曆史上的8/14日
今天是8/14日,2023年的第226天,今年還剩139天。
世界曆史上的今天發生了如下值得我關注的事件:
1,1784
俄羅斯人在阿拉斯加定居
2,1900
八國聯軍侵占北京
3,1917
中國正式對德國、奧地利宣戰
4,1935
FDR簽署《社會保障法》
5,1945
中華民國與蘇聯簽訂《中蘇友好同盟條約》
6,1947
巴基斯坦獨立
7,1953
蘇聯宣布擁有氫彈
8,1997
科學家發現最早的人類足跡
以下是較為詳細的介紹:
1784
俄羅斯人在阿拉斯加定居
歐洲在1741由丹麥航海家Vitus Bering率領的俄羅斯探險隊發現了阿拉斯加大陸。俄羅斯獵人很快就入侵了阿拉斯加,島上土著阿羅伊特人因接觸外國疾病後遭受了巨大損失。
1784年八月十四日,俄羅斯毛皮商人格裏戈裏·謝利霍夫(Grigory Shelikhov)在科迪亞克島上,建立了三聖灣(Three Saints Bay),這是俄羅斯在阿拉斯加的第一個永久定居點。三聖灣殖民地於建立後,謝利霍夫與他的妻子和200名男子在那裏生活了兩年。從三聖灣探索了阿拉斯加大陸,並建立了其他毛皮貿易中心。1786年,謝利霍夫回到俄羅斯,1790年派遣亞曆山大·巴拉諾夫管理他在阿拉斯加的事務。
Russians settle Alaska
On Kodiak Island, Grigory Shelikhov, a Russian fur trader, founds Three Saints Bay, the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska.
The European discovery of Alaska came in 1741, when a Russian expedition led by Danish navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Alaskan mainland. Russian hunters were soon making incursions into Alaska, and the Indigenous Aleut population suffered greatly after being exposed to foreign diseases. The Three Saints Bay colony was founded on Kodiak Island in 1784, and Shelikhov lived there for two years with his wife and 200 men. From Three Saints Bay, the Alaskan mainland was explored, and other fur-trade centers were established. In 1786, Shelikhov returned to Russia and in 1790 dispatched Aleksandr Baranov to manage his affairs in Alaska.
1900
八國聯軍侵占北京
1900年8月14日,是北京曆史上永遠不能忘卻的日子。這一天,由世界上八個主要帝國主義國家英、美、德、意、日、法、俄、奧組成的侵華聯軍占領了北京城。
1917
中國正式對德國、奧地利宣戰
1917年8月14日,北京政府發布《大總統布告》,正式宣布對德、奧宣戰。布告稱:“我中華民國政府前以德國施行潛水艇計劃,違背國際公法,危害中立國人民生命財產,曾於本年二月九日向德政府提出抗議,並聲明萬一抗議無效,不得已將與德國斷絕外交關係等語。不意抗議之後,其潛水艇計劃曾不少變,中立國之船隻,交戰國之商船,橫被轟毀,日增其數。……遂於三月十四日向德政府宣告斷絕外交關係,並將經過情形宣示中外。……與德國取同一政策之奧國,亦始終未改其度。既背公法,複傷害吾人民,我政府責善之深心,至是實己絕望。爰自中華民國六年八月十四日上午十時起,對德國、奧國宣告立於戰爭地位。所有以前我國與德、奧兩國訂立之條約及其他國際條款、國際協議屬於中德、中奧之關係者,悉依據國際公法及慣例,一律廢止。”
China declares war on Germany
On August 14, 1917, as World War I enters its fourth year, China abandons its neutrality and declares war on Germany.
From its inception, the Great War was by no means confined to the European continent; in the Far East, two rival nations, Japan and China, sought to find their own role in the great conflict. The ambitious Japan, an ally of Britain since 1902, wasted no time in entering the fray, declaring war on Germany on August 23, 1914 and immediately plotting to capture Tsingtao, the biggest German overseas naval base, located on the Shantung Peninsula in China, by amphibious assault. Some 60,000 Japanese troops, assisted by two British battalions, subsequently violated Chinese neutrality with an overland approach from the sea towards Tsingtao, capturing the naval base on November 7 when the German garrison surrendered. That January, Japan presented China with the so-called 21 Demands, which included the extension of direct Japanese control over most of Shantung, southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia and the seizure of more territory, including islands in the South Pacific controlled by Germany.
1935
FDR簽署《社會保障法》
富蘭克林總統羅斯福於1935年8月14日簽署了《社會保障法》。新聞攝影師撲捉到了這一曆史性鏡頭:FDR羅斯福在國會高級議員的陪同下,簽署了一項曆史性法案,以保證失業者和退休人員的收入。羅斯福讚揚了國會他認為的“愛國”行為。
1932年,羅斯福在大蕭條時期掌舵了這個國家,這是該國最嚴重的經濟危機。《社會保障法》(SSA)與他的其他“新政”計劃保持一致,包括建立工程進度管理局和平民保護團,該團試圖通過讓美國人重返工作崗位來將美國從大蕭條中提升出來。
FDR signs Social Security Act
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act on August 14, 1935. Press photographers snapped pictures as FDR, flanked by ranking members of Congress, signed into law the historic act, which guaranteed an income for the unemployed and retirees. FDR commended Congress for what he considered to be a “patriotic” act.
Roosevelt had taken the helm of the country in 1932 in the midst of the Great Depression, the nation’s worst economic crisis. The Social Security Act (SSA) was in keeping with his other “New Deal” programs, including the establishment of the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, which attempted to hoist America out of the Great Depression by putting Americans back to work.
1945
中華民國與蘇聯簽訂《中蘇友好同盟條約》
《中蘇友好同盟條約》,是1945年8月14日中華民國政府與蘇聯政府就對日作戰後期及戰爭結束後解決雙方爭議問題的一個條約。根據條約換文,中華民國政府允許將依公正的公民投票的結果決定外蒙古是否獨立。1945年10月20日,外蒙人民在外蒙當局的監視和控製下進行公民投票,結果顯示97.8%的公民讚成外蒙古獨立。中華人民共和國成立後﹐根據1950年簽訂《中蘇友好同盟互助條約》時的換文規定﹐《中蘇友好同盟條約》失效。
1947
巴基斯坦獨立
每年8月14日慶祝的獨立日(烏爾都語:???? ?????; Yāum-e-?zādi)是巴基斯坦的國定假日。它紀念巴基斯坦在1947年8月英屬印度終止後獲得獨立並被宣布為主權國家的那一天。巴基斯坦的獨立是巴基斯坦民族運動的成果,該運動旨在通過分治,在英屬印度西北部地區建立一個獨立的穆斯林國家。1][2][3]該運動由穆罕默德·阿裏·真納領導的全印度穆斯林聯盟領導。
在伊斯蘭日曆中,獨立日恰逢齋月27日,齋月27日前夕是Laylat al-Qadr,被穆斯林視為神聖的。
檔案上巴基斯坦先印度一天從英國獨立。
Pakistan Independence Day
14 August 1947
Pakistan emerged in 1947 from a British India, which was partitioned into two Dominions, India and Pakistan. On 14 August 1947, Pakistan achieved independence one day prior to Indian independence.
Independence Day (Urdu: ???? ?????; Yāum-e-?zādi), observed annually on 14 August, is a national holiday in Pakistan. It commemorates the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign state following the termination of the British Raj in August of 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which aimed for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the north-western regions of British India via partition.[1][2][3] The movement was led by the All-India Muslim Leagueunder the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The event was brought forth by the Indian Independence Act 1947 under which the British Raj gave independence to the Dominion of Pakistan which comprised West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). During that time, In the Islamic calendar, the day of independence coincided with Ramadan 27, the eve of which, being Laylat al-Qadr, is regarded as sacred by Muslims.
1953
蘇聯宣布擁有氫彈
1953年8月14日蘇聯宣布擁有氫彈,1953年8月14日,蘇聯總理馬林科夫宣布美國已不再壟斷氫彈的生產了。
1997
科學家發現最早的人類足跡
1997年8月14日,美國和南非的兩名科學家在華盛頓宣布,他們發現了11.7萬年前人類祖先腳印的化石,這是迄今為止所發現的最早的人類祖先的足跡。
這組腳印是由美國古人類學家李·伯格和南非地理學家大衛·羅伯茨1995年9月在南非開普敦以北約97公裏處的大西洋海岸的岩石中發現的。經過近兩年的研究,他們認為這組腳印是人類祖先留下的,腳印長21.6厘米,可能是一名身高1.6l米的婦女的腳櫻當時,暴雨過後,沙灘潮濕,腳印留下後很快被大風吹來的細沙掩埋,後經漫長歲月形成砂礫岩石,腳印因此被保留下來。