陰道感染的種類、治療與預防---給健康壇的女性朋友們

來源: 閩姑於 2009-04-14 15:36:48 [檔案] [博客] [舊帖] [給我悄悄話] 本文已被閱讀：次 (14255 bytes)

本文內容已被 [ 閩姑 ] 在 2009-04-14 15:57:35 編輯過。如有問題，請報告版主或論壇管理刪除.

陰道感染（vaginal infection, also called vaginitis）

陰道感染，亦稱陰道炎，是陰道受到刺激，導致陰道排出物發生變化、陰道搔癢、異味和其它症狀。大多數婦女都有陰道排出物。陰道排出物保持陰道清潔和濕潤。正常的排出物稍有氣味，應該是無色、白色或黃色。陰道排出物幹燥後，可能在內褲上留下黃色的痕跡。大約在兩次月經的中間，有幾天的陰道排出物可能量多、無色、濕滑。這時是卵巢的排卵期。

1.症狀：

發生陰道感染時，可能會有以下一種或多種症狀﹕

---陰道排出物的數量、顏色或氣味發生變化
---陰道周圍搔癢或灼痛
---排尿時有灼痛
---尿意頻繁
---陰道口潰瘍或長疣
--- 性交疼痛
--- 畏寒或發燒
---胃或腹部疼痛、痙攣

如果有任何感染症狀，應立即致電醫生。醫生會進行檢查，確定屬於何種感染。
To diagnose your condition, your doctor may review your history of vaginal infections or sexually transmitted diseases and conduct a pelvic examination. Your doctor may take a sample（Culture swabs） of a cervical or vaginal discharge for laboratory analysis. This sample can confirm what kind of vaginitis you have. Your urine sample or blood sample may be collected as well if needed.

2.陰道感染的種類：

1）黴菌性感染：
黴菌性感染是由真菌引起的。陰道排出物很粘稠，呈白色，外觀象起士（cottage cheese）。有濃重的氣味，但並非惡臭。黴菌性感染可導致陰道搔癢。
The main symptom is itching, but you may have a white, thick discharge that resembles cottage cheese.

2）細菌性陰道炎（BV=Bacterial vaginosis）：
此類陰道感染由糞便內的細菌所導致。陰道排出物為水樣，呈灰色，量多，有惡臭。排尿時可能疼痛，陰道周圍搔癢。
You may develop a grayish-white, foul-smelling discharge. The odor, often described as fish-like, may be more obvious after sexual intercourse.

3）萎縮性陰道炎：
陰道變薄和萎縮，導致此類感染。停經後、生產或哺乳期雌性素水平低，可能發生萎縮性陰道炎。萎縮性陰道炎可導致排出物、搔癢和灼痛。排尿和性交可能困難和疼痛。

4）滴蟲性陰道炎：
“滴蟲病”是一種由寄生蟲引起的性傳播感染。可能出現陰道排出物量大，有異味，陰道搔癢，性交疼痛，排尿疼痛。有些婦女沒有症狀。如果伴侶不同時接受治療，可能會重複感染。
This infection can cause a greenish yellow, sometimes frothy discharge.

3.診治：

如果任何感染症狀，應立即去看醫生。治療方法﹕

1）藥物：
---遵醫囑咐服完所有藥物。藥物服完前，即使排出物消失，感染可能仍存在。

---黴菌性感染Yeast infections. Yeast infections usually are treated with an antifungal cream or suppository, such as miconazole (Monistat) and clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin). Yeast infections may also be treated with an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole (Diflucan). The advantages of over-the-counter treatment for a yeast infection are convenience, cost and not having to wait to see your doctor. The catch is you may be treating something other than a yeast infection. It's possible to mistake a yeast infection for other types of vaginitis or other conditions that need different treatment. Using the wrong medicine may delay a proper diagnosis and the most appropriate treatment, and can lead to complications.

---細菌性陰道病Bacterial vaginosis. For this type of vaginitis, your doctor may prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel) or clindamycin (Cleocin) as tablets or vaginal gels or creams.

--- 滴蟲性陰道炎Trichomoniasis. Your doctor may prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl) tablets. Both sex partners are treated with the medicine even if they do not have signs of the disease.

---萎縮性陰道炎Atrophic vaginitis. Estrogen, in the form of vaginal creams, tablets or rings, can effectively treat atrophic vaginitis. This treatment is available by prescription from your doctor.

---非感染性陰道炎Noninfectious vaginitis. To treat this type of vaginitis, you need to pinpoint the source of the irritation and avoid it. Possible sources include new soap, laundry detergent, sanitary napkins or tampons.

***You'll need prescription medication to treat trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis and atrophic vaginitis. ***
（除了黴菌性感染有OTC藥可買以外，你必需有醫生的處方來治療細菌性陰道炎、滴蟲性陰道炎和萎縮性陰道炎。）

***If you know you have a yeast infection, you may go ahead with treatment on your own, taking these steps:
---Use an over-the-counter medication specifically for yeast infections. Options include one-day, three-day or seven-day courses of cream or vaginal suppositories. The active ingredient in these products is clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin), miconazole (Monistat) or tioconazole (Vagistat). Some products also come with an external cream to apply to the labia and opening of the vagina. Follow package directions and complete the entire course of treatment even if you're feeling better right away.

---Apply a cold compress, such as a washcloth, to the labial area to ease discomfort until the antifungal medication takes full effect. ***

2）洗澡
--- 每天盆浴或淋浴，洗淨外陰。
---盡量保持外陰部位幹燥。穿棉製內衣。
3）衛生墊
---如果排出物量大，使用衛生墊。
---切勿使用衛生棉條來吸收排出物。

有些陰道感染可能通過性接觸而傳播，因此患者和患者的伴侶有可能需要同時接受治療。請向醫生詢問自己的伴侶是否需要接受治療。如果醫生要求複查，務必預約時間接受複查。

4.預防陰道感染：

如果陰道感染反複發作，應試用下列預防措施：

1）避免細菌從直腸傳播到陰道。大便後，自前向後擦拭，避免接觸陰道。
2）洗淨陰唇，盡量保持外陰幹燥。
3）避免使用刺激性的肥皂或洗滌劑、女用衛生噴霧、帶香味的衛生紙或帶香味的衛生棉條。
4）用熱肥皂水衝洗並清幹淨避孕膜和殺精劑施藥器。（Clean diaphragms and spermicidal applicators with hot soapy water and rinse well.）
5）切勿盥洗陰道。（Do not douche.）
---盥洗陰道可能會洗走良性細菌，導致陰道感染增加。（Using a douche can wash away good bacteria and cause you to have more vaginal infections.）
---月經期間，陰道排出物的氣味可能有變化，這是正常現象。如果有無法洗去的異味，須谘詢醫生或護士。
--- 性交後盥洗陰道並不能防止懷孕。
---盥洗陰道會增加盆腔發炎性疾病的發生率。
6）避免穿緊身長褲、遊泳褲或沒有純棉褲襠的褲襪和其它透氣性不佳的衣物。
7）切勿自行治療。自行治療隻會加劇問題。
8）應該使用安全套來預防感染性傳播疾病（STD）。

如果有任何疑問或擔心，請谘詢醫生或護士。

Question1：Are there any effective home remedies for vaginal yeast infections?
Answer：from Sandhya Pruthi, M.D.
from Vaginal yeast infections: Are home remedies effective?

A number of natural products purport to prevent or cure vaginal yeast infections — a form of vaginitis — without prescription medication. Some popular home remedies include vinegar douches, tea tree oil cream, and vaginal suppositories made with garlic or boric acid.

Anecdotally, some women report success with these home remedies. However, well-designed, randomized, controlled trials would be needed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of these therapies before any reliable clinical recommendations can be made.

One exception may be Lactobacillus acidophilus, a type of beneficial bacteria normally found in the vagina. One study found that vaginal suppositories containing L. acidophilus did improve symptoms of vaginal yeast infections. However, other studies of oral preparations of L. acidophilus found little benefit.

Question2：Is it OK to douche?
Answer：from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_infections/page10_em.htm

Because conventional treatments for vaginal yeast infections — including antifungal creams and suppositories — are generally effective, it's probably best to use such treatments instead of home remedies.

---Because the chemical balance of the vagina is very sensitive, it is best to let the vagina clean itself. The vagina takes care of cleaning itself naturally through secretions of mucus. Warm water and gentle, unscented soap during the bath or shower is the best way to clean the outside areas of the vagina. Products like feminine hygiene soaps, powders and sprays are not necessary, and may be harmful.

---Douching is rinsing or cleaning out the vagina by squirting water or other solutions (such as vinegar, baking soda, or douching solutions you can buy at drug and grocery stores) into the vagina. The water or solutions are held in a bottle and squirted into the vagina through tubing and a nozzle. Although douching is a common practice among women in the United States, health care providers do not recommend douching to clean the vagina. Douching changes the delicate chemical balance in the vagina, which can make you more likely to develop a vaginal infection. Research shows that women who douche regularly tend to have more problems such as vaginal infections than women who do not douche or who rarely douche.

（感謝姐妹們對我的信任，因為讀了我回xiaofeng_44106的問貼，這幾天陸陸續續地收到悄悄話詢問有關婦科保健的問題。先要聲明一下，我不是醫生，而是個護士。今天查了網頁，收集了這些資料。對我來說也是一次學習。希望此帖能提供一些基本的常識，讓大家心中有數。平時注重個人衛生、預防保健為主。有疑問或症狀嚴重時，請看醫生或婦科醫生確診，不要拖延、不要自己亂治。再次謝謝大家的信任，祝各位美麗、健康！）

參考資料：
1.http://www.healthinfotranslations.org/pdfDocs/Vaginal_Infection-CHS.pdf（中英文對照）
2.Vaginal-Infection（英文）