Not a lawyer, could be bad ideas --

1) Ask them how your documents lost. Keep a copy of the conversation, letters/email/phone record. (Is it legal to record phone conversation in China without telling the other party?) If their story sounds fake (or have holes), file a report to police saying they stole your documents; or deliberately lost your documents. (Which is very likely to be true.) BTW, you need to file report for documents lost as you need to get new ones.

2) As eyehalfopen suggested, file for divorce ASAP at the place you live in China. You know your hu*****and's company and address in US, the court document should be able to be delivered. You probably should hire a Chinese lawyer for this. As even the court says he owes you money, I am not sure how you can collect them. (And please don't count on him paying the money. Your filing for divorce is to have some control of the situation.)

If what you said is true, your hu*****and is way too disgusting. You did waste 3 years on him, but, thanks to God, you do not have kid yet. You are still young. Move on with your life. The best revenge is to live a happier life.