values and practices

 The former have been defined as ‘enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct […] is personally and socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct’ (Rokeach, 1973, 5). The latter are more visible to an external observer and often manifest themselves in symbols, heroes and rituals (Hofstede, 2001). Values may be seen as systems of deep assumptions that have strong affective components, are acquired early on in life and tend to be rather stable (Karahanna et al., 2005, 5), while practices are attitudes that are ‘learned later through socialisation at the workplace after an individual’s values are firmly in place’ (Karahanna et al., 2005, 6). Values and practices are two critical aspects of culture and are intertwined. Ideally, practices should reflect values, but this is not always the case. When practices dictated by one level of culture (e.g. organisational) are not aligned with the values comprising another level of culture (e.g. national), tensions and conflicts may arise.

知識分子的一大特點就是成天思考，想通了很多道理但是不見得能成什麽事。身體比較弱的人比較容易成為知識分子。因為沒有精力和體力幹活，隻能思考。研究研究曆史，很多文學家科學家都是體弱多病的人。比如牛頓，李時珍。。。

精力體力旺盛的人不需要思考太多，直接去改變世界了。比如商人，政客。。

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