4. Liver Function Tests(肝功能檢查):
Standard Liver Panel (標準肝功能檢查):
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
Albumin (Alb) | 白蛋白 | 3.5--5.0 g/dL | 35--50 g/L |
Alanine transaminase (ALT) or (SGPT) | 穀丙轉氨酶/穀氨酸轉氨酶 | 9--60 U/L | 9--60 U/L |
Aspartate transaminase (AST) or(SGOT) | 天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶 | 10--40 U/L | 10--40 U/L |
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 堿性磷酸酶 | 30--120 U/L | 30--120 U/L |
Total bilirubin (TBIL) | 總膽紅素 | 0.1--1.2 mg/dL | 1.7--20.4 µmol/L |
Direct bilirubin | 直接膽紅素 | 0--0.3 mg/dL | 0--5.1 µmol/L |
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) | γ-穀氨酰轉肽酶 | 0--51 U/L | 0--51 U/L |
5. Protein Tests(蛋白質檢查):
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
Human serum albumin | 人血白蛋白 | 3.5--5.0 g/dL | 35--50 g/L |
Serum total protein | 血清總蛋白 | 6.5--8.5 g/dL | 65--85 g/L |
6. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)(綜合代謝檢查):
是一組有十四項的常規血液化學檢查。BMP(八項)+ Protein Tests(Human serum albumin,Serum total protein)+ Liver Function Tests(ALP,ALT,AST,Bilirubin)。目的是檢查肝腎功能、電解質和體液平衡。具體請看1. BMP, 4. Liver Function Tests 和 5. ProteinTests 表裏相關的值,這裏不再列表贅述。
7. Iron Tests(檢查血中的鐵):
是測定血中鐵的含量、血液運輸鐵的能力和鐵的儲存量。用於各型貧血的鑒別診斷(如:缺鐵性貧血、再生障礙性貧血、鐵粒幼紅細胞貧血和慢性溶血性貧血等)。需空腹12小時抽靜脈血檢查。
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
Serum iron | 血清鐵(血液內遊離的鐵離子) | Male: 65-177 μg/dL; | Male: 11.6-31.7 µmol/L; Female: 9.0-30.4 μmol/L |
TIBC(Total iron-binding capacity) | 血清總鐵結合力/血清運鐵容量 | 240--450 µg/dL | 43.0--80.6 µmol/L |
UIBC(Unsaturated iron-binding capacity) | 未飽和鐵結合力 | The UIBC is calculated by subtracting the serum iron from the TIBC. | UIBC= TIBC- Serum iron |
Transferrin saturation (= Serum iron/ TIBC) | 運鐵蛋白飽和度 | Male: 20-50%; Female: 15-50% | |
Serum Ferritin | 血清鐵蛋白(血液內結合狀態的鐵,檢查體內鐵缺乏的最靈敏的指標) | Males: 20--250 ng/mL; Females: 12--250 ng/mL | Males: 20--250 µg/L; Females: 12--250 µg/L |
8. Lipid profile(Lipid panel)(血脂檢查) :
高血脂增加心血管疾病的風險。需空腹12小時抽靜脈血檢查。
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
Total cholesterol | 總膽固醇 | recommended <200 mg/dL; moderate risk 200--239 mg/dL; high risk >240 mg/dL. | <5.2 mmol/L; 5.2--6.2 mmol/L; >6.24 mmol/L |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (good cholesterol ) | 高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (好膽固醇) | major risk factor <40 mg/dL; negative risk factor >59 mg/dL | x 0.026=mmol/L |
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (bad cholesterol ) | 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (壞膽固醇) | recommended <129 mg/dL; moderate risk 130--159 mg/dL; high risk >159 mg/dL. | x 0.026=mmol/L |
Triglycerides | 三酸甘油酯/甘油三酯 | recommended 30--149 mg/dL (<160) | x 0.011=mmol/L |
9.Thyroid function test(甲狀腺功能檢查):
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range in SI Units | Interpretation |
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)/Serum thyrotropin | 甲狀腺刺激激素/促甲狀腺素 | 0.4--6 mIU/L 0.3 to 3.0 mIU/L(as of 2003 ) | 0.4--6 mIU/L | <0.4(低) ---possible hyperthyroidism(甲亢) ; >6(高) ---hypothyroidism(甲減). Note: the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists has revised these guidelines as of early 2003, narrowing the range to .3 to 3.0. |
T3 / Serum triiodothyronine | 血清三碘甲狀腺素 | 80 to 220 ng/dL | 1.23--3.39 nmol/L | <80(低)---hypothyroidism(甲減); >220(高)---Pregnancy,hyperthyroidism(甲亢) |
Total T4 / Serum thyroxine | 血清甲狀腺素 | 4.5--12.5 µg/dL | 58.5--162.5 nmol/L | <4.5 can be indicative of an underfunctioning thyroid when TSH is also elevated. >12.5(高)---hyperthyroidism(甲亢). Low T4 with low TSH can sometimes indicate a pituitary problem. |
Free T4 / Free Thyroxine | 遊離甲狀腺 | 0.7 to 2.0 ng/dL | 9.0--25.8 pmol/L | <0.7 ---possible hypothyroidism(甲減) |
10.Clotting factor(凝血因子):
test | 中文 | Reference range | Clinical significance |
Prothrombin time | 凝血酶原時間 | 12–15 seconds | Prolonged by deficiency of factors I,II,V,VII, and X, fat malabsorption, severe liver disease, coumadin anticoagulant therapy. |
INR (international normalized ratio ) | 國際標準化比值 | 1.0 2--3 for therapy in atrial fibrilation,deep vein thrombosis,and pulmonary embolism; 2.5--3.5 for therapy in prosthetic heart valves | INR used to standardize the prothrombin time and anticoagulation therapy. |
Partial thromboplastin time (activated) | 活化部分凝血激酶時間 | 25--30 seconds | Prolonged in deficiency of fibrinogen,factors II,V,VIII, IX,X,XI, and XII,and in heparin therapy. |
Thrombin time | 凝血酶時間 | 10--15 seconds | Prolonged by heparin, fibrin degradation products, lupus anticoagulant. |
11.Cardiac marker(心髒病指標) :
雖然仍有醫院、有醫生在做CPK-MB test,但這裏隻介紹一個目前被認為是檢測急性心肌梗塞(Acute Myocardial Infarction)最靈敏的檢測法---Troponin test (Troponin I onset: 4-6 hrs, peak: 12-24 hrs, return to normal: 4-7 days).
Troponin I Reference Range | Interpretation (判讀) |
0.00--0.09 | Normal |
0.10--0.60 | Possible indication of myocardial damage, unstale angina, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, cardiac surgery or invasive testing. Clinical correlation is required. |
>0.60 | May indicate significant myocardial injury. Clinical correlation is required. |
12.Cancer marker(癌症指標):
test | 中文 | Reference range | Clinical significance |
AFP (Alpha fetoprotein) | 甲胎蛋白 | <10 µg/L | Often elevated in liver cancers (hepatocellular) and testicular cancers (non-seminomatous). Raised levels are also present during pregnancy or some gastrointestinal cancers. |
CA 15-3 | CA 15-3 | <30 IU/L | Increased in metastatic breast. Raised levels are also present in other non-malignant conditions (eg. cirrhosis, benign diseases of ovaries & breast). |
CA 19-19 | CA 19-19 | <37 IU/L | Increased in pancreatic,hepatobiliary,gastric,and colorectal cancer,gallstones .Its level is best evaluated along with CEA marker test. |
CA125 | CA125 | <35 IU/L | Increased in colon, upper gastrointestinal(GI),ovarian, and other gynecologic cancers; during menstruation,pregnancy or individuals with ovarian cysts,pericarditis,hepatitis,cirrhosis of the liver or peritonitis. |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | 癌胚抗原 | 0-2.5 µg/L(nonsmoker); 0-5 µg/L(smoker) | CEA was first identified in colon cancer. Elevated CEA levels are found in a variety of cancers other than colonic, including pancreatic, gastric, lung, and breast. It is also detected in benign conditions including cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic lung disease, and pancreatitis. |
PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) | 前列腺特異性抗原 | 0-4 ng/ml | PSA is prostate-specific, not cancer-specific. A variety of conditions can raise PSA levels: prostatitis (prostate inflammation), benign prostatic hypertrophy (prostate enlargement), and prostate cancer. |
*本係列專為新移民而寫。都是網友發QQH到我的信箱裏常問的問題。因悄悄話的版麵有限,把答複的內容寫在自己的博客裏,並公開貼在健康養生壇裏。到目前為止已完成六篇。感謝網友、健康壇版主和親愛的網管大人的熱心支持(上半部分未完成時已被貼出),這一集分上下兩部分。這是最費時費力的一篇---要製表,要核對數據和單位。無高深的醫學知識,隻是把它們歸類整理出來,供參考之用。但請參照自己的檢驗報告裏的正常範圍,因為各實驗室的檢驗方法和儀器會有誤差,而且需要醫生結合你的情況來判讀你的檢驗結果。千萬不要隻看到自己的某一項指標偏高就心慌了---單方麵一個指標的偏高有時是沒有臨床意義的。請谘詢你的醫生,由醫生來下結論。
謝謝大家,特別是給我留QQH的網友的信任。下一篇的題目是:各種疼痛的英文表達(5th vital sign---pain)(也是一網友要求的。盡量一星期後完成。)*