曆史上的十月三日

曆史上的10月3日

 

今天是10月3日，2023年的第275天，今年還剩90天。

世界曆史上的今天發生了以下值得我關注的事件：

 

1，1863

美國林肯總統宣布感恩節正式放假

2，1932

伊拉克贏得獨立

3，1952

英國成功製造了核武器，成為世界上第三大核大國

4，1990

德國重新統一

 

以下是較為詳細的介紹：

 

1863

美國林肯總統宣布感恩節正式放假

 

1863年10月3日，亞伯拉罕·林肯總統為對聯邦軍在葛底斯堡的關鍵勝利表示感謝，宣布國家將於1863年11月26日慶祝正式的感恩節假期。

 

19世紀中葉，流行雜誌《Godey's Lady's Book》的編輯Sarah Josepha Hale為全國感恩節競選，以促進團結。她最終贏得了亞伯拉罕·林肯總統的支持。1863年10月3日，在內戰期間，林肯宣布在11月26日星期四慶祝全國感恩節。

 

羅斯福於1942年發布公告，指定11月的第四個星期四（並不總是最後一個星期四）為感恩節。

 

編者? 感恩節，美國和加拿大一年一度的國定假日，慶祝過去一年的收獲和其他祝福。美國人普遍認為，他們的感恩節是仿照1621年普利茅斯的英國殖民者（朝聖者）和萬帕諾格人分享的豐收盛宴。編者?

 

President Lincoln proclaims official Thanksgiving holiday

On October 3, 1863, expressing gratitude for a pivotal Union Army victory at Gettysburg, President Abraham Lincolnannounces that the nation will celebrate an official Thanksgiving holiday on November 26, 1863.

 

1932

伊拉克贏得獨立

 

隨著伊拉克加入國際聯盟，英國終止了對阿拉伯國家的委任統治，使伊拉克在英國統治17年和奧斯曼帝國統治數百年後獨立。

 

英國在第一次世界大戰期間從奧斯曼土耳其手中奪取了伊拉克，並於1920年被國際聯盟授權治理國家。1921年，在英國的保護下組織了哈希姆君主製，1932年10月3日，伊拉克王國獲得獨立。伊拉克政府與英國保持著密切的經濟和軍事關係，導致了幾次反英叛亂。1941年親軸心國的起義導致了英國的軍事幹預後，伊拉克政府同意支持盟軍。1958年，君主製被推翻，在接下來的二十年裏，伊拉克被一係列軍事和文官政府統治。

 

1979年，薩達姆·侯賽因將軍成為伊拉克獨裁者；他用鐵腕掌權，直到2003年他被美國領導的盟軍處決。

 

Iraq wins independence

With the admission of Iraq into the League of Nations, Britain terminates its mandate over the Arab nation, making Iraq independent after 17 years of British rule and centuries of Ottoman rule.

Britain seized Iraq from Ottoman Turkey during World War Iand was granted a mandate by the League of Nations to govern the nation in 1920. A Hashemite monarchy was organized under British protection in 1921, and on October 3, 1932, the kingdom of Iraq was granted independence. The Iraqi government maintained close economic and military ties with Britain, leading to several anti-British revolts. A pro-Axis revolt in 1941 led to a British military intervention, and the Iraqi government agreed to support the Allied war effort. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown, and for the next two decades Iraq was ruled by a series of military and civilian governments. 

In 1979, General Saddam Hussein became Iraqi dictator; he held onto power with an iron fist until disappearing in 2003. He was later found in hiding, stood trial and was executed following an American-led coalition’s invasion of Iraq.

 

1952

英國成功製造了核武器，成為世界上第三大核大國

 

The UK successfully conducts a nuclear weapon, becoming the world’s third nuclear power

 

1990

德國重新統一

 

10月3日是德國的統一日，是全國法定假日，是為紀念1990年10月3日原德意誌聯邦共和國（原西德）和原德意誌民主共和國（原東德）正式宣布統一的國家性節日。

 

East and West Germany reunite after 45 years

Photo Credit: Gilles Leimdorfer/AFP/Getty Images

Less than one year after the destruction of the Berlin Wall, East and West Germany come together on what is known as “Unity Day.” 

Since 1945, when Soviet forces occupied eastern Germany, and the United States and other Allied forces occupied the western half of the nation at the close of World War II, divided Germany had come to serve as one of the most enduring symbols of the Cold War. 

Some of the most dramatic episodes of the Cold War took place there. The Berlin Blockade (June 1948–May 1949), during which the Soviet Union blocked all ground travel into West Berlin, and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 were perhaps the most famous. With the gradual waning of Soviet power in the late 1980s, the Communist Party in East Germany began to lose its grip on power. Tens of thousands of East Germans began to flee the nation, and by late 1989 the Berlin Wall started to come down.