曆史上的6/21日
今天是6/21日,2023年的第172天,今年還剩193天。
人類曆史上的今天,發生了如下值得我關注的事件:
1788
美國憲法獲批準生效
到1786年,獨立戰爭後戰爭《邦聯條例》的缺陷顯而易見,例如對外國和國內商業缺乏中央權威;因此國會批準了起草新憲法的計劃。1787年5月25日,製憲會議在費城獨立廳召開。1787年9月17日,在大會主席喬治·華盛頓主持的三個月辯論後,出席大會結束時的41名代表中的38人簽署了新的美國憲法,該憲法創建了一個強大的聯邦政府,具有複雜的製衡製度。根據第七條的規定,該文件必須在13個州中的9個州批準方能生效。1788年6月21日:新罕布什爾州成為第九個也是最後一個批準美國憲法的必要州,從而使該文件成為國家的法律。
June 21, 1788: New Hampshire becomes the ninth and last necessary state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby making the document the law of the land.
By 1786, defects in the post-Revolutionary War Articles of Confederation were apparent, such as the lack of central authority over foreign and domestic commerce. Congress endorsed a plan to draft a new constitution, and on May 25, 1787, the Constitutional Convention convened at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. On September 17, 1787, after three months of debate moderated by convention president George Washington, the new U.S. constitution, which created a strong federal government with an intricate system of checks and balances, was signed by 38 of the 41 delegates present at the conclusion of the convention. As dictated by Article VII, the document would not become binding until it was ratified by nine of the 13 states.
——1900
清廷向列強宣戰
(The Qing government declared war on the powers)
公元1900年6月21日( 庚子年五月廿五),八國聯軍進攻大沽炮台,中國清政府發布詔書,號召全國軍民與西方侵略者們“一決雌雄”。後來,這份詔書一般稱為“宣戰詔書”。
不久,北京都城淪陷,朝廷逃亡,史稱“庚子事變”。隨後,清政府又答應八國“議和大綱”,被迫接受賠款要求。賠款共計4.5億兩,分39年還清。也就是說,列強讓每一個中國人都感受到了賠款的存在,蒙受了國家無能的恥辱。這筆巨款連本帶息,總數達白銀10億兩以上,相當於清政府年財政收入的12倍,史稱“庚子賠款”。但列強似乎有“良心發現”,先後又對庚款進行了有條件的退賠。 [4]
——1970
1970年國際足聯世界杯決賽在墨西哥城阿茲特克體育場舉行:貝利帶領的巴西隊在107412名觀眾觀看之下,以4-1擊敗意大利,奪得本屆世界杯冠軍。也使巴西隊和球星貝利成為3次贏得世界杯的第一支球隊和球員,(巴西贏得了1958年、1962年和1970年的世界杯).
(而德國贏得了1954年、1974年和1990年的世界杯。沒有其他球隊贏得三次或更多的世界杯。)—-編者按
1970 FIFA World Cup Final, Estadio Azteca, Mexico City: Brazil and Pelé become first team and player to win World Cup 3 times, beating Italy, 4-1 in front of 107,412
——1982
行刺美國總統羅納德·裏根的刺客被判無罪
1982年6月21日,槍擊裏根總統及其他3人時在場的約翰·W·欣克利因精神失常,被判無罪。然而,由於他對社會的明顯威脅,他被安置在華盛頓聖.伊麗莎白醫院,一家精神病院接受治療。20世紀90年代末,Hinckley的律師開始爭辯說,Hinkley的精神疾病已經緩解,因此他有權恢複正常生活。從1999年8月開始,他被允許在醫院場地進行有監督的一日遊,後來又被允許在沒有監督的情況下每周去看望父母一次。2018年,他完全被釋放。
一個升鬥小民行刺美國總統,卻被判無罪,堂堂的美國總統白白地吃了槍子兒,這說明什麽?
——編者按
John Hinckley Jr., who attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan, found not guilty
John W. Hinckley, Jr., who on March 30, 1981, shot President Ronald Reagan and three others outside a Washington, D.C., hotel, was found not guilty of attempted murder by reason of insanity.
The June 1982 verdict of “not guilty by reason of insanity” aroused widespread public criticism, and many were shocked that a would-be presidential assassin could avoid being held accountable for his crime. However, because of his obvious threat to society, he was placed in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, a mental institution. In the late 1990s, Hinckley’s attorney began arguing that Hinkley’s mental illness was in remission and thus he had a right to return to a normal life. Beginning in August 1999, he was allowed supervised day trips off the hospital grounds and later was allowed to visit his parents once a week unsupervised. In 2018, he was fully released.
——1990
伊朗發生七點七級大地震
1990年6月21日,伊朗裏海附近發生7.7級大地震,地震對該地區簡簡易房屋造成了嚴重破壞,造成約5萬人死亡,另有13.5萬人受傷。
Earthquake devastates Iran
An earthquake near the Caspian Sea in Iran kills an estimated 50,000 and injures another 135,000 people on June 21, 1990. The 7.7-magnitude tremor wrecked havoc on the simply constructed houses in the area.
——1993
英國數學家安德魯·懷爾斯在356年後證明了法國數學家皮埃爾·德·費馬的最後一個定理,這是世界上最困難的數學問題.
1993 English mathematician Andrew Wiles proves last theorem of French mathematician Pierre de Fermat after 356 years, the world's most difficult maths problem.