Texas is a community property state, similar to California, so that I could answer some of your questions in general. There are differences in the laws and you need to consult a local family law attorney for details.
Generally speaking, everything he acquired before marriage or acquired during marriage by through inheritance, gift, descent, or otherwise not earned by his labor would be considered his separate property. He has a full power to will away everything in his property, including not leaving anything to his spouse.
The ranch, since was purchase after marriage, regardless where you were at the time of purchase, is community property and you are entitled to half, including appreciations, if any. He has power only to will away half of this ranch. The clause to will away your half of the ranch would be invalidated by a probate court.
Same token for your second question. You have no claim to his separate property, especially when he has a will.
