程朱理學:“理在萬物,修身要循理、抑欲、從禮。”
陸王心學:“理在我心,存天理即是喚醒良知。”
程朱理學的解釋:
一、什麽是“程朱理學”?
“程朱理學”是宋代儒學發展的重要流派,是北宋程顥、程頤兄弟與南宋朱熹為代表的一套以“理”為核心的思想體係,因此得名“程朱理學”。
它是宋明理學(Neo-Confucianism)的主流,是對原始儒學(如孔子、孟子)的係統化、哲學化和道德化的再構建。
二、核心思想
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“理”是宇宙萬物的本原
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“存天理,滅人欲”(程頤)
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“格物致知”(朱熹)
三、對社會的影響
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政治層麵:
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成為官方正統思想,影響深遠。
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明清兩代以朱熹的學說作為科舉製度的理論基礎。
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道德層麵:
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負麵影響:
四、總結
程朱理學本意是重建儒學的道德力量,但它在曆史發展中逐漸演化為教條化的正統學說。
它構建了中華文明長期的倫理結構,也成為後人批判“儒教僵化”、“壓抑人性”的主要源頭之一。
是否需要我再對比一下陸王心學(王陽明)與程朱理學的異同?
The sentence “真正談得上是禍害的是程朱理學之後。早期的儒家是入世進取的,沒有想象中的那麽糟糕。” can be translated and unpacked as follows:
Translation:
"What truly can be considered harmful is what came after the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism. Early Confucianism was worldly and proactive—it wasn't as bad as some imagine."
Explanation in Context:
This viewpoint draws a distinction between early Confucianism (e.g., Confucius and Mencius) and the later Neo-Confucianism systematized by Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty.
1. Early Confucianism ("入世進取" - worldly and proactive):
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"入世" means engaging with the real world rather than retreating into metaphysical ideals.
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"進取" implies striving for improvement, taking initiative, and advocating for practical reform.
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Think of Confucius (Kongzi) and Mencius (Mengzi) promoting benevolent governance, moral cultivation, and responsive rulership.
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They acknowledged the flaws of reality and aimed to work within it to uplift society.
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It was dynamic, dialogical, and not yet rigidified.
2. Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism ("程朱理學"):
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Founded by Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and formalized by Zhu Xi.
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Strong emphasis on "理" (principle) over "氣" (vital force)—leading to a kind of metaphysical idealism.
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It became the state orthodoxy starting in the Song and continuing through Yuan, Ming, and Qing.
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Focused on hierarchical order, moral rigidity, and ritual formalism.
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It often suppressed creativity, emotional expression, and individual judgment, resulting in a dogmatic moral universe.
Author’s Implication:
The writer is arguing that Confucianism per se was not the problem. It only became stifling after Neo-Confucianism:
Thus, we shouldn't blame Confucius or early Confucian values outright, but rather critically examine the institutionalization and mutation of those ideas in later history.
sorted and structured summary of the discussion centered around the quote “天不生仲尼,萬古如長夜” ("If Heaven had not given birth to Confucius, the world would remain in eternal darkness") and its relation to education, Confucianism, and contemporary Chinese society:
???? Central Viewpoint:
"孔子最偉大的成就,就是教育。教育就是啟蒙,就是改造老百姓的思想。目前中國,仍須教育。"
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Core belief: Confucius's legacy lies in education as enlightenment, a tool for transforming minds.
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Present relevance: China still needs education, but what kind?
???? Supportive Voices (Pro-Confucianism or nuanced appreciation):
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方外居士:
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"有教無類易,因材施教難。"
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"一個指導了一個民族兩千多年的價值體係,你想否定它?這不就是文化革命嗎?"
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Adds: Early Confucianism was pragmatic, not dogmatic—decline began with later neo-Confucians (like Zhu Xi).
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蔣聞銘:
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"古人說‘天不生仲尼,萬古如長夜’,是崇拜他係統的仁義禮智信社會人文規範。"
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Also notes: While the CCP values education, its use of xenophobic nationalism in curricula may be dangerous.
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有言:
???? Critical Voices (Against Confucianism):
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哪一枝杏花:
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"對中華文明,他無疑是重要的。但是重要的,未必是好的。"
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"儒教就是,永遠在孜孜不倦教你如何治國治民,然後這個國家隻能不停地亡國。"
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"如果一定要亡國,能不能用10種不同的方式倒下?怎麽每一次的失敗都一樣?"
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衡山老道:
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小二哥李白:
???? Contextual or Reflective Comments:
Takeaway:
The phrase “天不生仲尼,萬古如長夜” is revered by some as praising Confucius’s civilizing influence via systematic ethics and education. Yet others challenge this legacy—arguing that it gave rise to rigid hierarchies, conformity, and political failure over centuries.
The deeper tension in this thread is not just about Confucius, but about what kind of education modern China needs:
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Enlightenment or indoctrination?
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Critical thinking or obedience?
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Cultural inheritance or creative transformation?