Paolo Veronese (1528-1588): 意大利文藝複興時代的畫家

《迦納的婚禮》，藏於 盧浮宮

《利未家的宴會》

Venus and Mars with Cupid and a Horse

Portrait of a Man by Paolo Veronese Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest

Lucretia by Paolo Veronese 1550, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

《降服亞曆山大大帝的波斯王達利烏斯全家The Family of Darius before Alexander 》
National Gallery, London

 

St John the Baptist Preaching Galleria Borghese, Rome

The extraordinary beauty of the Venetian fabrics already to be found in the work of Palma il Vecchio is brought to unrivalled perfection by Paolo Veronese. In the St John the Baptist Preaching (c. 1562), which heralds the coming of Christ, the figures are wrapped in magnificent oriental silk robes and three are wearing turbans. Their differing reactions to the sermon are reflected in their facial expressions. The skilful composition of the painting creates a balance between the weight of the group of figures on the right and the perspective on the left.

Mars and Venus United by Love by Paolo Veronese
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

This is one of the greatest works by Veronese, whose brilliant use of colour and sensuous female figures influenced European artists from the time of Rubens to that of Delacroix. Together with four other allegorical paintings by Veronese, the picture was owned by Emperor Rudolf II in Prague. Although generally thought to show the goddess of love united by Cupid to the god of war, the picture has also been interpreted as showing Chastity transformed by Love into Charity; the horse restrained by an armed Cupid may symbolize restrained passion.

Susanna in the Bath

There was a considerable contribution of the assistants, including Veronese’s brother, Benedetto Caliari, to the execution of this painting.

Portrait of Agostino Barbarigo by Paolo Veronese

Oil on canvas, 60 x 48 cm
Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest

Agostino Barbarigo, the famous commander of Venice, fell in the battle against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571. There is a larger painting in the Cleveland Museum showing Barbarigo in a similar representation. It is believed now that the picture in Budapest is a study to the larger painting in Cleveland.

detail from wedding at Cana

information from:
http://blog.allartpainting.com/tag/paolo-veronese-painting/
http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/554-paolo-veronese.html

保羅·委羅內塞（1528年－1588年4月19日）是意大利文藝複興時代的畫家。

生平

委羅內塞出生於維羅納，原名保羅·卡拉裏，父親是一名石匠，他因為出生地而獲得“委羅內塞”綽號，並以此而聞名。他和提香、丁托列托組成文藝複興晚期威尼斯畫派中的“三傑”。

委羅內塞少年時師從當地一位畫家，很快他就已經可以獨立作畫了，1544年，他已經出師，在帕爾馬以風格主義畫風出名，但他迅速地發展出自己顏色豐富的獨特畫風。

1548年，他移居曼托瓦，在為當地教堂繪製了壁畫，然後定居到威尼斯，1565年，他和導師的女兒結婚，後來生了四個兒子和一個女兒。最終在威尼斯逝世。

 

作品

1552年，委羅內塞為聖弗朗西斯科大教堂繪製了《聖家族》，1553年，接受威尼斯共和國掌政的十人團委托，為會議廳和三巨頭廳做裝飾，然後又為聖塞巴斯蒂安教堂繪製了天頂畫《以斯帖的曆史》，為此獲得公爵和聖馬可圖書館授予的大師稱號。但他的這些作品實際是米開朗基羅的畫作中主題的精致的縮小。

從1556年到1570年，他致力於繪製《西蒙家中的宴會》，其間還受委托為新建立的巴巴羅別墅裝飾，他將壁畫和家族肖像融合起來，在天頂畫上繪製藍天和任務，造成三維的視覺效果。繪畫和建築效果的結合是一個非常大的成功。

 

1562年至1563年，為本尼迪克特教團的聖喬治修道院飯堂畫的大型作品《迦納的婚禮》，幾乎有10米長，包括了一百多位人物，其中有提香、丁托列托和委羅內塞自己

1565年至1570年，他創作的《降服亞曆山大大帝的波斯王達利烏斯全家》，將建築安排和畫麵平行，協調不同的色塊，使畫麵更加生動，表現了畫家的裝飾才能。

 

上述畫麵都是將主題安排在水平軸上，沒有強烈的運動感，但表現了鮮明的光和色彩。這種表現手法反映了他本人內心舒適與安寧的心態。

1573年，他為聖喬瓦尼和聖保祿教堂繪製了《利未家的宴會》，是為了頂替被火災焚毀的提香的作品《最後晚餐》，畫作有12米長5米高，是一幅擴展了的“最後晚餐”。但畫麵色彩鮮明，光線充足，充分表現了人物的情感和他們之間的互動。

他這幅畫原名“最後晚餐”，因此立刻招致宗教裁判所的審判，不過當時羅馬天主教的改革運動已經影響到威尼斯，7月，他被要求詳細說明畫中的細節隻是警告性的而不是懲罰性的，委羅內塞解釋說：“畫家有如同詩人甚至瘋子一樣的自由詮釋能力。”最終沒有要求他重新畫而隻是將畫名改變了事。

 

此外他還創作過一些祭壇畫，他在威尼斯有一個家庭工作室，包括他弟弟和兩個兒子都在其中工作，他還有幾位學生，這個畫室在他逝世後仍然繼續工作。

 

法國批評家戈蒂埃於1860年寫道：“委羅內塞是最偉大的使用顏色的專家，甚至比提香、魯本斯和倫勃朗都要偉大，因為他可以用自然的色調表現光線，現在的學院還用明暗的對比法。”

德拉克羅瓦寫道：“委羅內塞不用強烈的對比表現光線，我們現在還被教育在陰影中表現強烈的色調是不可能的。”

英國皇家美術院館長高文在《盧浮宮的繪畫》一書中寫道：“委羅內塞的光線充足的室外場景激發了整個19世紀，這種改革無法描述，他是現代繪畫的奠基者，印象派畫家認為他的方式是自然主義的，有人認為是更精細和美麗的美術革新，但結果如何需要我們不斷地探索。

 

 

Anthology of works

• St. Anthony Tempted by the Devil (1552–1553) – Oil on canvas, 198 × 151 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Caen 

• Zeus ousting the Vices (c. 1553) – Oil on canvas, 650 × 330 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris 

• St. Mark Crowning the Virtue (c. 1554) – Oil on canvas, 330 × 317 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris 

• Coronation of the Virgin (1555) – Oil on canvas, San Sebastiano, Venice 

• Portrait of a Woman (c. 1555–1560) – Oil on canvas, 119 × 103 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris 

• Annunciation (c. 1555) – Oil on canvas, 193 × 291 cm, Uffizi, Florence 

• Jesus among the Doctors in the Temple (1558) – Oil on canvas, 236 × 430 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid 

• Assumption of the Virgin (c. 1558) – Oil on canvas, 340 × 455 cm, San Giovanni e Paolo, Venice 

• The Marriage at Cana (c. 1560) – Oil on canvas, 207 × 457 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Dresden 

• Portrait of a Man (c. 1560) – Oil on canvas, 120 × 102 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest 

• Bacchus Giving Wine to Men (1560–1561) – Fresco, Villa Barbaro, Maser 

• Giustiniana Giustiniani with Her Nurse (1560–1561) – Fresco, Villa Barbaro, Maser 

• Venus and Adonis (after 1561) – Oil on canvas, 123 × 174 cm, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Augsburg 

• Virgin in Glory with Saints (c. 1562) – Oil on canvas, San Sebastiano, Venice 

• St. John the Baptist Preaching (c. 1562) – Oil on canvas, Galleria Borghese, Rome 

• Madonna Enthroned with Saints (c. 1562) – Oil on canvas, 339 × 191 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• The Marriage at Cana (1563) – Oil on canvas, 666 × 990 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris 

• Petrobelli altarpiece 

• Holy Family and Saints (San Zaccaria Altapiece; 1564) – Oil on canvas, 328 × 188 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• Martyrdom of St. George (1564) –Oil on canvas, 426 × 305 cm, San Giorgio in Braida, Verona 

• Sts. Mark and Marcellian Being Led to Martyrdom (1565) – Oil on canvas, San Sebastiano, Venice 

• Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (1565) – Oil on canvas, San Sebastiano, Venice 

• The Family of Darius before Alexander (1565–1570) – Oil on canvas, 236.2 × 475.9 cm, National Gallery, London 

• Portrait of Daniele Barbaro (1565–1567) – Oil on canvas, 121 × 105.5 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 

• The Allegory of Love: Unfaithfulness (1570) – Oil on canvas, 191 × 191 cm, National Gallery, London 

• The Resurrection of Christ (c. 1570) – Oil on canvas, 136 × 104 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Dresden 

• The Finding of Moses (c. 1570–1575) – Oil on canvas, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna 

• Bathsheba at Bath (c. 1575) – Oil on canvas, 191 × 224 cm, Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, Lyon 

• Portrait of a Sculptor (c. 1550–1585) – Oil on canvas, 110.5 × 89 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

• Battle of Lepanto (c. 1572) – Oil on canvas, 169 × 137 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• Feast of St Gregory the Great (1572) – Oil on canvas, Monte Berico, Vicenza, Italy 

• The Feast in the House of Levi (1573) – Oil on canvas, 555 × 1,280 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• The Martyrdom of St. Justine (c. 1573) – Oil on canvas, 103 × 113 cm, Uffizi, Florence 

• Ceres Renders Homage to Venice (1575) – Oil on canvas, 309 × 328 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• Mystical Marriage of St Catherine (c. 1575) – Oil on canvas, 337 × 241 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• The Allegory of Love: Unfaithfulness (c. 1575) – Oil on canvas, 187 × 188 cm, National Gallery, London 

• Venus, Mars and Love with a Horse (c. 1575) – Oil on canvas, 47 × 47 cm, Galleria Sabauda, Turin 

• Pietà (1576–1582) – Oil on canvas, 147 × 115 cm, The Hermitage, St. Petersburg 

• The Resurrection of Christ (c. 1578) – Oil on canvas, 273 × 156 cm, The Chapel, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London 

• Mars and Venus United by Love (c. 1578) – Oil on canvas, 205.7 × 161 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

• Hermes, Herse and Aglaulus (1576–1584) – Oil on canvas, 232.4 × 173 cm, Fitzwillian Museum, Cambridge 

• The Rape of Europa (1580) – Oil on canvas, 240 × 303 cm, Sala dell'Anticollegio, Doge's Palace, Venice 

• Venus and Adonis (1580) – Oil on canvas, 212 × 191 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid 

• Christ and the Centurion (c. 1580) – Oil on canvas, 99.2 × 130.8 cm, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH 

• Lucretia (1580s) – Oil on canvas, 109 × 90.5 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna 

• Christ in the Garden Supported by an Angel (c. 1580) – Oil on canvas, 80 × 108 cm, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan 

• St. Anthony Preaching to the Fish (c. 1580) – Oil on canvas, Galleria Borghese, Rome 

• The Vision of St. Helena (c. 1580) – Oil on canvas, 166 × 134 cm, Pinacoteca Vaticana 

• Allegory of Wisdom and Strength (c. 1580) – Oil on canvas, 214.6 × 167 cm, Frick Collection, New York 

• Judith and Holofernes (c. 1580) – Oil on canvas, 195 × 176 cm, Galleria di Palazzo Rosso, Genoa 

• The People of Myra Welcoming St. Nicholas (c. 1582) – Oil on canvas, diameter: 198 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice 

• Apotheosis of Venice (1585) – Oil on canvas, 904 × 579 cm, Doge's Palace, Venice 

• The Conversion of Saint Pantaleimon (1587) – San Pantalon, Venice 

• Portrait of Agostino Barbarigo – Oil on canvas, 60 × 48 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest 

• Baptism and Temptation of Christ – Oil on canvas, 245 × 450 cm, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan 

• Portrait of a Venetian Woman (La Bella Nani) – Oil on canvas, 117.3 × 100.8 cm, Alte Pinakothek, Munich 

• Susanna in the Bath – Oil on canvas, 198 × 198 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris 

• Noli me tangere – Oil on canvas, Museum of Grenoble, France 

• Sitting dog – Oil on canvas, 44 × 82 cm, National Gallery, Oslo 

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