美國人“登月”的阿婆鑼項目用的照相機和膠卷(圖)
這是我從網上抄來的。我瞎翻譯一下。大家湊合看吧。
美國人“登月”的阿婆鑼項目用的照相機
關於美國人“登月”的阿婆鑼項目用的照相機
Hasselblad were the manufacturer of the camera that took all of the photos on the Apollo missions. Jan Lundberg was the Manager Of Space Projects at Hasselblad from 1966 to 1975 and responsible for the production and building of the Hasselblad 500 EL/70 cameras that were used on the Apollo Missions. He says \'Originally NASA made all the alterations themselves, then they presented what they had done to us and asked if we could do the same, to which we replied yes we can, and we can do it better. We proceeded to make the alterations that were accepted by NASA.\' Protective plates were added to the case and film magazine.
美國人“登月”的阿婆鑼項目的全部(all)照片(photo)都是用Hasselblad生產的Hasselblad 500 EL/70 型照相機拍攝的。1966到1975年,Jan Lundberg 是Hasselblad的空間項目經理,負責生產阿婆鑼用的Hasselblad 500 EL/70 型照相機。他說開設時NASA做了一些改動,後來他們給我們看了他們的改動問我們是否可以做,我們回答說我們可以做得更好。NASA接受了我們的產品。機身和膠卷合加了保護板。
關於美國人“登月”的阿婆鑼項目用的膠卷
H. J. P. Arnold is an astronomer and keen photographer, an expert on space and astrophotography and was the assistant to the Managing Director at Kodak during the Apollo years. He has authored many space photography books. He comments that the film that was supplied by Kodak for the missions was essentially the same as used here on Earth. it was ektachrome 64 ASA or ISO as it is called today. He has commented that you would expect to see some small dots on the films where a high velocity nuclear particle had hit the film, however no evidence of this whatsoever has come forward. The only thing that would protect the film from this damage would be a thick layer of lead around the camera casing, which according to Hasselblad was not used. Let\'s also remember that the films were changed whilst outside on the Moon\'s surface and not in a controlled environment.
H. J. P. Arnold 是一名天文學家和攝影愛好者,是空間攝影方麵的專家。在阿婆鑼項目的時候,他是柯達的Managing Director的助理。他還寫過一些空間攝影的書。他說阿婆鑼項目用的膠卷基本上(essentially)就是地球上用的膠卷,當年叫ektachrome 64 ASA現在叫ISO 。他還說由於高速粒子打擊膠卷,預料可以期看到在膠卷留下一些小斑點,但是沒有看到任何有過斑點的痕跡。唯一保護膠卷的是保護照相機的一層鉛板,據Hasselblad(生產阿婆鑼項目的照相機的廠家)說當時沒有使用保護鉛板。請大家都記住換膠卷是在室外月亮表麵換的而不是在有控製的環境裏。
阿婆鑼宇航員在“月亮”帶照相機的照片
照相機就是直接掛在胸前沒有附加保護
An important factor to take into consideration is the great variations in temperature that the film would have had to endure whilst on the lunar surface. The temperature during the Apollo missions were recorded as being between -180F in the shade to an incredible +200F in full Sunshine. How could the film emulsion have withstood such temperature differences? The astronauts can be seen to move between the shadows of the rocks and then into full sunlight in some shots. Surely the film would have perished under such conditions?
一個重要的因素是膠卷必須承受的月亮表麵的巨大溫差。在阿婆鑼項目的時候,月亮表麵的溫度記錄是陰處-180度華氏(-118度攝氏)到陽處+200度華氏(+93度攝氏)。底片怎麽可能在這種溫差下保持正常呢?阿婆鑼項目的宇航員也從石頭的陰影處到陽處。膠卷在那種情況下肯定是要完蛋滴。
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剛剛看到最近英國《衛報》一篇文章認為,把6個人送上月球的登月計劃大約花費了240多億美元,相當於現在的1萬億美元。這些錢都到那裏去了呢?大家猜吧。
最後,跟大家分享幾個事實。
航天器分近地距離、中距和遠距離三種,進地幾百公裏、中距差不多上千公裏等等。這主要是因為這三個距離的飛行環境不同因此對航天器的設計要求也不同,因為地球的大氣是隨著離地球的距離逐漸消失的,所以距離地球不同距離上的日照時間和所要承受的來自太陽的輻射也是逐漸增強的。
1,美國人的幾次“登月”都是選擇在太陽活動比較最劇烈的時候做的,也就是太陽輻射比較最強的時候,所以宇航員穿過The Van Allen radiation belt所要經受的輻射也是比較最強的,因此是比較最危險的時候做的。
2,事實是人類航天到目前為止隻有近地軌道的載人航天和超遠距離的所謂“美國人的登月”,也就是說從來沒有人做過中距離和遠距離的載人航天就直接去月亮了。
3,除了一個之外所有人類航天的第一(比如說第一個衛星、第一個行星、第一個繞月亮、第一個載動物航天、第一個載人航天、等等等等)都是屬於蘇聯人的,隻有第一個“登月”是美國人的。
4,美國人的“登月”方法是全部都裝進一個火箭裏麵一鍋燴是最困難的也是最危險的方法。現代係統工程理論都可以算出這樣作需要的資源,比如說錢和通信能力等等,阿婆鑼項目用的計算機還不如今天的一個電子表呢。
5,一個神七就涉及幾百上千個公司。幾乎沒有幾家美國公司號稱為登月幹過事兒................ 當年美國人號稱“登月”那麽多次,幾乎跟每年例行的度假一樣年年登月。可是我現在還沒見過幾個公司號稱他們對“登月”作過什麽貢獻。而跟那幾個航天飛機有關的公司們則經常作廣告說他們對航天飛機作過什麽貢獻。現在號稱跟“登月”有關的美國公司隻有TWR一家了。
6,航天飛機都產生了很多民用產品,登月好像一個也沒有吧?至少我從來沒有看見過任何廣告宣傳。
最最後,我祝願中國人的空間站的走兩步的方法登月成功!