陌上美國 Moshang USA
獨立快捷的時評和美國生活信息谘詢
什麽是紅色恐怖? 共產主義對美國的滲透是什麽，有哪些曆史階段，現在是否還在發生？本視頻係列為您揭開答案。
本期從共產主義產生的曆史開始，分析其理念和輸出革命的特點，闡述這種思潮為什麽曾經能迷惑住一批人，又如何在二戰之前植入過美國社會，造成哪些破壞，最終又經曆什麽樣的轉陳變化？
主講Tom Hafer先生，畢業於MIT，開發攔截火箭和無人機係統的專家；目前指導青少年機器人團隊並多次獲獎。
中英文字幕對照
新年快樂。 今天我們的好朋友Tom Hafer先生要為我們帶來紅色恐怖的故事。 Hafer先生，下午好。
劉博士，歡迎您結束聖誕假期回來。 今天我們就來說說紅色恐怖。 它以前如何？ 它是真實的嗎？它還在發生嗎？
正如北方好女巫格琳達所說：“越早提出總是越好”。 什麽是共產主義？ 共產主義是一種製度，在這種製度中，國家即國家擁有所有財產，經濟由中央計劃。 因此，它由高層專家委員會計劃，然後通過普通民眾下推。它基於德國哲學家卡爾·馬克思和弗裏德裏希·恩格斯於1848年撰寫的共產黨宣言。
共產主義內部隻有一個政黨，其他政黨都是非法的。黨至高無上，它比任何其他事情都更重要，特別是比人口的個人權利更重要。在實踐中，它已成為一種帝國形式的政府，一直在通過革命使每個其他國家皈依，它在意識形態和戰爭武器方麵都在輸出。
那麽選擇之一，除了共產主義你還能有什麽？很久以前，封建主義是統治世界大部分地區的方式。那裏的土地歸貴族所有，但由農民（有時稱為農奴）耕種，他們可能跟土地所有權捆綁一起。換句話說，如果土地被賣掉，他們也會隨之被賣。買方必須將他們的大部分產品、農業、畜牧業等提供給土地所有者。
緊接著出現了重商主義，它有點像資本主義的早期形式，隻是它假設全球財富是固定的。換句話說，它既不增加也不減少，國家或國家必須最大化他們的出口並最小化他們的進口，以最大化他們自己的貨幣供應。它還鼓勵對原材料和勞動力的殖民主義和保護主義。這樣您就可以支持自己的出口，而不支持從其他國家/地區進口的產品。
下麵就是資本主義。資本主義假設，通過對大部分財產的私有製和個人創業，可以使整體經濟進步最大化。 國家的職能是為國防提供運行經濟和裁決個人權利的法律環境。
然後是社會主義，它是共產主義的小表親。 其中國家擁有生產資料，但允許私有財產。
所以這些是大多數替代形式的政府，當然也有這些的混合體。
是的，與其他形式相比，資本主義絕對是保護私有財產和私人權利的最佳方式。 但是我們的年輕一代非常喜歡社會主義，甚至馬克思主義。
我想我們會明白為什麽。 在下一張幻燈片的背景下，它的一部分是可以理解的，我在這裏談論第一次紅色恐慌，它基本上是從1918年布爾什維克接管俄羅斯到第二次世界大戰開始。
這就是背後的曆史，1918年之前沒有共產主義國家，但在1918年6月，布爾什維克暗殺了沙皇尼古拉二世和他的全家。 事實上，美國遠征軍在1918年至1920年期間偶爾與布爾什維克作戰。但布爾什維克獲勝。
1922年，蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟成立，包括俄羅斯、烏克蘭、白俄羅斯和一個名為外高加索的國家。 所以這些在理論上是獨立的國家，但實際上是由莫斯科統治的。
到1928年，蘇聯的版圖已擴大到包括格魯吉亞、烏茲別克斯坦、亞美尼亞、阿塞拜疆、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、摩爾多瓦、土庫曼斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、拉脫維亞、立陶宛和愛沙尼亞。 所以這是一個覆蓋歐洲和亞洲非常大麵積的帝國。 1939年，希特勒和斯大林簽署了俄德互不侵犯條約，這似乎保證了德國不會攻擊俄羅斯，反之亦然。
然而，在1941年，希特勒卻進攻了俄羅斯。因此，不尋常地，俄羅斯成為了所謂的西方列強的盟友。僅僅是因為我們在與共同的敵人作戰。
那麽在一戰到二戰期間的美國到底發生了什麽導致了紅色恐慌呢？為什麽人們害怕正在發生的事情？
在 1919 年，第一次世界大戰剛結束時，美國就出現了廣泛的左翼動蕩。各行各業甚至波士頓警察都發生了3,600多次罷工。他們在媒體上被描述為對美國社會的激進威脅。 同樣在1919年，左翼分子策劃了針對一些知名美國人的炸彈陰謀。郵寄的炸彈有36枚，其中8枚爆炸，兩人死亡。1920年，華爾街遭到左翼分子的轟炸。這是更具破壞性的，38人死亡，141人受傷。
與此同時，在俄羅斯，被稱為契卡（Cheka）的秘密警察組織成立，他們處決了數十萬俄羅斯公民。不一定是因為他們犯了任何罪，僅僅因為他們是中產階級的成員。俄羅斯希望消滅中產階級，資產階級。這是契卡負責人的話，“我們不是在與單個人作戰，我們是在消滅資產階級這個階級。” 所以如果你是一個成功的俄羅斯人，你就是契卡的目標，你可能會被監禁或殺害。
呃，我的印象是那些左翼革命太血腥了。
那時我們沒有互聯網，人們對社會主義和共產主義背後的思想有些迷戀，因為他們還沒有嚐試過，共產主義在1919年以前還沒有任何曆史痕跡。人們不知道會發生什麽，而且 資本主義也存在不公平之類的缺陷問題。特別是在1929年及之前，在世界某些地區，當大蕭條開始時，許多人開始從根本上質疑資本主義。可以理解為什麽會有巨大的貧困和絕望。絕望的人會相信像阿道夫希特勒和約瑟夫斯大林這樣的領導人，他們說他們可以讓事情變得更好。這就是為什麽世界越來越轉向極權主義，在某些情況下轉向共產主義和社會主義。
是的，當人們麵臨危機時，他們想要改變，但這並不一定意味著社會帶來的每一次改變都會讓我們走向成功的未來。
事實證明是這樣，但當時人們並不知道，所以有相當多的勞動者和知識分子，把希望寄托在了共產主義上。許多美國人，包括一些受過教育的美國人，都前往俄羅斯幫助革命和建設東西。 結果證明，他們中的人不僅希望幻滅了，而且在很多情況下實際上被監禁了。因為他們仍然相信個人自由和個人權利，而俄羅斯政府不相信。
無論如何，在那段時間裏，許多共產黨在世界各國成立，幾乎都是通過俄羅斯政府官員的直接領導幫助。並且形成了廣泛的間諜網絡，特別是在中國、美國、德國、英國和許多其他國家。
紅色恐慌減弱的唯一原因是，在1941年，俄羅斯突然成為我們公認的對抗德國的盟友。 斯大林在媒體上被描繪成“喬叔叔”。 但事實是，間諜和顛覆在這段時間加速了。我們隻是沒有談論它，也不想知道它。
那麽，之後發生了什麽？
Happy New Year. Today our good friend Mr. Tom Hafer is going to present us the stories of the red scale. Good afternoon Mr Hafer.
And Dr Liu, welcome back from your Christmas vacation. Today we're going to talk about the Red Scare. What was it? Was it real and is it still happening?
So as Glinda the Good Witch of the North remarks "it's always best to start at the beginning". What is communism? Communism is a system in which the state that is to say the nation, owns all the property and the economy is centrally planned. So it is planned by Committees of experts at the top, and then push down through the general population.
It's based on the manifesto of the Communist party, which was written by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in 1848.
Within communism only one political party is allowed, no other parties are legal and the party is supreme. It is more important than any other thing specifically more important than the individual rights of the population. And in practice it has turned out to be an imperial form of government been on converting Every Other Nation through Revolution, which it exports both ideologically and in terms of weapons of war.
So one of the alternatives, what else can you have besides communism? Well, long ago feudalism was the philosophy that governed most of the world. There the land is owned by the aristocracy but is worked by The Peasants, sometimes called Serfs, who may be bound to the land. In other words, if the land is sold then they go with it. And who must provide much of their product, the agriculture, the animal husbandry, whatever to the owners of the land.
A bit after that came mercantilism, which is somewhat like an early form of capitalism, except that it assumes that Global wealth is static. In other words, that it doesn't increase or decrease, and that states or nations must maximize their imports and minimize their exports in order to maximize their own money supply. And it also encourages colonialism for raw materials and labor and protectionism. So that you favor your exports in disfavor imports from other nations.
There's capitalism. Capitalism assumes that overall economic progress is maximized through private ownership of most property, and through individual entrepreneurship. The functions of the state are to provide for the National Defense to provide the legal setting for running the economy, and for adjudicating the rights of individuals.
And then there's socialism, which is the small cousin of Communism. In which the state owns the means of production action but private property is allowed.
So those are most of the Alternative forms of government and of course there are hybrids of these.
Yeah, absolutely then Capitalism is the best way to protect a private property and the private rights compared to other form. But our young Generation are so fond of socialism, event Marxism.
I think we'll see why. Part of it is understandable in the context of this next slide, where I talk about the first Red Scare, which was essentially from 1918, when the Bolsheviks took over in Russia to the beginning of World War II.
So here's the history behind that, there were no communist countries prior to 1918, but in June of 1918, the Bolsheviks assassinated Czar Nicholas II and his entire family. And in fact, the American expeditionary Force sporadically fought against the Bolsheviks between 1918 and 1920. But the Bolsheviks won.
And in 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist republics was formed, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and a nation called Transcaucasus. So these were theoretically independent nations, but in reality ruled from Moscow.
By 1928 the USSR had expanded to include Georgia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Moldava, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. So it was an Empire that covered a very large area in Europe and Asia. And in 1939, the Russian German non-aggression pact was signed between Hitler and Stalin, which seemed to guarantee that Germany would not attack Russia and vice versa.
However, in 1941 Hitler did attack Russia, and so uh unusually Russia became an ally, so-called of the western Powers. Simply because we were fighting a common foe.
So what happened in the United States in the period between World War I and World War II to cause the Red Scare? Why were people fearful of what was going on?
Well in 1919, immediately after World War I, there was extensive leftist unrest in the U.S.. There were more than 3,600 strikes across a wide variety of Industries and even the Boston police. And they were portrayed in the press as radical threats to American society. Also in 1919, a bomb plot fostered by leftists was discovered against a number of prominent Americans. There were 36 bombs that were mailed, eight of which exploded and two people were killed. In 1920, Wall Street was bombed by leftists. This was much more devastating, 38 dead 141 injured.
Meanwhile in Russia, the secret police called the cheka had been formed, and they executed hundreds of thousands of Russian citizens. Not necessarily because they had committed any crimes, simply because they were members of the middle class. And Russia wish to extinguish the middle class, the bourgeoisie. Here's a quote from the head of the cheka, "We are not fighting against single individuals, we are Exterminating the bourgeoisie as a class." So if you are a successful Russian, you are a target of the Cheka, and you could be imprisoned or killed.
Well, uh an impression I got is those left revolutions were so bloody.
We didn't have the internet back then, and people were somewhat enamored of the idea behind socialism and communism, because they hadn't been tried yet there was no history in 1919. People didn't know what was going to happen, and certainly there were inequities in capitalism. And in particular in 1929 and prior to that, in some parts of the world, when the Great Depression started, many people questioned the fundamental benefits of capitalism. And you can understand why there was great poverty and Desperation. And desperate people will believe leaders like Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, who say that they can make things better. And so that's why the world turned increasingly toward totalitarianism, and in some cases to Communism and socialism.
Yeah when people face a crisis, they wanted a change, but it's not necessarily means every change the society brought up leaded us to a successful future.
That turned out to be true, but people didn't know that at the time, and so there were quite a few both working people and also intellectuals, who thought that the promise of Communism seemed very great. And many Americans uh even educated Americans went over to Russia to help out with the Revolution and to build things. Many of them turned out to be not merely disillusioned, but in many cases actually imprisoned. Because they still believed in individual liberties and individual rights, and the Russian government did not.
In any case during that time, many communist parties were established in various Nations across the world, almost all directly under the direction of Russian government officials. And extensive spy networks were formed, particularly in China, in the United States, Germany, the UK, and many many other countries.
And the only reason that the Red Scare abated was because, in 1941 Russia suddenly became our reported ally against Germany. And Stalin became portrayed in the press as Uncle Joe. But the fact is that, spying and subversion accelerated during this time. We just didn't talk about it and didn't want to know about it. So what happened after that?
