toxic: (有毒物質)a toxic substance, usually used in the plural: toxics flowed from the factory. toxin: (生物毒素)a poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism. toxicant: (化學毒物)a toxic agent, usually one produced by human-made activity, such as pesticide. Although strictly speaking toxin should be used only for biologically produced substances and not as a synonym for toxic or toxicant, popular usage interchanges the terms. A toxic agent is anything that can produce an adverse biological effect. |
一般來說,毒性(toxicity)是物質能夠對生物(人或動物等)造成損害的屬性。 慢性毒性是指一次或短期接觸/攝入能夠產生的有害效應。中期毒性是指接觸一年以後可能產生的有害效應。長期毒性是指多次或長期接觸毒物後引起的有害效應。
我們說一種物質有毒,指的是該物質對生物(人,動物,細菌,植物)的結構單位(如細胞,器官)產生損害以致妨礙它的功能等有害的後果。歸根到底,這些有害作用都是通過分子經過生物化學反應實現的。
注意幾個關鍵點:(1)同一種物質對不同的生物效果不同。(2)毒性與劑量相關。(3)毒性大小與接觸途徑有關(口服,皮膚吸收,呼吸攝入等)。
急性毒性:一般來說,致死,刺激皮膚,眼睛,口腔粘膜都是急性中毒的結果。
慢性毒性:致癌性(carcinogenic),致發育畸形(teratogenic), 致基因突變(mutagenic), 肝毒性(hepatotoxic), 腎毒性(nephrotoxic) 都可歸為慢性毒性。
看看下麵酒精(乙醇)的 MSDS (material safety data sheet), 看看都列出了哪些毒性?