文摘：International Woman\'s Day 國際婦女節

International Women's Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

International Working Woman's Day (IWD) is marked on March 8 every year. It is a major day of global celebration for the economic, political and social achievements of women.

Started as a political event, the holiday blended in the culture of many countries (primarily Russia and the countries of former Soviet bloc). In some celebrations, the day lost its political flavour, and became simply an occasion for men to express their love to the women around them in a way somewhat similar to Mother's Day and St Valentine's Day mixed together. In others, however, the political and human rights theme as designated by the United Nations runs strong, and political and social awareness of the struggles of women worldwide are brought out and examined in a hopeful manner.

The IWD is also celebrated as the first spring holiday, as in the listed countries the first day of March is considered the first day of the spring season.

History

The first IWD was observed on 28 February 1909 in the United States following a declaration by the Socialist Party of America. Among other relevant historic events, it came to commemorate the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. The idea of having an international women's day was first put forward at the turn of the 20th century amid rapid world industrialization and economic expansion that led to protests over working conditions. By urban legend,[1][2] women from clothing and textile factories staged one such protest on 8 March 1857 in New York City.[3] The garment workers were protesting against very poor working conditions and low wages. The protesters were attacked and dispersed by police. These women established their first labor union in the same month two years later.

More protests followed on 8 March in subsequent years, most notably in 1908 when 15,000 women marched through New York City demanding shorter hours, better pay and voting rights[citation needed]. In 1910 the first international women's conference was held in Copenhagen (in the labour-movement building located at Jagtvej 69, which until recently housed Ungdomshuset) by the Second International and an 'International Women's Day' was established, which was submitted by the important German Socialist Clara Zetkin, although no date was specified.[4] The following year, 1911, IWD was marked by over a million people in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, on March 19.[5] However, soon thereafter, on March 25, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City killed over 140 garment workers. A lack of safety measures was blamed for the high death toll. Furthermore, on the eve of World War I, women across Europe held peace rallies on 8 March 1913. In the West, International Women's Day was commemorated during the 1910s and 1920s, but dwindled. It was revived by the rise of feminism in the 1960s.

Demonstrations marking International Women's Day in Russia proved to be the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Following the October Revolution, the Bolshevik feminist Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, and it was established, but was a working day until 1965. On May 8, 1965 by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet International Women's Day was declared as a non working day in the USSR "in commemoration of outstanding merits of the Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Motherland during the Great Patriotic War, their heroism and selflessness at the front and in rear, and also marking the big contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples and struggle for the peace."

2009 International Women's Day

On occasion of 2009 International Women's Day the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has warned that the specific health-care needs of women are often ignored or insufficiently taken into account in war situations.

In the world’s least developed countries, many of which are at war, women are 300 times more likely to die in childbirth or from pregnancy-related complications than in developed countries, according to UNICEF. While armed conflicts and other violence affect entire communities, women are particularly at risk of rape and other forms of sexual violence. Because of poor security conditions or because they have no means of transportation, it is often impossible for women to reach a health-care facility so as to give birth safely.[6]

References

1 Temma Kaplan, On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day, in: Feminist Studies, 11, 1985, S. 163-171. (PDF)
2 Liliane Kandel / Françoise Picq, Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes, in: La Revue d'en face, 12, 1982, S. 67-80.
3 Angela Howard Zophy, Handbook of American women's history, Garland, 1990, 187.
4 Unites Nations page on the background of the IWD
5 [1]
6 Greater need, fewer resources: ensuring adequate health care for women during armed conflict

Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Day

國際婦女節
維基百科，自由的百科全書

國際婦女節是在每年的3月8日為慶祝婦女在經濟、政治和社會等領域做出的重要貢獻和取得的巨大成就而設立的節日。同時，也是為了紀念在1911年美國紐約三角工廠火災中喪生的140多名女工。

歷史

設立國際婦女節的想法是最先產生於20世紀初，當時西方各國正處在快速工業化和經濟擴張階段。惡劣的工作條件和低廉的工資使得各類抗議和罷工活動此起彼伏。1857年3月8日，美國紐約的製衣和紡織女工走上街頭，抗議惡劣的工作條件和低薪。盡管後來當局出動警察攻擊並驅散了抗議人群，但這次抗議活動促成了兩年後的3月第一個工會組織的建立。

接下來的數年裏，幾乎每年的3月8日都有類似的抗議遊行活動。其中最為引人注目的是在1908年，當時有將近15000名婦女走上紐約街頭，要求縮短工作時間，增加工資和享有選舉權等，並喊出了象征經濟保障和生活質量的“麵包加玫瑰”的口號。首次慶祝婦女節是在1909年2月28日，當時美國社會黨發表了一項宣言，號召在每年2月的最後一個星期日舉行紀念活動。這樣每年的慶祝活動一直持續到1913年。1910年，社會主義國際在丹麥哥本哈根召開首屆國際婦女會議。會上德國婦女運動領袖克拉拉·蔡特金（Clara Zetkin）倡議設定一天為國際婦女節，得到與會代表的積極響應。次年3月19日，奧地利、丹麥、德國和瑞士等國總共超過一百萬人舉行各種活動慶祝國際婦女節。6天之後的3月25日，紐約發生了著名的三角工廠火災，火災吞噬了140多名製衣女工的生命，這其中大多數是意大利和猶太移民。而惡劣的工作條件被認為是導致如此重大傷亡的主要原因。這場火災後來還對美國的勞工立法產生了重要影響。

而在第一次世界大戰爆發前夕，歐洲的婦女們也於1913年3月8日走上街頭，通過舉行和平集會等形式反對戰爭。

紀念國際婦女節的活動後來還證明是俄國革命的前奏。1917年3月8日，當時的俄國婦女舉行罷工，要求得到“麵包與和平”。4天後，沙皇被迫退位，臨時政府宣布賦予婦女選舉權。十月革命成功之後，布爾什維克的女權活動家亞曆山德拉·科倫泰（Alexandra Kollontai）說服列寧將3月8日設為法定假日。蘇聯時期，每年都會在這天紀念“英雄的婦女工作者”。不過在民眾中，節日的政治色彩逐漸減弱而演變成類似西方的母親節和情人節之類向女性表達尊敬和愛意的機會。至今，這天仍是俄羅斯的法定假日，男性會贈送禮物給婦女以祝賀她們的節日。

在西方國家，國際婦女節的紀念活動在上世紀二三十年代期間正常舉行，但後來一度中斷。直到1960年代，隨著女權運動的興起才又逐漸恢複。

1924年，中國共產黨在廣州首次舉行了婦女節的紀念活動。1949年，大陸中央政府成立後正式將3月8日定為婦女節，該日全國婦女放假半天，並舉行各種形式的慶祝活動。在台灣、香港和澳門等地，婦女節也都作為一個節日予以慶祝。

聯合國從1975年國際婦女年開始，每年於3月8日舉辦活動慶祝國際婦女節。


Source: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E8%8A%82