IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
X. TERRAIN
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding.
24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.
九 行軍篇
孫子曰：
凡處軍相敵，絕山依穀，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之軍也。絕水必遠水，客絕水而來，勿迎之於水內，令半渡而擊之利，欲戰者，無附於水而迎客，視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。絕斥澤，唯亟去無留，若交軍於斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。軍旁有險阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。
敵近而靜者，恃其險也；遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也；其所居易者，利也；眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑也；鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者，覆也；塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達者，樵采也；少而往來者，營軍也；辭卑而備者，進也；辭強而進驅者，退也；輕車先出居其側者，陳也；無約而請和者，謀也；奔走而陳兵者，期也；半進半退者，誘也；杖而立者，饑也；汲而先飲者，渴也；見利而不進者，勞也；鳥集者，虛也；夜呼者，恐也；軍擾者，將不重也；旌旗動者，亂也；吏怒者，倦也；殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也；懸□②不返其舍者，窮寇也；諄諄□③□③，徐與人言者，失眾也；數賞者，窘也；數罰者，困也；先暴而後畏其眾者，不精之至也；來委謝者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。
兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以並力料敵取人而已。夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒於人。卒未親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用。故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。
【注：】
①：“翳”加“艸”頭。
②：［垂瓦］。
③：［訁翕］。
九、行軍篇譯文
【原文】孫子曰：凡處軍相敵，絕山依穀，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之軍也。絕水必遠水，客絕水而來，勿迎之於水內，令半渡而擊之利，欲戰者，無附於水而迎客，視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。絕斥澤，唯亟去無留，若交軍於斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也
【譯文】孫子說：在各種不同地形上處置軍隊和觀察判斷敵情時，應該注意：通過山地，必須依靠有水草的山穀，駐紮在居高向陽的地方，敵人占領高地，不要仰攻，這是在山地上對軍隊的處置原則。橫渡江河，應遠離水流駐紮，敵人渡水來戰，不要在江河中迎擊，而要等它渡過一半時再攻擊，這樣較為有利。如果要同敵人決戰，不要緊靠水邊列陣；在江河地帶紮營，也要居高向陽，不要麵迎水流，這是在江河地帶上對軍隊處置的原則。通過鹽堿沼澤地帶，要迅速離開，不要逗留；如果同敵軍相遇於鹽堿沼澤地帶，那就必須靠近水草而背靠樹林，這是在鹽堿沼澤地帶上對軍隊處置的原則。在平原上應占領開闊地域，而側翼要依托高地，前低後高。這是在平原地帶上對軍隊處置的原則。以上四中“處軍”原則的好處，就是黃帝之所以能戰勝其他四帝的原因。
【原文】凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。
【譯文】大凡駐軍總是喜歡幹燥的高地，避開潮濕的窪地；重視向陽之處，避開陰暗之地；靠近水草地區，軍需供應充足，將士百病不生，這樣就有了勝利的保證。在丘陵堤防行軍，必須占領它向陽的一麵，並把主要側翼背靠著它。這些對於用兵有利的措施，是利用地形作為輔助條件的。上遊下雨，洪水突至，禁止徒涉，應等待水流稍平緩以後。
【原文】凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、林木、翳薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。
【譯文】凡遇到或通過“絕澗”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天羅”、“天陷”、“天隙”這幾種地形，必須迅速離開，不要接近。我們應該遠離這些地形，而讓敵人去靠近它；我們應麵向這些地形，而讓敵人去背靠它。軍隊兩旁遇到有險峻的隘路、湖沼、水網、蘆葦、山林和草木茂盛的地方，必須謹慎地反複搜索，這些都是敵人可能埋設伏兵和隱伏奸細的地方。
【原文】敵近而靜者，恃其險也； 遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也； 其所居易者，利也； 眾樹動者，來也； 眾草多障者，疑也； 鳥起者，伏也； 獸駭者，覆也； 塵高而銳者，車來也； 卑而廣者，徒來也； 散而條達者，樵采也； 少而往來者，營軍也；
【譯文】、敵人離我很近而安靜的，是依仗它占領險要地形；敵人離我很遠但挑戰不休，是想誘我前進；敵人之所以駐紮在平坦地方，是因為對它有某種好處。許多樹木搖動，是敵人隱蔽前來；草叢中有許多遮障物，是敵人布下的疑陣；群鳥驚飛，是下麵有伏兵；野獸駭奔，是敵人大舉突襲；塵土高而尖，是敵人戰車駛來；塵土低而寬廣，是敵人的步兵開來；塵土疏散飛揚，是敵人正在拽柴而走；塵土少而時起時落；是敵人正在紮營。
【原文】辭卑而益備者，進也； 辭強而進驅者，退也； 輕車先出居其側者，陳也； 無約而請和者，謀也； 奔走而陳兵者，期也； 半進半退者，誘也；
【譯文】敵人使者措辭謙卑卻又在加緊戰備的，是準備進攻；措辭強硬而軍隊又做出前進姿態的，是準備撤退；輕車先出動，部署在兩翼的，是在布列陣勢；敵人尚未受挫而來講和的，是另有陰謀；敵人急速奔跑並排並列陣的，是企圖約期同我決戰；敵人半進半退的，是企圖引誘我軍。
【原文】杖而立者，饑也； 汲而先飲者，渴也； 見利而不進者，勞也； 鳥集者，虛也； 夜呼者，恐也； 軍擾者，將不重也； 旌旗動者，亂也； 吏怒者，倦也；殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也； 懸缸不返其舍者，窮寇也； 諄諄翕翕，徐與人言者，失眾也； 數賞者，窘也； 數罰者，困也； 先暴而後畏其眾者，不精之至也；來委謝者，欲休息也。 兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。
【譯文】抵兵倚著兵器而站立的，是饑餓的表現；供水兵打水自己先飲的，是幹渴的表現；敵人見利而不進兵爭奪的，是疲勞的表現；敵人營寨上聚集鳥雀的，下麵是空營；敵人夜間驚叫的，是恐慌的表現；敵營驚擾紛亂的，是敵將沒有威嚴的表現；旌旗搖動不整齊的，是敵人隊伍已經混亂。敵人軍官易怒的，是全軍疲倦的表現；用糧食喂馬，殺馬吃肉，收拾起汲水器具，部隊不返營房的，是要拚死的窮寇；低聲下氣同部下講話的，是敵將失去人心；不斷犒賞士卒的，是敵軍沒有辦法；不斷懲罰部屬的，是敵人處境困難；先粗暴然後又害怕部下的，是最不精明的將領；派來使者送禮言好的，是敵人想休兵息戰；敵人逞怒同我對陣，但久不交鋒又不撤退的，必須謹慎地觀察他的企圖。
【原文】兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以並力、料敵、取人而已。夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒於人。卒未親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用。故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。
【譯文】打仗不在於兵力越多越好，隻要不輕敵冒進，並集中兵力、判明敵情，取得部下的信任和支持，也就足夠了。那種既無深謀遠慮而又輕敵的人，必定會被敵人俘虜。士卒還沒有親近依附就執行懲罰，那麽他們會不服，不服就很難使用。士卒已經親近依附，如果不執行軍紀軍法，也不能用來作戰。所以，要用懷柔寬仁使他們思想統一，用軍紀軍法使他們行動一致，這樣就必能取得部下的敬畏和擁戴。平素嚴格貫徹命令，管教士卒，士卒就能養成服從的習慣；平素從來不嚴格貫徹命令，管教士卒，士卒就會養成不服從的習慣。平時命令能貫徹執行的，表明將帥同士卒之間相處融洽。
十 地形篇
孫子曰：
地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛。掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢均難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。
凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走；卒強吏弱，曰馳；吏強卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩；將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂；將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵製勝，計險隘遠近，上將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利於主，國之寶也。
視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。
知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。
十、地形篇譯文
【原文】孫子曰：地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛。掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢均難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。
【譯文】孫子說：地形有“通”、“掛”、“支”、“隘”、“險”、“遠”等六種。凡是我們可以去，敵人也可以來的地域，叫做“通”；在“通”形地域上，應搶先占開闊向陽的高地，保持糧道暢通，這樣作戰就有利。凡是可以前進，難以返回的地域，稱作“掛”；在掛形的地域上，假如敵人沒有防備，我們就能突擊取勝。假如敵人有防備，出擊又不能取勝，而且難以回師，這就不利了。凡是我軍出擊不利，敵人出擊不利的地域叫做“支”。在“支”形地域上，敵人雖然以利相誘，我們也不要出擊，而應該率軍假裝退卻，誘使敵人出擊一半時再回師反擊，這樣就有利。在“隘”形地域上，我們應該搶先占領，並用重兵封鎖隘口，以等待敵人的到來；如果敵人已先占據了隘口，並用重兵把守，我們就不要去進攻；如果敵人沒有用重兵據守隘口，那麽就可以進攻。在“險”形地域上，如果我軍先敵占領，就必須控製開闊向陽的高地，以等待敵人來犯；如果敵人先我占領，就應該率軍撤離，不要去攻打它。在“遠”形地域上，敵我雙方地勢均同，就不宜去挑戰，勉強求戰，很是不利。以上六點，是利用地形的原則。這是將帥的重大責任所在，不可不認真考察研究。
【原文】凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走；卒強吏弱，曰馳；吏強卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩；將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂；將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。
【譯文】軍隊打敗仗有“走”、“馳”、“陷”、“崩”、“亂”、“北”六種情況。這六種情況的發生，不是天時地理的災害，而是將帥自身的過錯。地勢均同的情況下，以一擊十而導致失敗的，叫做“走”。士卒強捍，軍官懦弱而造成失敗的，叫做“馳”。將帥強悍，士卒儒弱而失敗的，叫做“陷”。偏將怨仇不服從指揮，遇到敵人擅自出戰，主將又不了解他們能力，因而失敗的，叫做“崩”。將帥懦弱缺乏威嚴，治軍沒有章法，官兵關係混亂緊張，列兵布陣雜亂無常，因此而致敗的，叫做“亂”。將帥不能正確判斷敵情，以少擊眾，以弱擊強，作戰又沒有精銳先鋒部隊，因而落敗的，叫做“北”。以上六種情況，均是導致失敗的原因。這是將帥的重大責任之所在，是不可不認真考察研究的。
【原文】夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵製勝，計險隘遠近，上將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利於主，國之寶也。
【譯文】地形是用兵打仗的輔助條件。正確判斷敵情，考察地形險易，計算道路遠近，這是高明的將領必須掌握的方法，懂得這些道理去指揮作戰的，必定能夠勝利；不了解這些道理去指揮作戰的，必定失敗。所以，根據分析有必勝把握的，即使國君主張不打，堅持打也是可以的；根據分析沒有必勝把握的，即使國君主張打，不打也是可以的。所以，戰不謀求勝利的名聲，退不回避失利的罪責，隻求保全百姓，符合國君利益，這樣的將帥，才是國家的寶貴財富。
【原文】視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。
【譯文】對待士卒象對待嬰兒，士卒就可以同他共患難：對待士卒象對待自己的兒子，士卒就可以跟他同生共死。如果對士卒厚待卻不能使用，溺愛卻不能指揮，違法而不能懲治，那就如同驕慣了的子女，是不可以用來同敵作戰的。隻了解自己的部隊可以打，而不了解敵人不可打，取勝的可能隻有一半；隻了解敵人可以打，而不了解自己的部隊不可以打，取勝的可能也隻有一半。知道敵人可以打，也知道自己的部隊能打，但是不了解地形不利於作戰，取勝的可能性仍然隻有一半。所以，懂得用兵的人，他行動起來不會迷惑，他的戰術變化無窮。
【原文】故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。
【譯文】所以說：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。
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