癡

 

 

癡

 

民主自由難可知，君臣世代賤民悲。

九州稱帝思權術，孤島維新見作為。

若互通明憲章立，何偏殘暴斷頭時。

先賢希臘皆參透，一介書生到底癡。

 

 

The Kyklos (Ancient Greek: κ?κλος, IPA: [kýklos], "cycle") is a term used by some classical Greek authors to describe what they saw as the political cycle of governments in a society. It was roughly based on the history of Greek city-statesin the same period. The concept of "The Kyklos" is first elaborated in Plato's Republic, chapters VIII and IX. Polybiuscalls it the anakyklosis or "anacyclosis".[1]

According to Polybius, who has the most fully developed version of the cycle, it rotates through the three basic forms of government, democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy and the three degenerate forms of each of these governments ochlocracy, oligarchy, and tyranny. Originally society is in ochlocracy but the strongest figure emerges and sets up a monarchy. The monarch's descendants, who because of their family's power lack virtue, become despots and the monarchy degenerates into a tyranny. Because of the excesses of the ruler the tyranny is overthrown by the leading citizens of the state who set up an aristocracy. They too quickly forget about virtue and the state becomes an oligarchy. These oligarchs are overthrown by the people who set up a democracy. Democracy soon becomes corrupt and degenerates into ochlocracy, beginning the cycle anew.