有聲讀物：《孫子兵法 6》The Art of War Chapter 11
XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.
3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.
12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.
14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.
15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.
16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.
17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.
22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.
25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.
26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.
28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both.
30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground
32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.
33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question involving the proper use of ground.
34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.
35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.
36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he is going.
40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the business of the general.
41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.
42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.
47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.
49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.
50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.
52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.
53. To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.
54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.
56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.
57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.
58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.
59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.
60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.
61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.
64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.
65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.
68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.
十一 九地篇
孫子曰：
用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地者，為散地；入人之地不深者，為輕地；我得亦利，彼得亦利者，為爭地；我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地；諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地；入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地；山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為泛地；所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地；疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，交地則無絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，泛地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。
古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而動，不合於利而止。敢問敵眾而整將來，待之若何曰：先奪其所愛則聽矣。兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
凡為客之道，深入則專。主人不克，掠於饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿勞，並氣積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。
投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死無所之。
吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡壽也。令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤，投之無所往，諸、劌之勇也。故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問兵可使如率然乎？曰可。夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟而遇風，其相救也如左右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；齊勇如一，政之道也；剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。
將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治，能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知；易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂其途，使民不得慮。帥與之期，如登高而去其梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機。若驅群羊，驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之於險，此謂將軍之事也。
九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。
凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也；四徹者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地也；背固前隘者，圍地也；無所往者，死地也。
是故散地吾將一其誌，輕地吾將使之屬，爭地吾將趨其後，交地吾將謹其守，交地吾將固其結，衢地吾將謹其恃，重地吾將繼其食，泛地吾將進其途，圍地吾將塞其闕，死地吾將示之以不活。
故兵之情：圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。
是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導，不能得地利。四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，則其城可拔，其國可隳。
施無法之賞，懸無政之令。犯三軍之眾，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以害，勿告以利。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷於害，然後能為勝敗。
故為兵之事，在順詳敵之意，並敵一向，千裏殺將，是謂巧能成事。是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使，厲於廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期，踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故始如處女，敵人開戶；後如脫兔，敵不及拒。
十一、九地篇譯文
【原文】孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地，為散地。入人之地而不深者，為輕地。我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地。我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地。諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下之眾者，為衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地。行山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為圮地。所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地。疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，交地則無絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。
【譯文】孫子說：根據用兵的原則，戰地有散地、輕地、爭地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、圍地、死地等多種。諸侯在自己領地內作戰，這種戰地稱為散地。進入敵境不遠的戰地，稱為輕地。我先占領於我有利，敵先占領於敵有利，此為爭地。我可以前往，敵人也可以進來，此為交地。多國交界，先得到便容易取得天下支持的，為衢地。入敵境縱深，穿過敵境許多城邑的地方，稱為重地。山森、險阻、沼澤等大凡難行的地方，稱為圮地。進入的道路狹隘，回歸的道路迂遠，敵人以少數兵力便可抗擊我大部隊的地方，稱為圍地。迅速奮戰便可生存，不迅速奮戰就會滅亡的為死地。因而，在散地不宜交戰；在輕地不要停留；在爭地，敵若占據，不可進攻；在衢地則注意結交諸侯；在重地，則掠取資糧；在圮地則迅速通過；在圍地則巧設計謀；在死地則殊死奮戰。
【原文】 所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而動，不合於利而止。敢問：敵眾整而將來，待之若何？曰：先奪其所愛，則聽矣。兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
【譯文】 通常人們稱讚的古代善於用兵的人，能使敵人前後不相連續，大部隊與小部隊無法相依恃，官與兵無法相救援，上下級無法相統屬，士卒離散而不能集合，即使集合也無法統一行動。符合自己的利益就立即行動，不符合自己利益就停止行動。或許有人問：“敵軍甚眾，且又整肅，將向我進攻，我該如何對付它？”回答是：先幹掉敵人所珍愛所依恃的方麵，那麽，敵人就被動屈從了。用兵的情理是以神速為主，乘敵人措手不及的時機，經由敵人料想不到的道路，攻擊敵人未加戒備的地方。
【原文】 凡為客之道，深入則專，主人不克；掠於饒野，三軍足食；謹養而勿勞，並氣積力；運兵計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北，死焉不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼；無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡壽也。令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤。投之無所往者，諸、劌之勇也。
【譯文】 大凡進入敵國境內作戰的一般規律是：深入敵人腹地，士卒們心誌專一，敵人不能戰勝我；掠奪敵人富饒的鄉野，三軍的糧食給養就充足了；認真養練部隊，不使他們疲勞，鼓舞士氣，積聚力量；部署兵力，設計謀略，要使敵無法測知我方虛實、意圖；把士卒置於無路可走的境地，至死也不會敗退，死都不怕，士卒自然人人盡力作戰。士卒真正深陷危亡之境就無所畏懼；無路可走時反而軍心穩固；入敵境縱深之地，士卒自然依附而不敢渙散；在不得已的情況下，必然會拚死戰鬥。因而，在這種情況下，軍隊不用整治，也會加強戒備；不用征求，下情自然上達；不用約束，也能親和互助；不用申令也能遵紀守法；迷信活動自然停止，士兵也不再疑慮，至死也不會逃逸。士卒們不留多餘的財物 ，不是他們厭惡財物；士卒們不顧生命危險，不是他們不想活命。作戰命令發布的時候，士卒們坐著的淚濕衣襟，仰臥的淚流滿麵，一旦把他們置於無路可走的境地時，便都有專諸、曹劌一般的勇敢了。
【原文】故善用兵者，譬如率然；率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問：兵可使如率然乎？曰：可。夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟，遇風，其相救也如左右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；齊勇若一，政之道也；剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。
【譯文】 善於用兵的人，他指揮的部隊就如“率然”一樣。“率然”，是常山的一種蛇。擊它的頭部，它的尾部彈過來救應，擊它的尾部，它的頭部彈過來救應，擊它的腰部，它的頭尾一齊彈過來救應。或問：軍隊可指揮得像率然一樣嗎？回答是 可以。吳人與越人是相互仇視的，當他們同船過渡突遇大風時，他們相互救助起來如同左右手。因此，縛馬埋輪，是不足以倚恃的穩定軍陣的辦法；三軍嚴整、勇敢如一人，靠的是治軍有方；勇敢的人和怯弱的人都得以發揮其戰鬥力，靠的是巧妙地運用地形。古代善於用兵的人，能使部隊攜手如同一個人一樣服從指揮，是將部隊置於不得已的情況下形成的。
【原文】 將軍之事：靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知。易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。帥與之期，如登高而去其梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地而發其機，焚舟破釜，若驅群羊，驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之於險，此謂將軍之事也。九地之變，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察。
【譯文】 統帥軍隊這種事，要沉著鎮靜而幽密深邃，公平嚴正而整肅有方，能蒙蔽士卒的耳目，使他們無知。常改變所行之事，常變更所設之謀，使人無法識破用意；駐紮常變地方，行軍常迂回繞道，使人無法捉摸真實意圖。將帥給部隊下達戰鬥命令，像登高抽去梯子一樣，使士卒有進無退；將帥與士卒深入諸侯重地，捕捉戰機，發起攻勢，焚舟毀橋，砸爛鍋灶，像驅趕群羊一樣，趕過去，趕過來，沒有誰明白到底要到哪裏去。聚集三軍之眾，將他們置於危險的境地，這就是領兵作戰的職責。各種地形的靈活運用，攻守進退的利害關係，士卒在不同環境中的心理變化規律，不能不認真加以考察。
【原文】 凡為客之道：深入則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也；四達者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地也；背固前隘者，圍地也；無所往者，死地也。是故散地，吾將一其誌；輕地，吾將使之屬；爭地，吾將趨其後；交地，吾將謹其守；衢地，吾將固其結；重地，吾將繼其食；圮地，吾將進其途；圍地，吾將塞其闕；死地，吾將示之以不活。故兵之情：圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。
【譯文】 大凡進入敵國作戰的規律是：進入敵境越深，軍心越專一 越淺，士卒越容易離散。離開本土穿越邊境去敵國作戰的地方，稱為絕地 四通八達的戰地為衢地 進入敵境縱深的地方叫重地；進入敵境不遠的地方叫輕地 背靠險固前路狹窄的地方叫圍地 無路可走的地方叫死地。因此，在散地，我將很好地統一士卒心誌，在輕地，我將注意使部隊保持連續 遇爭地，我將緊緊地從後驅趕部隊快速前進 在交地，我就要謹慎地加強防守 在衢地，我將鞏固與加強同諸侯國的聯係；在重地，我將注意保證軍需糧餉的不斷供應；在圮地，我將率部迅速通過；在圍地，我將堵住可逃生的缺口；在死地，我將向士卒表示必死的決心。士兵的心理變化規律是：被包圍就會合力抵禦，不得已時就會殊死奮戰，陷於深重危難境地就非常聽從指揮。
【原文】 是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，故其城可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞，懸無政之令，犯三軍之眾，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷於害，然後能為勝敗。故為兵之事，在於順詳敵之意，並敵一向，千裏殺將，此謂巧能成事者也。
【譯文】 不清楚各諸侯國企圖的人，不能參與外交，不熟悉山林、險阻、沼澤等地形及其運用原則的人，不能領軍作戰；不用向導的人，得不到有利的地形，類似這四五個方麵的事，有一個方麵不知道，就不能算霸王的軍隊。所謂霸王的軍隊，攻伐大國，迅猛得使敵國無法及時調動民眾與集結軍隊；兵威指向敵人，那麽敵人的外交就無法成功。因而，不必爭著與任何國家結交，也不隨便培植他國的權威，多多施恩於自己的民眾、士卒，把兵刃指向敵國，那麽，敵國城池可拔，國都可毀。實行破格的獎賞，頒發非常的政令，驅使三軍部隊像使喚一個人一樣。授以任務，不說明意圖；告訴他有利的條件，不告訴他危險的一麵。把士卒投入危亡境地，士卒才會拚死奮戰獲得生存，士卒陷於死地，必然舍命奮戰以求生。兵士們陷入危險境地，才能主動地奮力奪取勝利。領兵作戰這種事，就在於假裝順著敵人的意圖，我則集中精銳兵力指向敵人一處，哪怕奔襲千裏也可斬殺敵將，這便是通常說的機智能成就大事。
【原文】 是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使，厲於廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵人開闔，必亟入之。先其所愛，微與之期。踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故始如處女，敵人開戶，後如脫兔，敵不及拒。
【譯文】 決定實施戰爭的時候，就封鎖關口，廢除通行憑證，停止與敵國的使節往來。在廟堂上反複研討，製定戰爭計劃。敵人出現可乘之隙，一定馬上攻入，首先奪取敵人所心愛的部位，不要與敵約期決戰。執行作戰計劃一定要隨敵情變化而靈活處置，來爭取戰爭的勝利。因而，開始要像處女一般沉靜，使敵人放鬆戒備；然後突然發動攻擊，如同脫逃的兔子一般敏捷，使敵人來不及抗拒
