There are collection times labeled at collection box. If mail has been collected, you may go to local USPS center and talk to a supervisor at back.
The chance depends on your luck.
If it was shipped by other carrier, it's much simple and easier.
Canceling the check is doable, though.
http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogview.php?date=200708&postID=19650#cancelPmt