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貧困的終結：我們這個時代的經濟可能性
https://www.amazon.ca/End-Poverty-Economic-Possibilities-Time/dp/0143036580/ref=sr_1_1
作者：傑弗裏·薩克斯 2006 年 2 月 28 日
世界上最著名的經濟學家之一對經濟繁榮以及世界如何讓世界上最貧窮的公民擺脫極端貧困進行了具有裏程碑意義的探索
傑弗裏·D·薩克斯 (Jeffrey D. Sachs) 被《時代》雜誌譽為世界百位最具影響力人物之一，因其在全球範圍內為危機中的經濟體提供建議而聞名。 《貧困的終結》現已成為該類型的經典之作，它濃縮了三十多年的經驗，為將貧困國家轉變為繁榮國家的步驟提供了獨特的視角。 薩克斯將生動的故事講述與嚴謹的分析相結合，描繪出一幅清晰的世界經濟概念圖。 他解釋了自己在玻利維亞、俄羅斯、印度、中國和非洲的工作，為世界上最貧窮國家麵臨的相互交織的經濟、政治、環境和社會問題提供了一套綜合的解決方案。
自首次出版十年後，《貧困的終結》仍然是一部不可或缺且具有影響力的作品。 在這本十周年紀念版中，薩克斯發表了一篇內容廣泛的新前言，評估了過去十年的進展、仍有待完成的工作以及我們每個人可以如何提供幫助。 他還展望了未來十五年到 2030 年（聯合國消除極端貧困的目標日期）的前景，並提出了新的見解和建議。
貧困的終結：我們這個時代的經濟可能性
維基百科，自由的百科全書
《貧困的終結：我們時代的經濟可能性》（ISBN 1-59420-045-9）是美國經濟學家傑弗裏·薩克斯 2005 年出版的一本書。 這是《紐約時報》的暢銷書。
薩克斯在書中認為，通過精心規劃的發展援助，到 2025 年，極端貧困（世界銀行將其定義為每天收入低於一美元）可以在全球範圍內消除。 他提出的問題是非常貧窮的國家無法達到經濟發展階梯的“底層”； 一旦達到最低水平，一個國家就可以將自己拉入全球市場經濟，對外部援助的需求將大大減少或消除。
臨床經濟學
為了解決和補救各國特定的經濟障礙，薩克斯主張使用他所說的“臨床經濟學”，類比醫學。 薩克斯解釋說，國家就像患者一樣，是複雜的係統，需要鑒別診斷、了解背景、監測和評估以及專業道德標準。 [1] 臨床經濟學需要對一個國家的經濟問題進行係統分析和“鑒別診斷”，然後開出專門的處方。 許多因素會影響一個國家進入世界市場的能力，包括政府腐敗； 基於性別、種族或種姓的法律和社會差異； 艾滋病和瘧疾等疾病； 缺乏基礎設施（包括交通、通訊、衛生和貿易）； 政治格局不穩定； 保護主義; 和地理障礙。 薩克斯依次討論了每個因素及其潛在的補救措施。
為了說明臨床經濟學的用途，薩克斯介紹了玻利維亞、波蘭和俄羅斯的案例研究，並討論了他向這些國家提出的解決方案及其效果。 本書還討論了代表不同經濟發展階段的馬拉維、印度、中國和孟加拉國的經濟。
千年發展目標
薩克斯高度重視聯合國千年發展目標 (MDG)，將其作為消除極端貧困的第一步，截至發布時，極端貧困已影響到全球約 11 億人。 薩克斯領導了聯合國千年項目，該項目從 2002 年到 2005 年致力於建立實現千年發展目標的組織手段。
他還提出了一些具體的、立即的解決方案，例如增加撒哈拉以南非洲地區抗瘧疾蚊帳的供應，並鼓勵取消世界上最貧窮國家的債務。 薩克斯指出，為了實現消除全球貧困的目標，臨床經濟學必須得到更多資金的支持； 他認為，到 2015 年，全球發展援助必須從 2002 年的 650 億美元增加到每年 135 至 1,950 億美元。 [2]
薩克斯認為，發達國家有能力幫助最貧窮的國家擺脫極端貧困。 他同意千年發展目標的計算，即第一世界國家國民生產總值的 0.7% 就足以實現這一目標。 [3]
貧困的終結：我們這個時代的經濟可能性
作者：傑弗裏·D·薩克斯
在人類曆史上，從貧困到發展的速度令人難以置信。 兩百年前，我們有可能實現消除貧困的想法是不可想象的。 除了極少數皇室成員和地主貴族之外，幾乎每個人都很窮。 歐洲大部分地區的生活與印度或中國一樣困難。 除了極少數例外，你的曾曾祖父母很窮，很可能住在農場。 一位著名的經濟曆史學家安格斯·麥迪遜 (Angus Maddison) 認為，1820 年西歐的人均收入約為當今撒哈拉以南非洲地區人均收入的 90%。 截至 1800 年，西歐和日本的預期壽命可能約為四十歲。
幾個世紀前，人們還沒有意識到世界各地貧富差距巨大。 當歐洲發現通往亞洲、非洲和美洲的海路時，中國、印度、歐洲和日本的收入水平都相似。 當然，馬可·波羅驚歎於中國的華麗奇跡，而不是它的貧窮。 科爾特斯和他的征服者對阿茲特克首都特諾奇蒂特蘭的財富表示驚訝。 早期在非洲的葡萄牙探險家對西非秩序井然的城鎮印象深刻。
直到 1700 年代中期，按照今天的標準來看，世界都非常貧窮。 預期壽命極低； 現在的富裕國家和貧窮國家都有大量兒童死亡。 疾病和流行病，不僅僅是歐洲的黑死病，還有從天花、麻疹到其他流行病的許多疾病浪潮，經常席卷社會並造成大量人員死亡。 饑餓、極端天氣和氣候波動的爆發導致社會崩潰。 對於阿諾德·湯因比來說，羅馬帝國的興衰很像之前和之後所有其他文明的興衰。 長期以來，經濟史一直是一段起起落落、先增長後衰退的曆史，而不是持續的經濟進步。
現代經濟增長的新穎性
如果我們要理解為什麽今天存在巨大的貧富差距，我們就需要了解人類曆史上這些巨大差距出現的最近一段時期。 1800年左右以來的過去兩個世紀，構成了經濟史上一個獨特的時代，偉大的經濟史學家西蒙·庫茲涅茨將這個時代稱為“現代經濟增長時期”，簡稱MEG。 在MEG時代之前，實際上幾千年來，世界上幾乎沒有持續的經濟增長，
隻有人口的逐漸增加……；
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
https://www.amazon.ca/End-Poverty-Economic-Possibilities-Time/dp/0143036580/ref=sr_1_1
by Jeffrey Sachs Feb. 28 2006
The landmark exploration of economic prosperity and how the world can escape from extreme poverty for the world's poorest citizens, from one of the world's most renowned economists
Hailed by Timeas one of the world's hundred most influential people, Jeffrey D. Sachs is renowned for his work around the globe advising economies in crisis. Now a classic of its genre, The End of Poverty distills more than thirty years of experience to offer a uniquely informed vision of the steps that can transform impoverished countries into prosperous ones. Marrying vivid storytelling with rigorous analysis, Sachs lays out a clear conceptual map of the world economy. Explaining his own work in Bolivia, Russia, India, China, and Africa, he offers an integrated set of solutions to the interwoven economic, political, environmental, and social problems that challenge the world's poorest countries.
Ten years after its initial publication, The End of Poverty remains an indispensible and influential work. In this 10th anniversary edition, Sachs presents an extensive new foreword assessing the progress of the past decade, the work that remains to be done, and how each of us can help. He also looks ahead across the next fifteen years to 2030, the United Nations' target date for ending extreme poverty, offering new insights and recommendations.
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (ISBN 1-59420-045-9) is a 2005 book by American economist Jeffrey Sachs. It was a New York Times bestseller.
In the book, Sachs argues that extreme poverty—defined by the World Bank as incomes of less than one dollar per day—can be eliminated globally by the year 2025, through carefully planned development aid. He presents the problem as an inability of very poor countries to reach the "bottom rung" of the ladder of economic development; once the bottom rung is reached, a country can pull itself up into the global market economy, and the need for outside aid will be greatly diminished or eliminated.
Clinical economics
In order to address and remedy the specific economic stumbling blocks of various countries, Sachs espouses the use of what he terms "clinical economics", by analogy to medicine. Sachs explains that countries, like patients, are complex systems, requiring differential diagnosis, an understanding of context, monitoring and evaluation, and professional standards of ethics.[1] Clinical economics requires a methodic analysis and "differential diagnosis" of a country's economic problems, followed by a specifically tailored prescription. Many factors can affect a country's ability to enter the world market, including government corruption; legal and social disparities based on gender, ethnicity, or caste; diseases such as AIDS and malaria; lack of infrastructure (including transportation, communications, health, and trade); unstable political landscapes; protectionism; and geographic barriers. Sachs discusses each factor, and its potential remedies, in turn.
In order to illustrate the use of clinical economics, Sachs presents case studies on Bolivia, Poland, and Russia, and discusses the solutions he presented to those countries, and their effects. The book also discusses the economies of Malawi, India, China, and Bangladesh as representative of various stages of economic development.
The Millennium Development Goals
Sachs places a great deal of emphasis on the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a first step towards eliminating extreme poverty, which affected approximately 1.1 billion people worldwide at the time of publication. Sachs headed the United Nations Millennium Project, which worked from 2002 to 2005 to establish the organizational means to achieve the MDGs.
He also offers some specific, immediate solutions, such as increasing the availability of anti-malarial bed nets in sub-Saharan Africa, and encourages debt cancellation for the world's poorest countries. Sachs states that in order to achieve the goal of eliminating global poverty, clinical economics must be backed by greater funding; he argues that development aid must be raised from $65 billion globally as of 2002 to between $135 and $195 billion a year by 2015.[2]
Sachs argues that the developed world can afford to raise the poorest countries out of extreme poverty; he agrees with the MDG's calculation that 0.7 percent of the combined gross national product of first-world countries would be sufficient to achieve that goal.[3]
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
by Jeffrey D. Sachs
The path from poverty to development has come incredibly fast in the span of human history. Two hundred years ago, the idea that we could potentially achieve the end of poverty would have been unimaginable. Just about everybody was poor with the exception of a very small minority of royals and landed gentry. Life was as difficult in much of Europe as it was in India or China. With very few exceptions, your great-great-grandparents were poor and most likely living on the farm. One leading economic historian, Angus Maddison, puts the average income per person in Western Europe in 1820 at around 90 percent of the average income of sub-Saharan Africa today. Life expectancy in Western Europe and Japan as of 1800 was probably about forty years.
There was little sense a few centuries ago of vast divides in wealth and poverty around the world. China, India, Europe, and Japan all had similar income levels at the time of European discoveries of the sea routes to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Marco Polo, of course, marveled at the sumptuous wonders of China, not at its poverty. Cortés and his conquistadores expressed astonishment at the riches of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztecs. The early Portuguese explorers in Africa were impressed with the well-ordered towns in West Africa.
Until the mid-1700s, the world was remarkably poor by any of today’s standards. Life expectancy was extremely low; children died in vast numbers in the now rich countries as well as the poor countries. Disease and epidemics, not just the black death of Europe, but many waves of disease, from smallpox and measles to other epidemics, regularly washed through society and killed mass numbers of people. Episodes of hunger and extreme weather and climate fluctuations sent societies crashing. The rise and fall of the Roman Empire, for Arnold Toynbee, was much like the rise and decline of all other civilizations before and since. Economic history had long been one of ups and downs, growth followed by decline, rather than sustained economic progress.
The Novelty of Modern Economic Growth
If we are to understand why vast gaps between rich and poor exist today, we need therefore to understand a very recent period of human history during which these vast gaps opened. The past two centuries, since around 1800, constitute a unique era in economic history, a period that the great economic historian Simon Kuznets famously termed the period of Modern Economic Growth, or MEG for short. Before the era of MEG, indeed for thousands of years, there had been virtually no sustained economic growth in the world and only gradual increases in the human population…;
