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憂鬱症的一些起因和 Personality Disorder的自我對照

(2013-01-12 05:55:37) 下一個
人為什麽會有憂鬱症,當生活壓力很大時,出自主觀原因,也可能是客觀原因,我們不能及時解決問題,積攢起來,時間長了,舊恨還沒消除,同類性質的新傷在舊恨的基礎上不斷出現,堆積在一起,就憂鬱的越來越厲害。 生活的壓力是可能來自方方麵麵的,這些方麵也可能相互交織,同時出現在生活裏,比如在我們成長和日常活中,婚姻問題,與父母的關係問題,教育孩子的矛盾,婚前交友的問題,職業工作中的問題,(甚至作為一個種族一員的問題。我曾經跟企鵝先生說過,曆史上西方社會結合在一起欺負共產主義的中國,這是個民族層次的傷害。專門對於這個民族層次的傷害,每個中國人都需要healing的。),成長過程中希望有好朋友交往的歸屬感,等等,都可能出現這樣那樣,或深或淺的問題。 那麽針對那些出現了的問題,我們為什麽沒有完美的解決問題的技巧,我們為什麽很長時間裏不能解決,最後拖出問題,很大程度來自於我們的麵對問題時的各種負麵心態,而很多這樣的負麵心態,就來自於我們從小受到的相關傷害和(或)中國文化中與西方文化衝突的部分。如果烙印和傷害很深,得不到治療,形成了很深的負麵人生觀和心態,成人後,在某一特定客觀因素的左右下,出現苗頭,最後加深。而且,過去中國哪有什麽心理治療啊。所以大家都知道,美國小學裏配有心理谘詢的老師。 大約有一半的美國家庭都會因為各種原因看心理醫生。而很多案例都顯示出起因是童年時的陰影和受到的傷害。 附加個personality disorder 的種類,翻譯的不精準,可以自己古溝一下英文解釋:

(不是學心理的哈,翻譯上別嚴格要求,就是想分享一下,培養健康的性格和家庭生活。)

Paranoid personality disorder
恐懼症)
  別人過於懷疑和不信任,他們認為自己處於危險,尋找蛛絲馬跡,過度自衛和懷疑他人。對於輕微的侮辱和傷害拒絕忘記,不能分辨別人的好話或好心,對於配偶的性忠誠反複考驗,認為啥都是陰謀”。

Schizoid personality disorder
對社會關係沒興趣,不與他人分享時間和進行交流。
有時候性冷淡, 過於獨居獨行,對多數活動提不起興趣。 情感冷淡無情趣。既不願意與不參與包括家庭在內的群體活動。除了家人 沒有知己

Schizotypal personality disorder
常有奇怪的,不合時宜的思想和行為,奇異幻想,與群組大多數人的思想和行為不一致,
 

Antisocial personality disorder  
青少年時期,15歲左右到18歲,受環境影響,
忽視他人的權利,違背社會通行法則,常說謊話,愛衝動,無視自己和他人的安全,通過小偷小摸,打架等標新立異。

Borderline personality disorder  
極端性的不是黑就是白的思想,與他人關係,自我地位,和行為不穩定,經常導致自殘自殺和其他衝動。女性發生率比男性多3倍。在過於理想化和過於貶值論之間搖擺,至少在某兩個方麵的行為裏有自殘傾向,不能控製脾氣等(promiscuous sex, eating disorders, binge eating, substance abuse, reckless driving

Histrionic personality disorder 
集地尋求關注,在大多數場合,如果自己不是中心就感到不舒服, 持續通過動作行為得到注意, 說話過於追求誇大和煽情而沒有細節, 行為和情感過於戲劇化, 包括不合適的性癮和情感超冷或超熱,關於誇張親密感與事實有出入, 過於自認有吸引力。情感表露變化非常快。

Narcissistic personality disorder 
過於自我注重,誇大自我成就和才能,過度認為和幻想成功,權力,優秀,美麗,或不實際的愛情。 認為自我的優秀不被認同,願意把自我與某名人相提並論。要求過度的讚美,利用別人達到自己的目標,而對別人的利益不在乎,羨慕其他人或認為其他人羨慕自己。態度傲慢賣弄。

Avoidant personality disorder 
避免社會交往,對負麵評估極端敏感,有意社會隱形,自認沒有社交技能,沒有情趣,害怕別人。愛緊張,常害怕社交場合被拒絕,自己不被接受,不願意加入和參與,

Dependent personality disorder  
心理上過於依賴他人

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
對於規則,道德意識和製度過於嚴格遵守,過於條例化

  1. feelings of excessive doubt and caution;

  2. preoccupation with details, rules, lists, order, organization or schedule;

  3. perfectionism that interferes with task completion;

  4. excessive conscientiousness, scrupulousness, and undue preoccupation with productivity to the exclusion of pleasure and interpersonal relationships;

  5. excessive pedantry and adherence to social conventions;

  6. rigidity and stubbornness;

  7. unreasonable insistence by the individual that others submit exactly to his or her way of doing things, or unreasonable reluctance to allow others to do things;

  8. intrusion of insistent and unwelcome thoughts or impulses.

Depressive personality disorder 
認知和行為在成人早期階段比較壓抑和抑鬱。憂鬱症

Passive-aggressive personality disorder
超級負麵態度和消極麵對個人情況。消極拒絕從事正常社會或職業
 工作或任務,抱怨他人不理解不欣賞,愛爭論,不滿和挑戰權威,對於比較幸運的人表示嫉妒和恨意,過於誇大和抱怨個人的不幸和不順利,常敵意性的拆台和不貢獻。

Sadistic personality disorder  
冷酷,攻擊和凶殘。使用暴力製服和支配,在公眾場合羞辱他人,過於粗魯地指揮,對他人的痛苦感到快感,過度幹預他人或家人的自由和自主。有暴力幻想。

Self-defeating personality disorder/masochistic personality disorder
對於他人的有效建議加以拒絕,過於減弱和降低個人的幸福和目標結果 (不想翻譯了,大家自己看吧)

A) A pervasive pattern of self-defeating behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. The person may often avoid or undermine pleasurable experiences, be drawn to situations or relationships in which he or she will suffer, and prevent others from helping him, as indicated by at least five of the following:

  1. chooses people and situations that lead to disappointment, failure, or mistreatment even when better options are clearly available

  2. rejects or renders ineffective the attempts of others to help him or her

  3. following positive personal events (e.g., new achievement), responds with depression, guilt, or a behavior that produces pain (e.g., an accident)

  4. incites angry or rejecting responses from others and then feels hurt, defeated, or humiliated (e.g., makes fun of spouse in public, provoking an angry retort, then feels devastated)

  5. rejects opportunities for pleasure, or is reluctant to acknowledge enjoying himself or herself (despite having adequate social skills and the capacity for pleasure)

  6. fails to accomplish tasks crucial to his or her personal objectives despite demonstrated ability to do so, e.g., helps fellow students write papers, but is unable to write his or her own

  7. is uninterested in or rejects people who consistently treat him or her well, e.g., is unattracted to caring sexual partners

  8. engages in excessive self-sacrifice that is unsolicited by the intended recipients of the sacrifice

B) The behaviors in A do not occur exclusively in response to, or in anticipation of, being physically, sexually, or psychologically abused.
C) The behaviors in A do not occur only when the person is depressed.
 
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