Robert Doisneau - self portrait (1947)
在法國攝影界,羅伯特·杜瓦諾和利·卡笛爾·布列鬆堪稱為一對並駕齊驅的大師。這兩人的攝影都以紀實為主,但風格卻迥然不同。布列鬆經常雲遊四海,作品比較深沉嚴肅,關心各地民族疾苦。杜瓦諾則一生隻以他所居住的巴黎為創作基地,喜歡在平民百姓的日常生活中抓取幽默風趣的瞬間。
在各種題材裏,杜瓦諾所拍的兒童照片,其著重點和切入點都跟我們某些記者大異其趣,甚截然相反,比如,表現學生們在室外的活動,從不去拍攝那引起升旗或做操等整齊劃一的鏡頭,而是專門用心去抓拍那些校園裏孩子們頑皮、喧鬧、活潑的場麵。又如,表現課堂上的孩子,一般的照片喜歡表現他們的陪聰明和伶俐,杜瓦諾則有意識地表現他們的幼稚和笨拙。對於孩子們的放學回家路上的惡作劇,杜瓦諾也不放過,他跟在後麵拍攝他們。這些照片雖然有可能被空是醜化小學生,但給人的感覺卻是更真實、更能體現孩子們的天真本性,給人們留下了既新鮮又深刻的印象。
關於那套《觀畫》係列照片是這樣拍攝的:杜瓦諾的一個朋友,在巴黎一條街道上開辦了一家取名為"羅蜜"的古玩鋪,經營19世紀的工藝品和繪畫作品。有一次,此店購進了一幅畫家瓦格納的人體油畫,掛在櫥窗裏。杜瓦諾想:如果把各種人物的不同反應一一拍攝下來,也許會組成一套很有趣的係列性的專題照片。於是,他就在古玩店裏找了個適當的角度,坐在一把椅子上,把那台常用的祿來雙反相機安放在膝蓋上,連續不斷的拍攝。由於櫥窗玻璃的反光,站在窗外觀畫的人不容易發現坐在室內暗處的杜瓦諾。再加上專心致誌地觀看油畫,其神態更是真情流露,兩三天這樣"守株待兔"式的拍攝戰果輝煌。最精彩的一張照片是一位衣冠楚楚的紳士,乘著他夫人興趣盎然地評論某畫時,斜眼偷看那幅裸女人體。這套係列照片證實了他的攝影觀點,他說:"日常生活裏的奇妙情景是最動人的。你在街道了不期而遇的事情,哪一個電影導演也不可能在鏡頭前給你安排出來。"
攝影評論家經常把杜瓦諾跟法國著名作家都德相比,說他總是用一種溫柔的、幽默的眼光注視著他周圍的芸芸眾生,用同情的態度加以刻畫。因此他的作品不但具有幽默感。同時還給人一種特別的親切感。例如本書中的《態度不同》,對於人情和人性的刻畫,則更是達到了爐火純青的程度,你看那位頭發花白的先生,雖然年進花甲,已經沒有招蜂引蝶之心。但是如果有一位漂亮的年輕女郎自願把一條胳膊搭在他的大腿上,老先生也不致於堅決反對,甚至還有點自得其樂。但是這種令人無法容忍的情景,已經被坐在身邊的夫人所發現。顯然,老夫人的心裏很不高興 。但在大庭廣眾之下,一時又不能發作。她強壓怒火,擎惕地盯著坐在地上的舞女。那位夾在中間的老先生,對他夫人的脾氣,當然早就有所領教,內心裏也頗為惴惴不安,但臉上卻還故作鎮靜,把這麽複雜微秒的人情人性刻畫到如此入木三分、淋漓盡致的地步,在攝影作品中是不多見的。
杜瓦諾熱愛巴黎,熱愛生活在他周圍的平民百姓,是一個平民攝影家。他喜歡跟普普通通的市民們在一起泡酒店,喝咖啡,談天。人們不但不怕杜瓦諾身邊的相機,甚至還心甘情願地充當他某些鏡頭中的模特。杜瓦諾說:"我喜歡平平常常的老百姓,盡管他們身上可能會有這樣那樣的毛病,但我並不在乎。我們會在一起談得融洽,挺熱乎,親如一愛"。在跟這些平民百姓來往和接觸中,杜瓦諾挖掘出一幅又一幅精彩的傑作。
杜瓦諾生平概要 1912年4月14日:生於法國巴黎。
1925--1929年:學習石印刻版。
1931年(19歲):任安德烈,維格紐的助手。
1932年(20歲):售出第一套由照片組成的圖片故事。
1934年--1939年:在雷諾汽車廠擔任工業攝影師。
1939年(27歲):,由於經常遲到而被辭退,成為獨立攝影師。認識拉複圖片社奠基人查理斯·拉多,並得到第一個采訪任務,但因二戰爆發而未能完成。
1942年(30歲):與馬克西蘭·伏克斯相識,為他的科學著作拍攝插圖。
1945年(33歲):參加聯合圖片社,認識了包括卡蒂埃布勒鬆在內的一批攝影名家。
1951年(39歲):在紐約現代藝術博物館舉辦法國攝蛸四人展。另三人是布拉賽、威利·苦尼斯和依捷斯。這意味著杜瓦諾獲得了國際性的認可。
1956年(44歲):榮獲涅普斯攝影獎。
1960年(48歲):美國洛杉磯和好萊塢攝影采訪。作品在芝加哥現代藝術博物館展出。
1968年(56歲):到蘇聯攝影采訪。法國國家圖書館舉辦杜瓦諾個人影展。
1972年(60歲):作品在紐約喬諾·依斯曼館展出。莫斯科法國大使館同時展出他的作品。
1973年(61歲):於費朗西斯·波賽勒合作拍了一部《羅貝爾·杜瓦諾在巴黎》電影短片。
1979年(67歲):杜瓦生平回顧展在巴黎現代藝術博物館展出。導演F·莫斯科維茲拍一部有關三位攝影家的電影,杜瓦諾是其中之一。另二人讓洛浦·西埃夫和布魯諾·巴爾貝。
1981年(69歲):作品在紐約威特金畫廊展出。
1983年(71歲):獲國家攝影大獎。4月,在中國舉行個人展覽。
1986年(74歲):杜瓦諾個人攝影在巴黎展出,並出作版作品影集。
1994年1月:去世,享年82歲。
一位盲女經常出入工薪階層常去的咖啡館和飯店,靠拉手風琴賣唱掙一點微薄的賞錢。杜瓦諾為這種“詩意的乞討”所吸引,花費了整天的時間跟蹤拍攝。這時他已開始采用輕便而善於抓拍的小相機徠卡。
02觀畫眾生相
杜瓦諾的一個朋友在巴黎開了一家藝術品商店,有一次購進了一幅瓦格納的人體油畫掛在櫥窗裏,杜瓦諾認為不同的人觀看這幅油畫定有形形色色不同的反應於是他躲在反光的櫥窗玻璃後麵不易被人發覺的地方,架好三腳架,進行了兩三天“守株待兔”式的拍攝,結果“戰果輝煌”。
03心不在焉(1949)
這是杜瓦諾在羅蜜畫廊裏“守株待兔”抓到一個精采鏡頭。那中年紳士的目光妙不可言。杜瓦諾說:“日常生活裏的奇妙情景是最動人的。你在街道上不期而遇的事情,哪一個電影導演也不可能給你安排出來。”
杜喜歡兒童,一心表現他們的天真活潑。這張照片中的一個孩子,一邊聽課,一邊抬頭看牆上的鍾。其內心台詞是:這鍾怎麽走得那麽慢?怎麽還不到下課時間?
這個小男孩似乎遇到了一個前所未有的難題。他兩眼望天,苦苦思索。他身旁的另一同學則手托嘴邊,閉眼深思。這種把表現孩子們的稚拙作為重點表現方法跟我們常見表現聰明伶俐的切入點,有著很大的不同。
在教室裏憋不幾十分鍾孩子,利用課間休息的時間,跑到校園裏嬉戲。他們打打鬧鬧。活蹦亂跳,充分體現出活潑好動的本性。站在高處往下俯攝,不僅可以拍到較大的場麵,而且可以把前前後後的孩子們全部容納在景深範圍之內。
小學生們在放學回家的路上也不老實,喜歡搞一些無傷大雅的惡作劇。此照表現他們無緣無幫地按響一家住戶的門鈴。等到主人聞聲開門一看,孩子們早就逃得無影無蹤。
08往事今昔
利用一麵鏡子,杜自然而又巧妙地把這對夫婦的往昔和今朝組合在同一個畫麵之中。在室內攝影時,他經常采用閃光燈的補助。為了避免鏡子對閃光的強烈反射,杜把閃光打到天花板上,使照片中的光線既明亮又均勻柔和。
在這幅肖像中,杜別出心裁的讓漫畫家沙維納跟自己筆下的漫畫人物對弈,既表現出畫家獨特的風格,也破除了獨自一人的單調,使照片更加生動有趣,耐人尋味。
10前車之鑒
法國聖。薩爾軍事學院的青年學生們,回到他們以前的校園,憑吊被戰火摧毀的遺跡,但見殘垣斷壁,芳草萋萋,一片荒涼的景象。其中的一座無頭石像,站立在一個角落,似乎在向他的後輩進行著“前車之鑒”的警告。杜敏感地看出了這兩者之間的奧妙關係,拍下了這個引人沉思的鏡頭。
11地獄之門
對於巴黎的警察老爺們,杜的態度,顯然不夠友好。他竟然在這位警察走過一張類似血盆大口的鐵門時,按下他的快門。他也許是想叫這張大嘴,一口吞掉這位警官,也許是利用這張大嘴,象征某種吃人的行徑。拍攝這類照片,講究“意在筆先”和“胸有成竹”,才能在所需要的形象結構突然出現時,果斷的攝取,不致陷入手忙腳亂的境地。
12目光
在巴黎的一家小酒店裏,一對新婚夫婦在喝酒,陶醉在幸福之中。他們的身旁,各有一位單身漢,顯然還沒有找到對象,隻好瞪著眼睛,癡情地望著女售貨員。。。。。。杜用閃光燈抓拍了這個妙不可言的瞬間。人們說杜很像法國的寫實主義作家都德,他總是用一種溫柔的、幽默的眼光注視著周圍的芸芸眾生,並且用同情的態度進行拍攝,因此他的作品總有一種親切感。
此照是一幅杜膾炙人口的名作。它表現一位年紀已經不算太小的碼頭工人,悠然自得地躺在訂上,一邊抽煙,一邊麵對著滿牆的美女畫,做著自我安慰的白日夢。把巴黎下層勞動人民的心態,刻畫得細致入微、淋漓盡致。
14花園偶拾
兩尊毫無關聯的冷冰冰的石雕像,經過杜的經營處理,好像變成了有生命、有情感的活人。左邊的騎士仿佛正在凝神注視著眼前的一位女郎。那位女郎發現有人在注意她,嬌羞地舉起浴巾,轉過身去。。。。。。這幅平中出廳的作品,反映出杜攝影創作中的特色:細致的觀察,豐富的聯想,巧妙的構思,以及善於找到能夠抒發自己思想、感情的最佳角度。
有一次,在應約前去拍攝廣告的半路上,杜遇見幾個工人正在搬運一尊女人的雕像,由於這座銅像十分沉重使得其中的兩個工人不得不在雕像身上找出能夠下手的著力點,顯然他們並沒有意識到自己的這個動作不太雅觀。而杜卻發現了其中的妙趣。。。。。。
杜把六隻在勞動事故中傷殘的手跟鋼鐵廠的畫麵組合在一起,提醒人們:在生產中必須注意對人身的保護,不能讓現代機器對人們肢體的吞噬再繼續下去。由此可見,杜也不是一味地追求風趣幽默,他也關注人類麵臨的一些嚴肅問題。
把一塊畫布披在身上以後,畢卡索就具有了當年羅馬凱撒大帝的風度。當他伸手向觀眾展示畫室是的眾多作品時,表現出一種“作者是自己作品的上帝”自滿而又自豪的氣概。
有一次,杜到畢卡索家訪問,正逢這位畫家在進早餐,於是兩人合作,拍攝了這張照片。為了使桌上的特製麵包(即有名的“畢卡索麵包”)看起來更像一對“巨掌”,畢卡索有意識把雙手藏在桌下。
此作由於情態真實自然,成為杜《巴黎之吻》係列照片中最受歡迎和最負盛名的一幅,並曾被各國報刊廣泛采用,發行量達百萬以上,但畫麵裏的情侶仍是雇用的演員模特。
這張照片裏的攝影師和小姑娘,盡管全都看不到臉麵,但通過他們的雙手,可以看出這一幕小小的喜劇。杜在敏捷獵取日常生活有趣瞬間方麵不愧是位大師,同時他從來都是以一種溫柔、幽默的眼光來看待和表現這一切。
(http://www.4a98.com/vision/photograph/picture/2006-01-30/article_5572.html)
Robert Doisneau (14 avril 1912 - 1er avril 1994) était un photographe français, parmi les plus populaires d'après-guerre, qui fut, aux côtés de Willy Ronis et d'Édouard Boubat, l'un des principaux représentants du courant de la photographie humaniste française.
Robert Doisneau est né le 14 avril 1912, à Gentilly, dans une famille bourgeoise. Il étudie les Arts graphiques à l’école Estienne et obtient son diplôme de graveur et de lithographe en 1929. Un an plus tard, il réussit à intégrer l’Atelier Ullmann en tant que photographe publicitaire. En 1931, Robert Doisneau devient l’opérateur d’André Vigneau où il découvrira la Nouvelle Objectivité photographique. C’est en 1932, qu’il vend son premier reportage photographique, qui sera diffusé dans l’Excelsior. En 1934, Renault de Boulogne-Billancourt, l’embauche comme photographe industriel, Robert Doisneau, du fait de retards répétés, se fait renvoyer cinq ans plus tard, en 1939. Désormais sans emploi, il tente de devenir photographe illustrateur indépendant. Robert Doisneau rencontre, peu avant le début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale Charles Rado, le fondateur de l’agence Rapho. Son premier reportage, sur le canoë en Dordogne, fut interrompu par la déclaration de guerre et la mobilisation générale. Après guerre Robert Doisneau devient photographe indépendant en intégrant officiellement, en 1946, l’agence de photographie Rapho.
Il se mit alors à produire et réaliser de nombreux reportages photographiques sur des sujets très divers : l’actualité parisienne, le Paris populaire, des sujets sur la province ou l’étranger (URSS, États-Unis, Yougoslavie,…). Certains de ses reportages paraîtront dans des magazines comme Life, Paris Match, Réalités, Point de Vue, Regards, etc.
En 1947, il rencontre Robert Giraud, chez l'antiquaire Romi, c’est alors le début d'une longue amitié et d'une fructueuse collaboration. Doisneau publiera une trentaine d’albums dont La Banlieue de Paris, avec des textes de Blaise Cendrars, en 1949. Il travaillera un temps pour Vogue, de 1948 à 1953 en qualité de collaborateur permanent.
Son travail de photographe sera récompensé à diverses reprises : le Prix Kodak en 1947, le Prix Niepce en 1956. En 1960, Doisneau monte une exposition au Musée d'art contemporain de Chicago. Il recevra encore quelque prix pour son travail, le Grand Prix National de la Photographie en 1983 et le Prix Balzac en 1986. En 1992, Doisneau fait une rétrospective au Musée d'art moderne d'Oxford. Ce sera sa dernière exposition, puisqu’il décède à Montrouge en Avril 1994. Doisneau est enterré à Raizeux, aux côtés de sa femme.
Robert Doisneau est probablement le photographe français le plus connu dans le monde entier notamment grâce à des photos comme « le Baiser de l'hôtel de ville ». Ses photographies noir et blanc des rues de Paris d'après guerre et de sa banlieue ont fait sa renommée...
Doisneau est un passant patient qui conserve toujours une certaine distance vis-à-vis de ses sujets. Il guette l'anecdote, la petite histoire. Ses photos sont souvent empreintes d'humour mais également de nostalgie, d'ironie et de tendresse.
Il travaillait sur Paris, ses faubourgs et ses habitants : artisans, bistrots, clochards, gamins des rues, amoureux, bateleurs, etc. Il enregistra pendant près d'un demi-siècle des milliers de portraits du petit peuple de Paris.
Il a participé au Groupe des XV aux côtés de René-Jacques, de Willy Ronis, de Pierre Jahan, dans les années 1950.
[Born: 1912; died: 1994]
[Nationality: French]
Robert Doisneau is one of France's most noted photographers. He is noted for the many playful and unsuposing images chronicling everyday French life. His prolific outbook over the course of several decades provides us a marvelous record of French life. His images don't seek to overcome the viewer. They are often modest in scope and playful. He is at his best with people. His images of French childhood are especially helpful for HBC. He was influenced by the work of Kertesz, Atget, and Cartier-Bresson who also provided wonderful images of childhood. He published ober 20 books providing realistic, but charming images of quiet, often personal moments in the lives of individuals. He wrote: "The marvels of daily life are exciting; no movie director can arrange the unexpected that you find in the street."
Robert was born in Gentilly in the Val-de-Marne, France. We do have not information on his childhood at this time or how his childhood affected his work.
Robert studied engraving at the Ecole Estienne in Chantilly, but found his training antiquated and useless upon graduation. Engraving had been a major activity before the development of photo lithography, but was much in demand after the turn of the 20th century. With his rather antiquated training, he had great difficulty obtaining work as a lithographer.
Doisneau was exposed to photography in the advertising department of a pharmaceutical firm. He embrrced this new-found interest in photography and largely taught himself. Outside of his job, he began to see photography as a medium for at first a hobby--recording every day life during his wanderings through the streets of Paris. He began photographing details of objects in 1930. He sold his first photo-story to the Excelsior newspaper in 1932. He was a camera assistant to the sculptor Andrei Vigneaux and did military service prior to taking a job as an industrial and advertising photographer for the Renault auto factory at Billancourt in 1934. He was fired in 1939 and was forced to try freelance advertising and postcard photography to earn his living. The postcards were a majot outlet for photgraphers at the time and France had Europe's largest industy. Post cards in the early 20th century served the purpose of modern greeting cards as well as vacation souveinrs, although this was changing in the 1930s. Doisneau was hired by the Rapho photo agency in 1939 and worked there for several months until the inset of World War II.
Doisneau was drafted in 1939. He was a member of the Resistance both as a soldier and as a photographer. While his training in engraving was not helpful in his attempts to get a job, it proved invluable to the Resistance. He used his engraving skills to forge passports and identification papers. He photographed the Occupation and Liberation of Paris. some of these images, especially of the liberation of Paris are photographic masterpices. His classic photographs capture the exileration and joy of liberation in Paris like no other photographer.
Some of Doisneau's most remembered photographs were taken in the post-war era. He returned to freelance work and sold photographs to Life and other important international magazines. He joined the Alliance photo agency for a short time and began working with Rapho again in 1946. Against his better judgement Doisneau did high-society and fashion photography for Paris Vogue from 1948 to 1951. During his assignments with Vogue, the photographer became acquainted with high-society circles, for which, however, he did not have as much sympathy as he did for the common people in the streets. All through this period, however, he took realistic photographs of daily life on the streets of Paris. These are the photographs we remember him for and many of his high-society photographs are virtually forgotten. Certainly the appeal to the French was his ability to capture the simple joys of everyday life--so much more meaningful after the dark days of NAZI occupation.
A French reader reports that after World War II the photographs taken by many Europeans were of poor quality. This was primarily because the film available was very poor quality. The devestation of the War had serious affected the photographic industry as well as most other industries. Doisneau's photographs, however, continued to be high quality. He probably has access to American film.
The photography of Robert Doisneau has enjoyed a revival in the last ten years or so. Many of his portraits and photos of Paris from the end of World War II through the 1950's have been turned into calendars and postcards and have becomes icons of French life. Perhaps his most famous photograph is "Kiss in front of the Palace of City Hall." This photogrpah has been reproduced by the millions and is perhaps the most famous French photograph. It became a ymbol of young, boisterous love in Paris--of course the city most associated with love. The realism of Doisneau's photographs make a wonderful record of both style and lifestyle. In addition to his reportage photography, he has photographed many noted artists including Giacometti, Cocteau, Leger, Braque, and Picasso.
Doisneau writes of his photography, "In fact there isn't any recipe - that would be too easy - but all these images that are growing old so gracefully were taken instinctively. I put all my trust in intuition, which contributes so much more than rational thought. This is a commendable approach, because you need courage to be stupid - it's so rare these days when there are so many intelligent people all over the place who've stopped looking because they're so knowledgeable. Yet that little extra something supplied by the model is precisely a `look,' like a legacy handed down to you from the distant past. It shoots straight along the optical axis and bores right through the photographer, the celluloid, the paper, and the viewer, like a laser beam scorching everything in its path, including, and a very good thing too, your critical faculties."
Some of Doisneau's most appealing photographs are those of French childhood--perhaps the best ever taken. He took photographs on the street as well as homes and schools. Some were candid. Others were posed. As he photographed extensively from the 1930s-50s, his photographs record not only the texture of French, but developing fashion patterns before, during, and after World War II. The images provide a wonderful record of the clothes sworn by children during the period and thus is very useful to HBC.
Doisneau won the Prix Kodak in 1947. He was awarded the Prix Niepce in 1956 and acted as a consultant to Expo '67, Canada. A short film, "Le Paris de Robert Doisneau", was made in 1973. Doisneau has been the subject of major retrospectives at the Bibliotecque Nationale in Paris, the Art Institute of Chicago, George Eastman House in Rochester, New York, and the Witkin Gallery in New York City.
Doisneau was in many ways a shy and unassuming man, rather like his photography. He lived in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. He died in 1994.