所有具聚合力的作用劑中，最廉價最有效的是仇恨。群眾運動的發動和蔓延可以沒有一個上帝，但絕少不了一個魔鬼。舉證：希特勒，斯

斯大林，洪秀全，波爾布特 。。。。。。。

關於群眾運動，社會哲學家Eric Hoffe寫了一本經典

The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements

值得一讀。

“Hatred is the most accessible and comprehensive of all the unifying agents. Mass movements can rise and spread without belief in a god, but never without a belief in a devil.”  

關於群眾運動領袖：

“The quality of ideas seems to play a minor role in mass movement leadership. What counts is the arrogant gesture, the complete disregard of the opinion of others, the singlehanded defiance of the world.”

關於群眾運動的社會心理學：

“The permanent misfits can find salvation only in a complete separation from the self; and they usually find it by losing themselves in the compact collectivity of a mass movement.”

“A man is likely to mind his own business when it is worth minding. When it is not, he takes his mind off his own meaningless affairs by minding other people's business. This minding of other people's business expresses itself in gossip, snooping and meddling, and also in feverish interest in communal, national, and racial affairs."

“people with a sense of fulfillment think it is a good world and would like to conserve it as it is, while the frustrated favor radical change.”

關於群眾運動的後果：

“There is a tendency to judge a race, a nation or any distinct group by its least worthy members. Though manifestly unfair, this tendency has some justification. For the character and destiny of a group are often determined by its inferior elements.”

這話當然政治不正確，但有statistical significance。問精通中國曆史的網友們，在那麽多的農民起義中，推動社會進步的有幾個？