間接引語 reported speech (zt)

Reported speech refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

• If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.

  For example:

  • He said the test was difficult.
  • She said she watched TV every day.
  • Jack said he came to school every day.
• If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.

  For example:

  • He says the test is difficult.
  • She has said that she watches TV every day.
  • Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
• If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained.

  For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.

Changing Pronouns and Time Expressions

When changing from direct speech to reported speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.

For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children."BECOMESShe said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show."BECOMESJack said his wife had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time expressions when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.

For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow."BECOMESShe said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday."BECOMESJack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Reported Questions

When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.

For example:

• She asked, "Do you want to come with me?"BECOMESShe asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?"BECOMESDave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, "Why are you studying English?"BECOMESShe asked me why I was studying English.

The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form.NoteSimple past, present perfect, and past perfectallchange to past perfect in the reported form.

Check your understanding with this reported speech quiz:

Common Reported Speech Transformations

He said, "I live in Paris."	He said he lived in Paris.
He said, "I am cooking dinner."	He said he was cooking dinner.
He said, "I have visited London twice."	He said he had visited London twice.
He said, "I went to New York last week."	He said he had gone to New York the week before.
He said, "I had already eaten."	He said he had already eaten.
He said, "I am going to find a new job."	He said he was going to find a new job.
He said, "I will give Jack a call."	He said he would give Jack a call.

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• Thanks for sharing. -EnLearner- ♂ (0 bytes) () 08/01/2012 postreply 20:13:31