曆史上的八月二十三日

曆史上的8/23日

今天是8/23日，2023年的第235天，今年還剩130天。
世界曆史上的今天發生了如下值得我關注的事件：

1，1856
美國女科學家Eunice Foote展示她的關於全球變暖的研究
2，1884
馬尾海戰爆發
3，1939
蘇德簽訂臭名昭著的《蘇德互不侵犯條約》
4，1942
斯大林格勒保衛戰打響
5，2021
美國食品藥品監督管理局批準輝瑞新冠肺炎疫苗

以下是較為詳細的介紹和編者按?

1856
美國女科學家Eunice Foote展示她的關於全球變暖的研究

1856年8月23日，Eunice Foote的作品在紐約奧爾巴尼舉行的美國科學促進協會（AAAS）會議上發表。她是第一個闡明大氣中二氧化碳可能導致全球變暖的人。

Eunice Foote’s research on global warming is presented publicly
On August 23, 1856, Eunice Foote's work is presented to a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Albany, New York. She is the first to articulate the possibility of global warming from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

1884
馬尾海戰爆發

1884年8月23日，停泊於福建馬尾的法國艦隊突然向大清福建水師發起攻擊，馬尾海戰爆發。時逢落潮，大部分中國軍艦艦尾朝向法艦，暴露在法方炮火之下，無法進行有力還擊，但廣大愛國官兵仍英勇抵抗，揚武號、揚威號、飛雲號、福星號、福勝號等艦官兵皆壯烈殉國，福建水師全軍覆沒，馬尾船廠被毀。這是中國近代海軍史上慘痛的一頁。

編者?一頁一頁的慘痛，一篇一篇的控訴，why？

1939
蘇德簽訂臭名昭著的《蘇德互不侵犯條約》

1939年8月23日，德國外長裏賓特洛甫到蘇聯訪問，同斯大林、莫洛托夫舉行會談。當晚，蘇德兩國簽訂互不侵犯條約及其秘密協議書。條約規定：締約雙方不得采取任何侵略行動，不得使用武力進攻對方，一方遭到進攻時另一方不得援助進攻之國等。秘密協定書則劃分了蘇德在東歐地區的勢力範圍。條約簽訂後，蘇聯加緊建立“東方戰線”，擴展了西部邊界，爭取了更多的備戰時間。1941年6月22日，德國撕毀《蘇德互不侵犯條約》，執行巴巴羅薩計劃，以閃電戰戰術，企圖快速攻克蘇聯北至阿爾漢格爾斯克、南至阿斯特拉罕的西部領土，摧毀蘇聯打造的“東方戰線”，蘇德戰爭爆發。 
編者?這是分贓合同；是希特勒的緩兵之計合同；合同是人簽訂的，也是人撕毀的，合同一紙，隨意簽，隨意撕；有何意義！編者?

Germany, Soviet Union sign non-aggression pact

On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact, stunning the world, given their diametrically opposed ideologies. But the dictators were, despite appearances, both playing to their own political needs.
After Nazi Germany’s invasion of Czechoslovakia, Britain had to decide to what extent it would intervene should Hitler continue German expansion. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, at first indifferent to Hitler’s capture of the Sudetenland, the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia, suddenly snapped to life when Poland became threatened. He made it plain that Britain would be obliged to come to the aid of Poland in the event of German invasion. But he wanted, and needed, an ally. The only power large enough to stop Hitler, and with a vested interest in doing so, was the Soviet Union. But Stalin was cool to Britain after its effort to create a political alliance with Britain and France against Germany had been rebuffed a year earlier. Plus, Poland’s leaders were less than thrilled with the prospect of Russia becoming its guardian; to them, it was simply occupation by another monstrous regime.
WWII Spy Strategy

Hitler believed that Britain would never take him on alone, so he decided to swallow his fear and loathing of communism and cozy up to the Soviet dictator, thereby pulling the rug out from the British initiative. Both sides were extremely suspicious of the other, trying to discern ulterior motives. But Hitler was in a hurry; he knew if he was to invade Poland it had to be done quickly, before the West could create a unified front. Agreeing basically to carve up parts of Eastern Europe—and leave each other alone in the process—Hitler’s foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, flew to Moscow and signed the non-aggression pact with his Soviet counterpart, V.M. Molotov (which is why the pact is often referred to as the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact). Supporters of bolshevism around the world had their heretofore romantic view of “international socialism” ruined; they were outraged that Stalin would enter into any kind of league with the fascist dictator.

1942
斯大林格勒保衛戰打響

1942年8月23日，德國主力部隊渡過頓河，對斯大林格勒展開全麵進攻，二戰期間舉世聞名的斯大林格勒保衛戰從這一天開始。
德國企圖迅速攻下斯大林格勒和高加索，以切斷伏爾加河這條貫通南北的交通命脈，奪取巴庫油田、烏克蘭小麥、頓巴斯的煤，以加強自己的戰爭經濟，然後向東北迂回包抄莫斯科，南出波斯灣。為了達到這個目的，德軍主力每天出動上千架飛機，投下了100多萬顆炸彈，把斯大林格勒炸成一片廢墟。蘇聯軍民懷著誓死保衛斯大林格勒的鋼鐵意誌，冒著敵人的狂轟濫炸，在廢墟堆中和衝進市區的敵人展開驚心動魄的搏鬥，打退了德軍一次次整師、整團的集團衝鋒。每寸土地，每座樓房，每條街道都成了德軍喪生之地。
斯大林及時聚集了大量的後備部隊，在同年11月19日，以迅雷不及掩耳之勢，突破德軍防線，轉入大反攻，構成“鐵鉗之勢”，在5天之內，就把聚集在斯大林格勒城下的33萬德軍包圍起來。1943年元旦過後，蘇軍以5000門大炮進行猛烈轟擊，到2月2日，全部殲滅了被圍德軍。這次保衛戰以蘇軍的徹底勝利而告終。

2021
美國食品藥品監督管理局批準輝瑞新冠肺炎疫苗

2021年8月23日，在對該公司的擴大臨床試驗進行製造審查和分析後，美國食品藥品監督管理局（FDA）完全批準了針對16歲及以上人群的輝瑞生物科技新冠肺炎疫苗，該試驗包括約44,000名參與者，並發現該疫苗在預防新冠肺炎方麵有91%的有效性。

編者?當時中國政府在通過第一階段嚴格封城贏得抗疫初步勝利之後，應該放下身段，為了本國公民的健康福祉與西方國家合作生產高效疫苗或者直接向西方國家購買高效疫苗，進一步科學防疫。沒成想當局者魯莽蠻幹，置草民百姓生命、國計民生於不顧，僅靠野蠻封城；錯失良機，導致死人無數，經濟疲憊。
保住了一個人的麵子，
喪失了無數人的生命。編者?
FDA fully approves the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine

On August 23, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fully approves the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for people aged 16 and older, following a manufacturing review and analysis of the company’s expanded clinical trial, which included approximately 44,000 participants and found the vaccine to be 91 percent effective in preventing COVID-19.