基地

2014年12月9日，北京市張工副市長前往北京可信開放高端計算係統產業化項目服務器生產基地考察調研並見證了北京新雲東方係統科技有限責任公司首台高端服務器的下線交付。
北京新雲東方係統科技有限責任公司是華勝天成集團旗下子公司，該公司負責建設的北京新雲高端服務器生產基地是北京可信開放高端計算係統產業化項目（簡稱TOP項目）係列產品的重要組成部分。項目由華勝天成公司與IBM合作開發高端計算係列產品，通過引進國際先進技術和資源的整合，實現高端計算國產化和相關核心技術的自主化，完善信息安全保障體係，構建自主可控產業鏈。加快首都信息安全產業發展。

北京新雲高端服務器生產基地位於首鋼微電子有限公司廠區內，廠房建築麵積3300？ ，取得了ISO9000、CCC等質量體係認證，並滿足 IBM 各項工藝技術指標要求。該生產基地首台服務器的下線，標誌著TOP產業化項目將逐項落地並進入全麵實施落實階段。
為使TOP產業化項目更好滿足國民經濟支柱行業對信息係統高性能、高可靠和高安全的需求，全麵植入中國可信計算技術，開辟自主可控、安全替換的國產高端可信計算係統，市經濟和信息化委還聘請了中國工程院沈昌祥院士作為TOP產業化項目首席科學家並頒發了聘書。
張工副市長在服務器下線儀式上指出，當前信息安全產業呈現底層化、綜合化、服務化、新技術化的發展趨勢，國際信息安全形勢日益嚴峻，迫切需要加快建立可信、開放、高端的計算係統，實現高端計算國產化和相關核心技術的自主化，完善信息安全保障體係。此次，華勝天成公司承擔（TOP）產業化項目，站在了IBM這個巨人的肩膀上，有利於消化和整合IBM公司核心軟硬件技術，擴展和重構開發相關的技術和產品，加快形成“可信、可用、有知識產權”的國產化高端計算係統體係，打造包括芯片、服務器、存儲、軟件、硬件的綠色產業鏈，創新產業培育方式和項目運作模式，爭取將 TOP項目做成一個標杆項目，為中外合作發展高精尖產業創造新模式、新樣本，推動北京打造有全球影響力的科技創新中心。
北京市經濟和信息化委張伯旭主任及軟件處、電子處、新聞宣傳處相關同誌參加調研並出席儀式。


2015.04.15華爾街日報
China’s Biggest Chip Maker’s Possible Tie-Up With H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion
Tsinghua Unigroup in talks to buy a controlling stake in Hewlett-Packard unit H3C Technologies

BEIJING—Two years ago, Zhao Weiguo was running an obscure Chinese state-owned company peddling tech services, natural gas and Chinese herbal medicines.

Today, that company is China’s microchip national champion—and a beacon for how Western tech companies might get to do business in China in the future.


Tsinghua Unigroup Ltd. is in talks to buy a controlling stake in Hewlett-Packard Co. ’s China data-networking operations, Mr. Zhao, its chairman, said in an interview earlier this week. Discussions are still taking place over the 51% stake in H-P subsidiary, H3C Technologies Co., he said, in a deal that people familiar with the talks say could value H3C at as much as $5 billion.

Mr. Zhao, who says he herded goats as a child and later amassed a fortune in coal, gas and real estate in the northwestern desert region of Xinjiang, said his company isn’t an arm of Beijing despite its high-level political connections. Instead, he said, he offers foreign companies a connection to the vast China market.

“Many people suspect I’m a ‘white glove’ for the government,” Mr. Zhao said in a rare interview, using a term for a front. “But we’re really just a very market-oriented company.”

Foreign technology companies increasingly are partnering with Chinese companies to reach consumers, as sales slump in the face of increasing pressures from Beijing. Chinese leaders are worried about a dependence on foreign gear as well as cybersecurity, following revelations in 2013 that the U.S. government used infrastructure belonging to American companies for spying.

Some of Silicon Valley’s largest firms have deepened their China partnerships in the past year. Chip maker Intel Corp. is already a partner of Tsinghua Unigroup, having bought a 20% stake last year for $1.5 billion. Intel also launched a partnership with Huawei Technologies Co. in March to make cloud solutions for telecom carriers.

International Business Machines Corp. struck a deal with Chinese server-making rival Inspur Group Ltd. in August. And Lenovo Group Ltd. last year acquired IBM’s low-end server unit last year, which was facing tougher competition from Chinese rivals and political pressure on its Chinese customers to buy from domestic companies.

“A lot of this is driven by the Western side,” said Chris DeAngelis, Beijing-based general manager of tech consulting firm Alliance Development Group. “If you’re losing market share, how do you do something different? That’s the only way these U.S. firms can expand in the market.”

The talks between Tsinghua Unigroup and H-P were previously reported by The Wall Street Journal but not confirmed by either company. An H-P spokeswoman declined to comment.

Mr. Zhao’s company has drawn interest from both U.S. firms and support from China’s top officials, as Beijing strives to develop a homegrown semiconductor sector. Tsinghua Unigroup became China’s largest chip maker after acquiring two of the country’s largest mobile-chip firms, Spreadtrum Communications and RDA Microelectronics, in 2013. Intel executives said last year that they believe partnering with Spreadtrum is opening doors for the company in the low-cost smartphone market, a sector that Intel has its eye on.

Tsinghua Unigroup’s largest chip subsidiary Spreadtrum is a major maker of processors for low-cost smartphones in emerging markets. The company’s main rival is Taiwan’s Mediatek Inc., which supplies low- to midrange smartphone chips.

It faces a steep climb to become a major global player. China’s chip makers still mainly make processors for low-end smartphones, with their technology two to three years behind the cutting edge, according to Nicole Peng, China research director of research firm Canalys.

“They won’t be able to catch up anytime soon,” she said.

Mr. Zhao said he believes that by following the lead of Chinese companies like Huawei and investing over the long term, he can build a world-class company.

Little is known about Tsinghua Unigroup outside of China. It was founded in 1988 by China’s elite Tsinghua University, the alma mater of many of the country’s top leaders, including current President Xi Jinping. It is still controlled by a university holding company and has close ties with the government through Tsinghua’s alumni network. The son of former Chinese President Hu Jintao was previously the Communist Party head of the firm’s parent company.

Beijing’s new chip support fund announced in February it would invest 10 billion yuan ($1.6 billion) in Tsinghua Unigroup in the next five years.

H-P inherited H3C, a major supplier of corporate-data networking gear in China, when it bought 3Com Corp. in 2010. H3C was formed in November 2003 as a joint-venture between China’s Huawei and 3Com, but recently has faced uncertainty under H-P ownership because of Beijing’s push for state-owned firms to use domestic technology suppliers, people familiar with the matter said.

Tsinghua Unigroup is expanding the chip business rapidly, planning to add 1,000 employees by the end of the year to the 4,000 already on the payroll, Mr. Zhao said. He estimated chip revenue to reach $1.8 billion this year, up from $1.5 billion last year—still a drop in the bucket of the $340 billion world-wide chip market, according to tech research firm Gartner’s estimate for 2014.

Mr. Zhao, 48, said his decision to transform Tsinghua Unigroup into a chip business wasn’t directed by the government and he didn’t know that Beijing would announce plans to funnel more than 160 billion yuan ($25.8 billion) into the country’s chip industry last year. Instead, he said, it was a combination of his personal interest in technology—he’s a graduate of Tsinghua University’s electrical engineering program—and the opportunity arising to acquire Spreadtrum in 2013.

“It’s like if you carry your gun up the mountain, you just know there’s game there,” said Mr. Zhao, who also controls an investment firm that owns 49% of Tsinghua Unigroup. “Maybe you’ll catch a deer, maybe a goat, you don’t know. It was when I came upon Spreadtrum that I realized chips would be the key direction for Tsinghua Unigroup.”

China’s top officials are eager to develop advanced smartphone chips domestically to avoid having to rely on foreign ones that could have “back doors” built into them, Spreadtrum Chief Executive Leo Li said in an interview in January.

Mr. Zhao said he hopes to forge more partnerships with U.S. companies such as H-P.

“I believe we are creating a new kind of model for U.S.-Chinese company partnerships,” he said.


2015.03.12中國計算機學會
中國計算機學會建議製定《反禁運法》

日前，中國計算機學會( CCF )向全國人民代表大會常務委員會法製工作委員、國務院法製辦公室提交了“中國計算機學會關於製定《反禁運法》的建議”(以下簡稱《建議》)，並同時將《建議》抄送中央網信辦、商務部以及工業和信息化部。

《建議》指出：長期以來，以美國為代表的西方國家，以各種政治、經濟、環境、安全、軍事等借口和名義，利用審批、許可證等行政手段，奉行和實施對中國的貨物、服務和技術的出口管製和禁運措施，極大損害了我國的國家利益、產業利益和廣大消費者的權益。更為惡劣的是，當我國科技人員通過艱苦奮鬥、自力更生研發出被禁運裝備、技術及軟件等以後，美國等西方國家往往立即解禁該類產品與技術，向我國大肆傾銷，妄圖阻礙甚至徹底扼殺我國相關高技術產業的形成與發展。

為適應國際政治經濟社會發展的新變化，應對西方國家的禁運，中國計算機學會建議有關部門盡快製定《反禁運法》，通過規定對我國禁運的裝備、器材、技術及軟件等在我國研發成功以後，一定時期不得進口或征收高額關稅等反製措施，以保護我國的國家利益、民族產業利益和科技人員的積極性。

中國計算機學會關於製定《反禁運法》的建議

長期以來，以美國為代表的西方國家，以各種政治、經濟、環境、安全、軍事等借口和名義，利用審批、許可證等行政手段，奉行和實施對中國的貨物、服務和技術的出口管製和禁運措施。我國加入世貿組織以來，圍繞著所謂反補貼、反傾銷、特保措施、紡織品出口、知識產權、勞工標準、動物福利、環境保護、食品安全、人民幣匯率等方麵的貿易摩擦和壁壘不斷。這極大損害了包括中國在內的廣大發展中國家的國家利益、產業利益、企業利益和廣大消費者的權益。

早在朝鮮戰爭期間，美國即對中國實施全麵封鎖禁運。隨後又經曆了有限放鬆和嚴格控製階段。近年來，迫於美國經濟的窘困和我國創新能力的提升，美國的相關政策有所緩和，但依然將中國列為管製最為嚴格的國家和地區名單之列。2007年6月，美國商務部正式公布了對華兩用產品和技術出口管製清單，清單涉及20類產品，多達2500項。這也是美國曆史上第一次單獨針對中國製訂的管製內容。

美國主要依據其《武器出口管製法》和《國際軍品流通條例》來管製武器、軍火和防務技術、產品和服務的輸出。具體審批由美國國務院負責，但美國國防部擁有很大的發言權。同時依據其《出口管理法》以及《出口管理條例》來管製“民用”特別是“軍民兩用”技術和產品的出口，由美國商務部負責這類項目的管製。

除了國內立法，美國還建立了以其為主導，眾多西方發達國家參與的多邊機製，如“瓦森納安排”(前身為臭名昭著的“巴黎統籌委員會”)、“核供應國集團”、“澳大利亞集團”及“導彈及其技術控製製度”等，進一步加強對其他國家的出口管製及禁運的力度。

近年來，在國際事務中，西方國家動輒以所謂政治、人權等為借口，以禁運為手段，粗暴幹涉別國內政的例子屢見不鮮。例如，歐美部分國家就以馬航MH17墜機事件為借口，對俄羅斯實施了廣泛的禁運措施。

更為惡劣的是，長期以來，當我國科技人員通過艱苦奮鬥、自力更生研發出被禁運裝備、器材、技術及軟件等以後，美國等往往立即解禁該類產品與技術，向我國大肆傾銷，妄圖徹底扼殺或嚴重阻礙我國相關高技術產業的形成與發展。

黨的十八大報告指出，中國將繼續高舉和平、發展、合作、共贏的旗幟，堅定不移地致力於維護世界和平、促進共同發展。中國將始終不渝走和平發展道路，堅定奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策。我們堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，決不會屈服於任何外來壓力。

目前，我國已經建立了以《對外貿易法》為引領，《反傾銷條例》、《反補貼條例》、《保障措施條例》、《貨物進出口管理條例》、《技術進出口管理條例》等為配套的對外貿易法律體係。

《對外貿易法》第七條規定，任何國家或者地區在貿易方麵對中華人民共和國采取歧視性的禁止、限製或者其他類似措施的，中華人民共和國可以根據實際情況對該國家或者該地區采取相應的措施。但上述規定過於原則，對具體措施的規定還不夠細致、縝密、嚴格，對受損的中國產業、企業等的保護、救濟措施也不夠有力。

為適應國際政治經濟社會發展的新變化，特別是應對西方國家的禁運，中國計算機學會建議製定《反禁運法》，通過規定對我國禁運的裝備、器材、技術及軟件等在我國研發成功以後，一定時期不得進口或征收高額關稅等反製措施，以保護我國的民族產業利益和科技人員的積極性。同時，可考慮廣泛聯係發展中國家，在“上海合作組織”、 “金磚國家”等範圍內，謀求多邊機製安排，以維護廣大發展中國家的利益。

中國計算機學會
2015年3月12日



2014.12.0221世紀宏觀研究院分析師 耿雁冰 張夢潔
尋找中國最強“芯”：集成電路產業區域格局
【注：21世紀網站原文找不到。新浪的轉載。】

受政策紅利推動，中國第二大進口商品—集成電路（IC），將進入地方跨越式趕超發展階段。

在國家明確將集成電路產業上升至國家戰略後，地方版集成電路規劃相繼出台。今年6月24日國務院印發了《國家集成電路產業發展推進綱要》後，安徽、甘肅、山東、湖北、四川等地陸續跟進並出台了產業發展政策，加之此前北京、上海、天津的集成電路扶持政策，一幅地方版的集成電路發展藍圖徐徐展開。

21世紀宏觀研究院此前曾在宏觀層麵就集成電路行業發展進行了初步分析（詳見本報10月16日8版《大基金探路：本土強芯的投資契機》），此次我們將對地方版集成電路規劃、現狀、未來等加以剖析，進而為其他省份的集成電路產業發展，以及整個國家層麵的產業路徑，提供範本。

規劃：首選產業投資基金模式

今年以來，多個省市明確將集成電路作為地方重點發展產業，從政策規劃來看，產業投資基金模式成為首選。

11月24日，上海成立總體規模為100億元的產業基金，四川也明確將成立集成電路產業投資基金，並向社會公開擇優選擇基金管理團隊，推動企業提升產能和實行兼並重組、規範企業治理。

北京：主抓設計和製造，成立300億元產業投資基金。繼去年12月北京成立300億元IC產業發展，今年2月，北京市發布《北京市進一步促進軟件產業和集成電路產業發展的若幹政策》，可以說是在國家版集成電路扶持政策之前的首個地方政策。北京市的產業規劃有三大亮點：一是推進集成電路產業集聚發展，中關村科學城作為設計基地，南部高技術製造業和戰略性新興產業發展帶將建設國家級集成電路產業園；二是主抓設計和製造，並鼓勵設計企業與生產企業開展合作；三是政策中提出創新集成電路產業投融資模式，意在推動重點企業兼並重組和產業園區建設。

天津濱海：主抓設計，每年2億元“集成電路設計產業促進專項資金”。今年3月天津濱海新區出台集成電路發展意見，給予每年專項資金額度2億元。與北京的發展定位不同，天津濱海主抓集成電路設計產業，並規劃到2020年，集成電路設計產業集群發展格局基本形成：重點推動開發區天大科技園、高新區軟件園、保稅區展訊科技園等三個產業集聚載體。

安徽：突出芯片在家電、顯示麵板、汽車製造等終端企業的應用，支持合肥等市建立集成電路產業發展基金。安徽於9月出台《關於加快集成電路產業發展的意見》，在擴大投融資渠道上，政策中提出建立以企業為主體的多元化投融資體係，對在中小企業板和創業板上市的集成電路企業，由省和同級財政分別給予100萬元獎勵；並支持合肥等市建立集成電路產業發展基金。

湖北：300億元集成電路產業基金即將設立，重點支持集成電路製造領域，兼顧集成電路設計、封裝測試、裝備材料等環節。湖北於9月出台《湖北省集成電路產業發展行動方案》，並提出設立湖北集成電路產業投資基金，在產業集群上重點推進武漢光穀集成電路產業園、宜昌磁電子產業園建設，依托光通信、光顯示、紅外傳感、北鬥導航等特色優勢，基本建成以武漢新芯為核心的集成電路設計、製造、封裝及應用的完整產業鏈。

從集成電路產業發展格局來看，基本形成了長三角、環渤海、珠三角三足鼎立之勢。包括北京、天津、山東、河北、遼寧在內的環渤海地區，2012年實現銷售收入440.23億元，在全國所占份額為20.4%。

其中，北京作為國內綜合科研實力最強的地區，在技術研發、集成電路設計、芯片製造、封裝測試、設備和材料方麵具有良好基礎。在2014年（第28屆）中國電子信息百強企業中，北京地區入圍企業有8家，合計主營業務收入達4062億。

包括上海、江蘇、浙江在內的長三角地區，是國內晶圓製造、封裝測試企業最為集中的區域，2012年集成電路產業銷售規模1223.21億元，在國內集成電路產業總銷售收入所占份額為56.7%。中國十大IC設計企業中，長三角地區占據的名額已經達到5家，其銷售額合計占十大設計企業總銷售額的46.16%。

以廣州、深圳、珠海為核心的珠三角地區，2012年實現銷售收入285.14億元，占全國市場份額13.2%，已發展成為中國重要的集成電路設計產業化基地。廣東在電子信息產業領域已擁有20多個各類國家級創新研發平台和100多個省級重點科研和產業化機構。

而隨著封裝測試業從長三角地區向低成本的中西部地區轉移，甘肅、四川、武漢、合肥等地將是重點承接地。

目前，甘肅已形成了以集成電路封裝測試業為核心，引線框架、封測專用設備、模具、半導體封裝材料和包裝材料等配套的產業體係。截至2013年年底，華天電子集團集成電路封裝測試能力及銷售收入在全國內資上市企業中位列第二。

英特爾將上海工廠全部產能轉移四川成都後，成都工廠已成為亞洲最大的芯片封裝測試廠，全球筆記本計算機60%的芯片組和55%的微處理器是從英特爾成都工廠封裝出廠。而樂山是我國最大的半導體分離器件生產基地。四川的薄弱環節是集成電路領域的製造和集成電路設計企業、封裝測試材料和物流配送及配套服務環節，特別是晶圓製造規模不大。

從體量而言，2012年中國集成電路產量為823.28億塊，在國家統計局公布的16個省份集成電路產量中，江蘇集成電路集群化規模最為顯著。2012年江蘇集成電路產量居於首位為292.59億塊，廣東、上海尾隨其後，越過了百億塊產能門檻。

而在增速表現上，湖北發展勢頭最為強勁。工信部數據顯示，湖北今年前三季度軟件業累計增速達38%，同比增速也達到了37.6%。

現狀：江蘇體量居首，湖北增速最快

前景：行業或迎並購重組潮

多個省份將產業投資基金模式作為首選，尤其是在北京、上海、四川、湖北等省市明確產業投資基金規模、運營方式等大背景下，對於持續性投入需求大的集成電路產業而言，新一輪並購重組潮或即將來臨。

一方麵，政策助力支持行業並購重組。此次集成電路綱要的一個政策導向是鼓勵企業兼並重組，形成10家左右具有國際競爭力的企業，鼓勵境內企業擴大國際合作，並購整合國際資源。加之1200億元規模的國家集成電路產業投資基金正式設立，天時地利因素已具備。

另一方麵，從集成電路企業的分布數量與發展需求來說，並購重組是企業自身願景，人和因素也已具備。在集成電路設計領域中，中國約有520家企業，而由於設計公司都是輕資產公司，資金一直是製約集成電路設計行業發展的一個瓶頸。此外，在製造領域中，2012年共有426家企業，小型企業更是超過半數。其中，大型企業62家，中型企業122家。而且從近年來的發展趨勢來看，小型企業個數增速更加明顯。

集成電路作為工業生產的“心髒”，技術水平和資金實力要求都較高。因而，在此輪政策紅利驅動下，受益於投融資渠道拓寬、財政補貼等利好因素，通過資本運作加強行業整合步伐亦是大勢所趨，“散亂小”狀態有望結束。

有調查報告顯示，行業內已有30%的公司接到過收購請求，有24%的公司希望能收購同行公司，有約25%的公司有意願接受收購。近期這輪並購重組潮已初現端倪：如紫光集團私有化收購展訊、銳迪科，同方國芯並購成都國微科技和北京晶智益達，大唐對旗下半導體設計業務的重組等等。


美通社2015.03.04
DeLclima將為無錫超級計算中心提供效率最高的製冷係統
-係統價值約達1900萬元人民幣（約合270萬歐元）

意大利特雷維索2015年3月4日電 /美通社/ -- 通過簽署一份價值約達1900萬元人民幣（約合270萬歐元）的協議，DeLclima Group 確立了其在IT製冷領域的領導地位。這份協議的內容為向中國無錫超級計算中心(WSC)提供效率最高的製冷係統。

無錫超級計算中心由中國科學技術部和無錫政府於2006年共同投資建立，乃是全球最為先進的一個高性能計算平台。

通過簽署一份價值約達1900萬元人民幣（約合270萬歐元）的協議，DeLclima Group 確立了其在 IT 製冷領域的領導地位。這份協議的內容為向中國無錫超級計算中心 (WSC) 提供效率最高的製冷係統。

這家中心的新式超級計算機的每秒浮點運算次數 (FLOPS) 為100千萬億次，躋身全球速度最快行列，由於上述超級計算機需要在非常精確的條件下進行大規模冷卻，可靠性還要達到最高。

憑借領先的解決方案和在高端數據中心應用方麵所積累的豐富經驗，DeLclima 通過下屬子公司克萊門特 (Climaveneta)，被指定提供28兆瓦容量的製冷係統。這套係統價值達270萬歐元，靠18台配有磁懸浮無油變頻 (VFD) 壓縮機的克萊門特水冷式冷水機來運作，它還擁有同類最佳的季節能效比(接近於10)。這批設備定於2015年第二季度交付。

DeLclima 製冷係統加上采用自然冷卻和一次泵變流量係統等更進一步的生態可持續技術，能夠使數據中心的整體能耗與傳統設計相比降低45%，同時還遵守相關環境標準所設定的嚴格能效要求。

DeLclima 首席執行官卡洛-格羅西 (Carlo Grossi) 表示：“DeLclima 能夠參與這個項目確認了我們在高效數據中心製冷應用領域的領先地位，並為我們遍布全球的相當多的相關裝置又增添了一筆。”他繼續表示：“在中國建設銀行之後，這是我們在中國所獲得的第二個享有盛譽的大型項目，這表明我們在中國的業務具有非凡實力和品質，也說明我們將能很好地受益於下一波數據中心和雲計算發展浪潮。我們很榮幸借助自身的創新型IT製冷和高精度空調技術，為中國的數字化轉型做出貢獻。”

無錫超級計算中心新添置的計算機係統是由中國政府製定的大規模雲計算發展項目中的一顆“明星”，現在預計到2016年，中國的數據中心容量將比2013年的時候增加一倍有餘，在這方麵的總投資預計將達3700億美元（消息來源於 Broad Group）。

DeLclima（意大利證券交易所股票代碼：DLC）專門從事供熱、通風、空調和製冷 (HVACR) 方麵的業務。

DeLclima 通過克萊門特和 RC GROUP（意大利艾洛其集團），為工業流程和 ICT（信息通信技術）應用方麵的商業建築室內溫控和製冷 (ICC&R) 設計、製造和銷售創新型節能產品，並提供增值型服務。DeLclima 還通過 DL Radiators 經營散熱器業務。

DeLclima 下屬公司都擁有相同的使命，即通過提供高效、可靠、經濟上可行和生態可持續的解決方案，尤其是通過采用可再生能源，幫助增進幸福和提升工業生產率。

Delclima 在三大洲開展製造活動，並在全球範圍內和其子公司、經銷商與服務公司一道開展業務，尤其關注歐洲、中國和印度市場。該公司總部位於意大利，自2012年以來一直在米蘭證券交易所 (Milan Stock Exchange) 公開上市，以前曾 De'Longhi（德龍）集團的專業部門。



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