Martyrdoms of the three Mary Queens (33)

(一) Mary, Queen of Scots

 (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication on 24 July 1567.In 1540, James Hamilton of Finnart was executed for conspiring with the Douglases to assassinate James V (1540年，芬納特的詹姆斯·漢密爾頓因與道格拉斯家族合謀刺殺詹姆斯五世而被處決)

           Mary Stuart's breviary

Mary Stuart was the only child of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was born on 8 December1542 at Linlithgow Palace in Lothian. Her father James V died six days later, making the infant Mary, queen of Scotland and the youngest monarch in history. By her remarkable beauty, with her tall, slender figure (she was about 5 feet 11 inches), her red-gold hair and amber-colored eyes, and her taste for music and poetry, Mary summed up the contemporary ideal of the Renaissance princess. (瑪麗·斯圖亞特是蘇格蘭國王詹姆斯五世和瑪麗·德·吉斯的獨生女。她於1542年12月8日出生於洛錫安的林利斯哥宮。六天後，她的父親詹姆斯五世駕崩，年幼的瑪麗成為蘇格蘭女王，也是曆史上最年輕的君主。她擁有驚人的美貌，身材高挑纖細（約1.8米），一頭紅金色的頭發，琥珀色的眼睛，以及對音樂和詩歌的熱愛，完美詮釋了文藝複興時期公主的理想形象。)

 

  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAEDQuCd880 

(二) Mary of Guise (Marie de Guise)

 (French: Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, was Queen of Scotland from 1538 until 1542, as the second wife of King James V. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6jtUCHrqMk 

Mary of Guise (French: Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine. Mary was born in Bar-le-Duc, Lorraine, France on 22 November 1515. She was born into the powerful and most prominent Catholic family in France.  Mary was the eldest daughter of her father Claude, Duke of Guise, and her mother Antoinette de Bourbon. She is described as having a striking figure with good looks, an unusual height, and red-gold hair. When Mary was five, she was godmother to her younger sister Louise. Not long afterward, she joined her grandmother Philippa of Guelders, , who lived in a convent in Northeastern France.  Marie would have received a religious education at the convent, and was well-prepared for her future.  She grew to be exceptionally tall by the standards of her time and reached a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 metres). When she was about 14 her uncle Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, and aunt Renée of Bourbon visited her. Impressed by their niece's qualities and stature, they took her away from the convent and prepared her for life at the French court. In 1531, Mary made her first appearance and debut at the wedding of Francis I and Eleanor of Austria. She established a friendship with the king's daughters Madeleine and Margaret. Through this firm link, Mary's friendship with the royals would become very important at the later stage of her life. 

Three years after Marie arrived at the French court, it seemed that her future was set. "Marie was a renowned beauty and endowed with wit and abundant charm – qualities which enabled her to shine at court ..." When she was 18, a marriage was arranged for her to Louis II d'Orleans, the Grand Chamberlain of France and the Duke of Longueville, on 4 August 1534, in the chapel of the Louvre Palace. He was five years her senior and it was reported that the couple were happy together. Despite the marriage only lasting for a mere three years following the death of the Duke on 9 June 1537, it was a blissful and fruitful union. The couple had two sons, François and Louis Their first son was born on 30 October 1535, and she was pregnant again by later 1536. Tragedy struck, though; Louis died after a short illness at Rouen on 9 June 1537 and left her a pregnant widow at the age of 21. Their second son, Louis, was born on 4 August 1537.  Her second son was named after his father, but only lived a few months after his birth. Marie would continue to remember her first husband throughout her life, and even saved the last letter that he sent to her.

Mary was young, attractive, and intelligent. During the latter half of 1537, Mary's popular reputation at the French court became ever more apparent as she was being considered as a marriage candidate for a union with the King of Scotland, James V. Despite the newly widowed King of England, Henry VIII, also seeking Mary's hand as his third wife, in Later 1537, Mary became the focus of marriage negotiations with James V of Scotland, who had lost his first wife, Madeleine of Valois, to tuberculosis, and wanted a second French bride to further the interests of the Franco-Scottish alliance. James V had noticed the attractions of Mary when he went to France to meet Madeleine and Mary of Bourbon, It is known that Mary had attended the wedding of James and Madeleine.
Henry VIII of England, whose third wife Jane Seymour had just died, also asked for Mary's hand. In December 1537, Henry VIII told Castillon, the French ambassador in London, that he was big in person and had need of a big wife. It is said that Mary was concerned for her safety at the hands of the English king, making a comment on her small neck as an excuse not to marry the man, a reference to his beheaded queen, Anne Boleyn. Mary herself dismissed Henry's proposal by referring to a comment made by his second consort, Anne Boleyn, prior to her execution by beheading on 19 May 1536 and stating, "I may be a big woman, but I have a very little neck."
The French king, Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547), wished to seal the 'Auld Alliance' between his kingdom and Scotland and so he arranged for Mary, still only 21, to marry the king of Scotland. Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547) had been another possibility, but that monarch's Improper record with his first two wives was hardly likely to instil confidence in Mary or Francis I. Eventually, Francis I of France decided that James would be the better match and  accepted James's proposal over Henry's and conveyed his wishes to Mary's father. The marriage contract was finalized in January 1538. Mary and James had met the previous year while James had stayed in France for eight months from September 1536 to May 1537.  He thought her attractive and now turned his attentions toward her in an effort to maintain French-Scottish relations Mary was actually a cousin of James'through the Gueldres (Mary's 外婆) line. Mary finally accepted the offer and made hurried plans for departure. 
The proxy wedding of James V and Mary of Guise was held on 9 May 1538 in the Sainte Chapelle at the Château de Châteaudun. Some 2,000 Scottish lords and barons came to France from Scotland aboard a fleet of ships under Lord Maxwell to attend. Lord Maxwell brought a diamond ring and stood as proxy for James V at the wedding ceremony on 9 May 1538. They travelled back to Scotland with Mary of Guise, who set sail from Le Havre on 10 June 1538,  and landed in Scotland six days later at Crail in Fife.  She was formally received by the king at St Andrews, and 2 days later the couple was married in person on June 18, 1538, at St Andrews Cathedral. She was crowned queen 2 years later on 22 February 1540 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh.
Marie did not know anything of the Scots language prior to landing in Scotland, but she learned her husband's language - something that would help her in the future.  James's mother Margaret Tudor wrote to her brother Henry VIII in July, "I trust she will prove a wise Princess. I have been much in her company, and she bears herself very honourably to me, with very good entertaining." Marie's new mother-in-law, Margaret of England, the daughter of Henry VII and sister of Henry VIII, became her new best friend. Marie also got along well with her husband.

  James V Stuart, King of Scots, and Marie of Guise-Lorrane

  James V Stuart, King of Scots, and Marie of Guise-Lorrane

                             

King James V of Scotland (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was just a toddler when his father, James IV died during the Battle of Flodden Field, making him the next King James of Scotland. He was the fourth child and only surviving legitimate son of James and his wife Margaret Tudor (sister of Henry VIII).  He was born on 10 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace and baptised the following day, receiving the title Duke of Rothesay. James V became king at just 17 months old when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513, and he was crowned on 21 September, becoming the seventh monarch of the Stuart Dynasty. Too young to rule, his mother ruled as regent for a spell. When she married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus the following year, she unknowingly forfeited her rights to rule as James V' regent. In her place, the king's uncle, John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany became regent.
Albany was pro-French, renewing the Auld Alliance that would promise James V a royal French bride. With French sentiments in Scotland strengthened, the king's mother fled to England and stayed there for some time. When Albany left Scotland on business, Margaret returned to Scotland and worked to eventually declare James free to rule without a regent. This agreement was made with the understanding that James would govern under the supervision of several Scottish lords, each taking a turn in overseeing the king V's power.
When it came time for James' step-father, Archibald Douglas to take his turn, he took James prisoner and ruled in his place. Several attempts were made to free the young king and he finally escaped to resume his power when he was 15 years old. One of his first acts as king was to exile the Douglas family. 

Due to the Auld Alliance, James V traveled to the French court, he met and eventually married Madeleine of Valois, the daughter of French King Francis I. She was frail and sickly from the time she was a child and her father refused at first to allow James to marry her. Finally convincing Francis to allow the marriage, they married at Notre-Dame de Paris on  January 1,  1537. However, Madeleine died on July 7 1537, only six months after the wedding and less than two months after arriving in Scotland, resulting in her nickname, the "Summer Queen",  without giving James V an heir.
James V was a keen lute 琵琶 player. In 1562, Sir Thomas Wood reported that James had "a singular good ear and could sing that he had never seen before" (sight-read), but his voice was "rawky" and "harske." At court, James maintained a band of Italian musicians who adopted the name Drummond. The French poet Pierre de Ronsard, who had been a page of Madeleine of Valois, offered unqualified praise: His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face, as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.  

                          

It didn't take long for Mary to give James a desired heir. They had two sons: James, Duke of Rothesay (born 22 May 1540 at St Andrews), and Robert, Duke of Albany (born and baptised on 12 April 1541);  however, both boys died just days after Robert was baptized they died 14 hours apart on 21 and 20 April, respectively, in 1541  when James was nearly one year old and Robert was nine days old. She thought a change of wet nurse (換奶媽) contributed. Less than a year later Mary was pregnant again The third and last child of the union was a daughter Mary Stuart, who was born on 8 December1542 at Linlithgow Palace in Lothian. James V died six days later, making the infant Mary, queen of Scotland and the youngest monarch in history.

King James V of Scotland died (應該是被John Knox 所謀殺, John Knox 和英軍裏應外合) on 14 December 1542 of a lingering 'fever' (perhaps dysentery 痢疾) at Falkland Palace. This disaster came 20 days after military defeat to an English army at the Battle of Solway Moss on November 24, 1542 . King James V did not join the battle due to the fever, and remained at Lochmaben Castle. The Scottish army was defeated, and the news of the loss worsened his condition, He was ill with a fever and in a state of nervous collapse following the news of the defeat caused by poor leadership among the Scottish forces who were outnumbered by the English.  Later in Falkland Palace, where he hearing his wife had given birth to a daughter (the future Mary Queen of Scots). 20 days after his army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. James V died of a "fever" at age 30 at Falkland Palace, having been king since he was 17 months old. James had left no male heirs and as a result, his infant daughter Mary, who was only six days old, inherited the throne and succeeded him, when she became known as Mary, Queen of Scots. Young Mary was crowned on 9 September 1543 in Stirling Castle.

Mary of Guise (French: Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine   

                    

The Eight Years' War

After Jame V's death, Mary of Guise continued to carry the Catholic torch in Scotland. Henry was still around and still thought he could marry Marie, but he also wanted his son, Edward, to marry Queen Mary. She had been trying to avoid Henry's matrimonial advances toward herself and her young daughter. By this time Henry had worked his way through two more wives and was still interested in adding Mary of Guise to that list. If that didn;t work, he wanted the young queen for his heir, Edward. Henry VIII'd  now again beheaded his 5th wife Catherine Howard (1524 – 13 February 1542),  so Mary of Guise was probably even less willing to marry him. She rejected him both times because she just didn't feel like marrying a guy who'd killed his wives!  Marie also decided that she didn't want her daughter to end up in Henry's court.  Henry VIII, like his predecessors, was ambitious to control Scotland. He tried  to use diplomacy and have his son Edward, the Prince of Wales, marry the young queen Mary. Mary of Guise rejected the offer. Henry was pretty angry about being rejected. When it became apparent that he would get neither, he initiated a war with Scotland, and "the Eight Years' War" was broken.

Henry VIII developed a plan of "the Treaty of Greenwich"on 1 July 1543 , included a marriage proposal between Edward VI of England and Mary, Queen of Scots. But  it was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 December 1543, Henry declared war to force the Scottish Parliament to agree to the planned marriage between Edward, who was six years old at the start of the war, and the infant queen, leading to the eight years of war (20 December 1543 – 10 June 1551) between England and Scotland. 9 days after the official rejection on 20 December, war was declared in Edinburgh by the messenger Henry Ray, Berwick Pursuivant.

Against these English invasions, the Scots won a victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor in February 1545, Scotland was included in the Treaty of Camp of 6 June 1546, which concluded the Italian War of 1542–1546. This brought 18 months of peace between England and Scotland.  

On 29 May 1546, Fife lairds had murdered Cardinal Beaton at St Andrews Castle. These Protestant lairds became known as the Castilians. Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547 and the war continued under the Lord Protector Somerset for Edward VI. The English had established a fort at Langholm in the Scottish borders; at the same time, a French naval force took St Andrews Castle from the Castilians. An English invasion in September 1547 won a major encounter at the Battle of Pinkie close to Musselburgh, and put much of southern Scotland under military occupation. Haddington was occupied.  Increased French military came to support for the Scots, On 16 June 10,000 French troops arrived at Leith, besieged and Captured Haddington with artillery. By the resolution of the Scottish Parliament made at Haddington Abbey on 7 July 1548, the child Mary was sent to France in August 1548 to be raised and educated at the court of Henry II of France with her husband-to-be, the Dauphin Francis, son of Henry II of France. Following the Treaty of Haddington, Mary, at the age of five, was taken to safety in France on 15 August 1548. Mary of Guise herself spent 1550-1551 in France with her relatives before returning to Scotland. The Treaty of Haddington was signed, which arranged for Queen Mary to marry the future Francis II of France (r. 1559-1560). The marriage took place in April 24, 1558 (15歲) and so Queen Mary became the queen of France (1559-1560) as well as Scotland. Arrangements were made for her to be brought up in the courts of the French king, and eventually marry his son, the Dauphin, Francis.

By May 1549, the English army on the frontier included 3,200 soldiers with 1,700 German and 500 Spanish and Italian mercenaries. With more financial and military assistance from France brought by Paul de Thermes, the Scots were able to maintain resistance. At this time, the dedication of the Scottish book, 《The Complaynt of Scotland》, claimed her (Mary of Guise) courage and virtue exceeded those of the ancient heroines Tomyris, Semiramis and Penthesilea.

The English abandoned Haddington on 19 September 1549. Hostilities ended with Scotland comprehended in the Treaty of Boulogne [France] of 24 March 1550, which was primarily between France and England. Peace was declared in England on Saturday 29 March 1550. The hostages at both courts were well entertained and most had returned home by August 1550. In France, Henry II organised a triumphal entry (a festival) to Rouen on 1 October 1550. Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots took part, they rode in procession behind soldiers carrying banners depicting,  Scottish fortresses recently defended and recovered by the French, the French victories in Scotland.

The Treaty of Norham in 1551 formally ended the war and the English military presence withdrew from Scotland. By October 1551, Mary of Guise herself was welcomed in England and she travelled from Portsmouth to meet Edward VI in London. The peace, concluded at Norham Castle and church on 10 June 1551,   The terms included: the English abandoning their holdings in Scotland; the border and Debatable Lands to revert to original lines and usage; Edrington and fishing rights on the Tweed returned to Scotland; all captives, pledges, and hostages to be returned.   

                   

Marie de Guise spent 22 years in Scotland and played a significant role in several key moments in Scottish history. She was a strong-willed and intelligent woman who sought to achieve an effective rule during a time of religious turmoil and aimed to protect her daughter's kingdom of Scotland. As the widow of the previous King and the mother of the current Queen, Mary of Guise was in a dangerous position and was vulnerable to those who wished to exploit her. This must have been a difficult time for Mary as she was widowed and had in her possession an infant Queen in a foreign country. Fortunately for Mary, her aptitude would serve her well and she would protect Scotland successfully for her daughter and shield her from the efforts of Henry VIII who desired to have Scotland under his grasp.

While Marie stayed with her young daughter who became Queen of Scots at only six days old, she did not serve as her Regent until Marie de Guise was named Regent for her daughter on 12 April 1554, selected by the Scottish Parliament, replaced James, second Earl of Arran and became her daughter's regent with James Hepburn. Mary of Guise served as the Queen Regent of Scotland for just over six years, from April 12, 1554, until her death on June 11, 1560, and she became a force to be reckoned with. Mary of Guise's earlier efforts of religious tolerance was seen by her French counterparts to be incredibly dangerous and  viewing her leniency towards the 'heretics' as a major threat towards her Catholic powers. Subsequently, Mary needed to adopt a tighter policy to protect her daughter's interests and authority as Queen of Scots. Marie de Guise's largest hurdle as Regent were the Lords of the Congregation, a group of Protestant Scottish aristocrats, such as John Knox, who wanted to make Scotland a Protestant country.

By 1560, Mary of Guise's position as a French and Catholic female ruler had long been a thorn in the side of the Protestant figures such as John Knox. Rebellion would break out, and Mary of Guise obviously was poisoned and murdered at Edinburgh Castle at the age of 44 on 11 June 1560. Mary of Guise's death would signal a change that would alter Scotland's history. In July 1560, the Treaty of Edinburgh was signed, and French and Catholic influence was terminated in Scotland. This change would make the return of her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, on August 19 1561, extremely challenging and rather difficult to maintain her authority as Queen for the next six years.

Mary of Guise herself became regent on 12 April 1554 at a meeting of Parliament. She quickly began to deal effectively with Scottish affairs. Her regency was threatened by the growing influence of the Scottish Protestants. To an extent she had tolerated the growing number of Protestant preachers. She needed to win support for her pro-French policies, and Protestants could expect no alternative support from England at a time when Mary I ruled (from July 1553-17 Nov 1558). In 1557, the "Lords of the Congregation" drew up a covenant followed by outbreaks of iconoclasm in 1558/59. At the same time, plans were being drawn up for a Reformed programme of parish worship and preachings. In 1558, the Regent (Marie de Guise) summoned the Protestant preachers to answer for their teaching, but backed down when lairds from the west country threatened to revolt.

Mary, Queen of Scots, was all grown up at this point and she got married on April 24, 1558.  Seven months later in England, Queen Mary I died on 17 November 1558. Mary, Queen of Scots, a granddaughter of Margaret (Henry VIII's sister), was actually the rightful Queen of England. On top of that, As the Scottish Reformation crisis was developing, Mary, Queen of Scots' father-in-law Henry II died on 10 July 1559, so her husband, Francis II, became King of France, and Mary, Queen of Scots became Queen Consort of France. In France, Mary and Francis II began to publicly display the arms of England in their blazon. While Elizabeth I succeeded to the throne of England Illegitimately, anyway, on 17 November 1558.  Mary, Queen of Scots' claim and rights of succession to the English throne depended on the Papal view, the views of the Roman Catholic Church, of Elizabeth's illegitimacy.

Because Mary of Guise and the French royals were all Catholic while England's new Queen Elizabeth I and some of Scottish people were Protestant. There was a rebellion. Marie de Guise was regent, so they were rebelling against Marie. It was another war between the Protestants and Catholics of a country.  France was helping Marie and her supporters, while England was helping the Protestants. The French kept helping, and in Fife, Marie de Guise had a huge victory. 

Meanwhile, Elizabeth I of England had begun her reign in 1558. The accession of the Protestant Elizabeth I in England stirred the hopes of Scottish Protestants. Protestant Elizabeth I even secretly support  and sent aid to the Protestant Lords of the Congregation in Scotland to destabilise the throne, but Mary of Guise was not so easily removed from Scottish politics, however. With French military support, she managed to take control of Edinburgh Castle in Scotland.

In January 1559, the anonymous Beggars' Summons threatened friars with eviction in favour of beggars. This was calculated to appeal to the passions of the populace of towns who appeared to have particular complaints against friars. Considering disorder and now determined by circumstance to show less tolerance, the Regent Marie de Guise summoned the reformed preachers to appear before her at Stirling on 10 May.  A revolt  followed (這裏很明確當時的所謂"新教徒'是不講基督教教義或是斷章取義似是而非的一群暴徒, 顯示出其"假宗教"本質的端倪). However, Mary of Guise was reinforced by professional French troops. Some of these troops established themselves at Kinghorn in Fife, and after they destroyed Hallyards Castle, the house of William Kirkcaldy of Grange, Marie  (according to John Knox, who was leading the rebellion against Marie) declared, "Where is now John Knox's God? My God is now stronger than his, yea, even in Fife." In November, the rebels were driven back to Stirling.  Fighting continued in Fife, more French troops arrived in Scotland. All seemed lost for the Protestant side until an English fleet arrived in the Firth of Forth in January 1560, which caused the French to retreat to Leith, the port of Edinburgh which Mary of Guise had re-fortified.

The Treaty of Berwick, signed in February, agreed that England would act jointly with the Protestant Lords to expel the French.  Elizabeth I responded to French's support by sending an English fleet to blockade the east coast of Scotland and an English land army into Scotland to join their Scottish allies in besieging the French at Leith in April 1560. Forces loyal to Mary of Guise had managed to withstand the English assault at Leith with success. After an English assault on Leith was repulsed with heavy losses, some of the leaders of the Lords of the Congregation came to Edinburgh Castle on 12 May 1560 and had dinner with Mary of Guise. They just discussed something that had been previously discussed.

Soon after that, In May of 1560, apparently Marie de Guise was poisoned and became seriously ill.  Over the course of the next eight days her mind began to wander; on some days she could not even speak, even her mind was affected. On 8 June she wrote her will and died of dropsy (Edema浮腫) at Edinburgh Castle on 11 June 1560, at the age of 44.

Apart from her bitter enemy John Knox, views by historians have generally been favourable. Marshall says that "her biographers, Strickland in the nineteenth century, McKerlie and Marshall in the twentieth, [have] been unanimous in praising her intelligence and fortitude" as have most other scholars. In evaluating her life, historian Rosalind K. Marshall says: "Sacrificing her own comfort, interests, and ultimately her life, Mary of Guise had fought a long struggle to preserve Scotland as a Roman Catholic nation for her daughter....Charming, highly intelligent, and hard-working, with a diplomatic manner and an ability to fight on regardless of hostility, disappointment, and ill health, Mary was never merely a pawn of the French king."

She lay in state in the castle for a time, and then rested in a coffin on a bier in St Margaret's Chapel in Edinburgh Castle for several months.  On 18 March 1561, Her body was secretly carried out from the castle at midnight and shipped to France, where she had wanted to be buried. Mary, Queen of Scots attended her mother's funeral at Fécamp in July 1561. Mary of Guise was interred at the church of Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims, where Maris de Guise's sister Renée was abbess of the convent there. A marble tomb was erected with a bronze statue of Marie, in royal robes, holding a sceptre and the rod of justice in one hand. The tomb was destroyed during the French revolution. In modern times, there has been speculation that Mary was assassinated (by poisoning), by order of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary of Guise's death made way for the Treaty of Edinburgh, in which France and England agreed they would each withdraw their troops from Scotland. The effect of the treaty was to leave power in the hands of the pro-English Protestants. In July 1560, a Protestant Regency Council was established to rule Scotland.

In fact, Mary of Guise managed to maintain control of the regency until she was murdered, and as a devout Catholic, she persevered in her righteous faith, striving for herself, her daughter, and Scotland until the very last moment of her life. Reverence of the martyr: Marie de Guise!

 Mary's coat of arms, in South Leith Parish Church

 

(三) Mary I, Queen of England

 (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558. She made vigorous attempts to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, King Henry VIII.      Mary in 1544 (28 years old)

    

  

  Queen Mary I

Mary_I (Mary Tudor)是Catherine of Aragon's 女兒, Catherine of Aragon 是歐洲最具影響力的西班牙雙王 [卡斯蒂利亞女王伊莎貝拉一世(Isabella I)和亞拉岡國王費爾南多二世(Ferdinand II), 他們合稱為“天主教雙王”(Reyes Católicos)]的最漂亮的小女兒。Catherine of Aragon was Queen of England as the legitimate wife of Henry VIII from 11 June 1509 to 23 May 1533.

 

 

Elizabeth_I_portrait,_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_Circa.1595