【探索頻道】為什麽音樂讓人快樂~ zt

聽音樂時會分泌多巴胺，這是種與上癮相關的化學物質，讓人感覺快樂。

THE GIST

內容概要

Listening to moving music causes the brain to release dopamine, a feel-good chemical.

聽著流動的音樂，腦部會分泌多巴胺，讓人感覺愉悅。

Dopamine-induced pleasure may help explain why music has been such a big part of human societies throughout history.

由多巴胺帶來的對快樂的感受，在一定程度上解釋了為什麽音樂在人類社會曆史上占據如此重要的地位。

Understanding why people like listening to music is helping scientists understand human pleasure.

科學家們在了解人們為什麽喜歡聽音樂後，將更好的去認知人類對快樂的感受。

 

Music makes you feel happy by releasing the feel-good chemical, dopamine.

通過讓腦部分泌多巴胺這一帶來快感的化學物，音樂讓人快樂。

People love music for much the same reason they're drawn to sex, drugs, gambling and delicious food, according to new research. When you listen to tunes that move you, the study found, your brain releases dopamine, a chemical involved in both motivation and addiction.

根據新研究，人們喜愛音樂和他們沉溺性欲、毒品、賭博、美食等的因由並無二致。研究表明，如果聽到的曲調觸動了你，大腦就會分泌多巴胺，一種與衝動、上癮相關的化學物質。

Even just anticipating the sounds of a composition like Vivaldi's "Four Seasons" or Phish's "You Enjoy Myself" can get the feel-good chemical flowing, found the study, which was the first to make a concrete link between dopamine release and musical pleasure.

甚至隻是在腦海中想著音樂聲，不論是維瓦爾第（Vivaldi）的四季，又或者費西合唱團（Phish）的你好好愛我（You Enjoy Myself），研究發現都會讓人產生這種感覺快樂的物質。這也是第一次在多巴胺分泌和音樂享受間建立一種具體的聯係。

The findings offer a biological explanation for why music has been such a major part of major emotional events in cultures around the world since the beginning of human history. Through music, the study also offers new insights into how the human pleasure system works.

始於人類曆史開端，音樂一直在世界重大文化情感事件中占據如此重要地位。這項發現為此提供了生物學上的解釋。通過音樂，研究還為人類愉悅係統如何運作提供了新的理解。

"You're following these tunes and anticipating what's going to come next and whether it's going to confirm or surprise you, and all of these little cognitive nuances are what's giving you this amazing pleasure," said Valorie Salimpoor, a neuroscientist at McGill University in Montreal. "The reinforcement or reward happens almost entirely because of dopamine."

蒙特利爾麥吉爾大學神經係統科學家Valorie Salimpoor表示：“隨著音樂的抑揚，人會預期接下來會是什麽樣的曲調，是與預期一致還是帶來驚喜，而正是這些細微的認知差別給人帶來了無與倫比的快樂。這種快樂的加強幾乎全因多巴胺的分泌。”

"This basically explains why music has been around for so long," she added. "The intense pleasure we get from it is actually biologically reinforcing in the brain, and now here's proof for it."

“這基本解釋了為什麽音樂長期存在，”她補充道。“從生物學角度看，我們從中獲得的強烈的快感實際不斷在我們腦中強化，而現在這就是證據。”

In a previous study, Salimpoor and colleagues linked music-induced pleasure with a surge in intense emotional arousal, including changes in heart rate, pulse, breathing rate and other measurements. Along with these physical changes, people often report feelings of shivers or chills. When that happens during a listening experience, Salimpoor's group and others have found evidence that blood flows to regions in the brain involved in dopamine release.

在此前的一項研究中，Salimpoor和同事在音樂帶來的快感和情緒亢奮之間建立聯係，測量值包括心率、脈搏、呼吸率等。伴隨著以上生理變化，人們還常反饋說會覺得打顫。當這些現象出現在聽音樂體驗過程中時，Salimpoor小組以及其他同事找到了證據：血液流向了腦部分泌巴多胺的部位。

To solidify the dopamine link, the researchers recruited eight music-lovers, who brought to the lab samples of music that gave them chills of pleasure. Most picks were classical, with some jazz, rock and popular music mixed in, including Led Zeppelin and Dave Matthews Band. The most popular selection was Barbar's Adagio for Strings.

為使多巴胺聯係理論更具說服力，研究人員聘請了八位音樂愛好者，讓他們給實驗室帶去給他們快感顫抖的音樂。大多數選擇了古典音樂，當中也有部分是爵士、搖滾和流行音樂，包括齊柏林飛艇（Led Zeppelin）和大衛馬修樂隊（Dave Matthews Band）。其中最多人選擇的是巴伯（Samuel Barbar）的弦樂柔板（Adagio for Strings）。

After 15 minutes of listening, scientists injected participants with a radioactive substance that binds to dopamine receptors. With a machine called a PET scanner, the scientists were then able to see if that substance simply circulated through listeners' blood, which would indicate that they had already released a lot of dopamine, and that the dopamine was tying up all available receptors.

在15分鍾的音樂體驗後，科學家為參加者注射能依附多巴胺感受器的放射性物質。通過PET掃描儀，科學家能夠觀察到這些物質是否僅是在聽者的血液中循環。如果是肯定的話，這意味著他們已經大量分泌巴多胺，並且已經依附可找到的感受器。

If most of their dopamine receptors were free, on the other hand, the radioactive substance would bind to them.

從另一方麵來說，如果大多數的巴多胺感受器處於空閑，那麽放射性物質將會繼續依附其上。

The technique showed, definitively for the first time, that people's brains released large amounts of dopamine when they listened to music that gave them chills, the researchers reported in the journal Nature Neuroscience. When the same people listened to less moving music the next day, their dopamine receptors remained wide open.

研究人員在期刊《自然神經科學》中發表文章，顯然，通過技術首次發現，人類大腦當聽到給予他們快感的音樂時會分泌大量多巴胺。即使到第二天同樣的人聽沒那麽觸動的音樂，他們的多巴胺感受器依然保持較大的開放幅度。

Once the researchers knew for sure that dopamine was behind the pleasure of music, they put participants in an fMRI machine and played the moving music for them again. In this part of the experiment, the scanners showed that the brain pumped out both during the phase of musical anticipation and at the moment when chills hit in full force. The two surges happened in different areas of the brain.

當研究人員肯定多巴胺必然帶來音樂快感後，他們馬上讓參加者進入fMRI機器，並再次播放那些觸動過他們的歌。實驗進行到這一部分，掃描儀顯示大腦同時在預想音樂和打顫最強烈的瞬間大量分泌巴多胺。而這又是發生在大腦的不同區域的。

"It is amazing that we can release dopamine in anticipation of something abstract, complex and not concrete," Salimpoor said. "This is the first study to show that dopamine can be released in response to an aesthetic stimulus."

“我們能在預期一些抽象複雜事物時分泌巴多胺，這真令人驚歎。”Salimpoor說。“能說明多巴胺對美的事物的刺激作出反應並分泌，這是首項研究。”

The findings suggest that, like sex and drugs, music may be mildly addictive, said David Huron, a music cognition researcher at Ohio State University, Columbus.

哥倫比亞俄亥俄州立大學音樂認知研究人員David Huron說，這項發現顯示，像性和毒品，音樂在嗜癮方麵來說可能是溫和的。

Dopamine is an adaptive reward-inducing molecule that makes animals want to look for food before they're hungry. It's what makes it impossible for some people to pass by the neighborhood bakery without going in to buy a tart. And it provides a rush for heroin addicts when they see blood enter the needle -- before the drug even gets into their veins.

多巴胺是一種獎勵誘導的自適分子，讓動物在感覺饑餓前覓食。這就是為什麽一些人經過臨近麵包店時總忍不住買個蛋撻什麽的。而這也使癮君子在看到血液流進針管時產生一種快感——甚至連海洛因都還沒有進到他們血管中去。

In its groundbreaking combination of techniques, Huron said, the study also offers a new way to study the relationship between dopamine and feelings of motivation, reward and pleasure. Brain scanners are notoriously expensive for scientists and claustrophobic for participants, with no room for people to do things like eat in them.

對於所采用的開創性技術，Huron認為，這項研究還為探討多巴胺與衝動、獎勵、快感的關係提供了新的方法。然而，眾所周知的是，腦部掃描儀對科學家來說始終是太昂貴了，也對實驗者帶來幽閉空間恐懼，狹小的空間讓裏麵的人做不了其他事情，像吃東西也不可能實習。

Music, on the other hand, can be pumped right in to the machine, and scientists can then look at pleasure responses on a note-by-note basis.

另一方麵，音樂卻可以無障礙進入儀器中，之後科學家隻需享受地觀察儀表上一個又一個的數據即可。

"Music is going to be a useful tool in trying to explain all sorts of aspects of pleasure, addiction and maladaptive behaviors," Huron said. "It's a technical tour de force what they've done. I just think it's a really wonderful piece of work."

“音樂將會成為解釋快感、嗜癮和適應不良行為各個方麵的利器，”Huron說道。“這是一次技術支援實驗之旅。我認為這確實是一次成功的實驗。”

http://article.yeeyan.org/view/41583/165097