2018/8/13 (網圖)
在西方文學史上,猜謎語(Riddles)的曆史源遠流長;精通八國語言,尤其古代英語(450AD – 1100AD),甚至能夠完整地打造出自己的中土世界(Middle-Earth)語言 - Quenya的J.R.R. Tolkien在他的奇幻文學創作中采用Riddles的題材也就毫不出奇。
猜謎語的場景一般出現在兩相爭執的狀態中,主人公(Protagonist)和反麵角色(Antagonist)達成協議,他們將不用刀槍或揮拳頭扔石頭等來解決困境,而是用智慧來攤平道路。如J.R.R. Tolkien的the Hobbit,當Bilbo在地下岩洞Misty Mountains裏初遇Gollum時,Gollum同意Bilbo的請求:如果Bilbo回答出他的謎語,他將給Bilbo指一條出路;否則,就吃了Bilbo;Bilbo答應了,說:“Fair Enough”(很公平)。
下麵是Gollum和Bilbo之間猜的謎語和謎底,非常有趣。
The riddles of Bilbo and Gollum
Gollum:
What has roots as nobody sees,
Is taller than trees,
Up, up it goes,
And yet never grows?
[A mountain]
Bilbo:
Thirty white horses on a red hill,
First they champ,
Then they stamp,
Then they stand still.
[Teeth]
Gollum:
Voiceless it cries,
Wingless flutters,
Toothless bites,
Mouthless mutters.
[Wind]
Bilbo:
An eye in a blue face
Saw an eye in a green face.
"That eye is like to this eye"
Said the first eye,
"But in low place,
Not in high place."
[The sun]
Gollum:
It cannot be seen, cannot be felt,
Cannot be heard, cannot be smelt.
It lies behind stars and under hills,
And empty holes it fills.
It comes first and follows after,
Ends life, kills laughter.
[Dark]
Bilbo:
A box without hinges, key, or lid,
Yet golden treasure inside is hid.
[An egg]
Gollum:
Alive without breath,
As cold as death;
Never thirsty, ever drinking,
All in mail never clinking.
[Fish]
Bilbo:
No-legs lay on one-leg,
two-legs sat near on three-legs,
four-legs got some.
[Fish on a table,
man on a stool,
cat gets the scraps]
Gollum:
This thing all things devours:
Birds, beasts, trees, flowers;
Gnaws iron, bites steel;
Grinds hard stones to meal;
Slays king, ruins town,
And beats high mountain down.
[Time]
Gollum原名Smeagol,也是Hobbit人,屬於早先3支Hobbit部落中的一支—Stoor。有一天,Smeagol跟好朋友也是cousin Deagol出去劃船釣魚時,Deagol在水底撿到一個指環,這就是後麵“One Ring to Rule Them All”的指環王(the Lord of the Rings),Sméagol 殺了Déagol, 成為繼Sauron, Isildur 和Deagol之後的指環王第四位擁有人。後麵在岩洞裏,Bilbo撿到Gollum的One Ring,之後在Gandalf的要求下,不情願地把One Ring留給國自己的cousin Frodo, Frodo在the Fellowship和各路精靈地幫助下開始了漫長艱難的毀掉One Ring的曆險行程。
猜謎語是Hobbit人的愛好,在作者把Gollum第一次曾現在讀者麵前時,猜謎語這一場景淋漓盡致地表現了Gollum被One Ring控製的辛酸史。Gollum有兩麵性–-一是擁有One Ring前的Hobbit Smeagol:天真,快樂,享受生活(猜謎語時的專注神情可愛極了,為the Hobbit加分不少,也讓他成為文學史上非常生動可愛的一個反麵人物);還有被One Ring侵蝕後的Gollum,貪婪,孤獨,矛盾與絕望(手裏拿著石頭準備砸Bilbo,如果猜不出來的話)。Gollum生活的所有樂趣隻有One Ring,他是Frodo的未來版,如果Frodo手上的One Ring不被及時毀滅的話。在火山口Crack of Doom,最後關頭,Frodo也不想放掉手上的One Ring了,他對Sam說:“I have come, but I do not choose now to do what I came to do. I will not do the deed. The Ring is mine! ”
Frodo手上的One Ring是被動放棄的,Gollum最終還是跟蹤爬上Crack of Doom,他咬斷隱身人Frodo套著One Ring的手指,最終得到One Ring;由於興奮過度,他掉入萬丈深淵的火焰中,臨終還在叫喊著他的Precious One Ring:“Precious, Precious, Precious, my Precious”。
知道了Gollum的曆史後,我們就能深切體會到Gollum謎語背後的心境與處境。Goplum 在犯了謀殺罪擁有One Ring後眾叛親離,孤獨地在Misty Mountains地底岩洞裏生存了幾百年:我的生活裏沒有樹,沒有花,沒有朋友….當然,Gollum 非常狡猾,他能夠熟練地在Sméagol 和Gollum 之間遊刃有餘:打不過時,就是可憐的Gollum, 處境博人同情;一但贏了,就是要殺人的Sméagol, 對對手毫無憐憫。你看他在與Bilbo猜謎語的時候,無不隨時隨地尋找殺機。
Tolkien 的謎語運用隻是一種文化傳承;在西方文學史上,最早且最著名的謎語可能就是Sophocles在Oedipus Rex裏的Sphinx謎語了。
Question: What goes on four legs in the morning, one two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening? (什麽早上四條腿,中午兩條腿,晚上三條腿)
Answer: Man, who crawls on four legs as an infant, walks on two legs as an adult, and walks with a cane as an elderly citizen. (是人,嬰兒時四條腿爬,成年時兩條腿行走,老年時柱著拐棍緩刑。)
還有的謎語答案本身就是謎語,如Lewis Carroll的Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland。
Question: Why is a raven like a writing desk?
Answer 1by Sam Lloyd: Poe wrote on both.
Answer 2 by Aldous Huxley: Because there is ‘b’ in both and an ‘n’ in neither.
猜謎語用在故事情節的進展中,不僅僅顯示出身處困境中主人公的智慧,也讓作品本身妙趣橫生,顯示了創作者駕馭文字的能力與豐富的想象創造力。J.R.R. Tolkien 筆下Gollum和Bilbo之間的謎語,與眾多名家如莎士比亞,聖經等作品中的謎語一起,是西方文學史上熠熠生輝令人難忘的篇章。