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十大句式

(2016-09-16 12:15:34) 下一個

[轉載]英文寫作中的最常見“十大句式”

已有 148 次閱讀 2016-9-16 05:02 |係統分類:科研筆記|關鍵詞:英文寫作 否定句、非限製性定語從句、讓步狀語從句、It引導的從句、假設句、倒裝句、強調句、比較句、插入語、原因句|文章來源:轉載    推薦到群組

分享自小木蟲

   本文提供的十大句式主要包括“否定句、非限製性定語從句、讓步狀語從句、It引導的從句、假設句、倒裝句、強調句、比較句、插入語、原因句”。這“十大句式”具有一定的普遍性。事實上,“十大句式”在閱讀論文和論文寫作中出現的頻率相當高,也是廣大科研人員非常熟悉的句式。一旦科研人員熟練地掌握了它們的用法,就能根據內容表達的需要,隨時派上用場。

   對科研人員來講,用英文進行科技論文的寫作隻是一種表達的方式,英文隻是一種表達的工具,平時較少關注如何運用多種句式的意識,因此多數科研人員以自己頭腦中拚湊的中式英語取而代之,往往想不到運用這些句式。哪些感覺句子寫起來揮灑自如的科研人員,其中或多或少地在使用十大句式,在一定程度上說明他們頭腦中已經培養起句式寫作潛意識。這“十大句式”中除了否定句、倒裝句、插入語一般可以寫成簡單句以外,其它67句都屬於複合句,占到總數的三分之二以上。換句話說,如果科研人員能運用十大句式正確地寫出句子,那麽不僅複雜句的數量就可以達到67分規定的要求,而且句式呈現多樣化,複合句和簡單句交錯使用,大大增強文章表達效果。

一、否定句

  許多否定句中並不含有not的否定結構。如果作者能在論文中正確使用他們,就會增加寫作的閃光點,使文章顯得生動活潑。

1Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.(Instead of 介詞短語,副詞)

2On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge.(絕不——in no way, by no means, in no case)

3College students take part-time jobs not for more money but for a better understanding of societies.

4One’s salary does not dependso much on his educational background as on hisability and contribution to the society.

5In terms of nutrition, fast foodies far from satisfactory.

6Parents would not expecttheir children to become useful persons without working hard.

二、非限製性定語從句

  如果需要對前述的整個句子內容進行解釋或說明,就可以用到非限製性定語從句。

1Undoubtedly, practical courses can beused to the reality, which is of vital importance to theirdevelopment in the future.

2Children tend to imitate what they haveseen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful.

3The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

三、讓步句

  讓步句是寫論文最常用的句式之一,作者務必掌握以下4種用法,可以使英文句子起伏跌宕,富於變化。

1This view is widely acknowledgedhoweverthere is little evidence that smoking is beneficial to people’s health.

2Although(While) the computer has been widely used inclass, it cannot replace the role of teachers.

3Reasonable as the opinion sounds, itcannot bear much analysis.

4In spite of a lot of conveniences that cars bring to people’slife, it can create a series of serious problems.

四、It引導的句子

  It引導的句子是寫作中使用頻率最高的句式。作者應熟練掌握其用法,並能靈活運用到文章的開篇、主體段和結尾段中。

1It is hard to imagine what our life would look like without computers in modern society.

2It is conceivable that being physically active does good to health.

3It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or not.

4It is universally acknowledged that water and air are indispensable to human beings.

5It is essential that endangered species ofanimals be protected against being killed.

6It is high time that the government took effective measures to solve these problems.

7It has been made easier for modern people to communicate with each other by the internet in a few seconds.

8It is worth caring about the way a child behaves.

9It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

10It has been a few decades since the computer came into being.

五、假設句

  假設句可分為真實假設句非真實假設句兩種。常用在主體段落表示正、反論證。

1If we destroy old buildings, then we willruin the traditional culture and heritage.(條件假設)

2You would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at home.

3Once you change your present job, you will be faced withthe danger of being unemployed.

六、倒裝句

  在寫作中恰當和準確地使用倒裝句,有助於句子表達形式的多樣化,使語言更加生動有力。

1Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly.(部分倒裝——助動詞或情態動詞提到主語前)

2Only when children take arduous efforts can they become successful.(部分倒裝)

3Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learn how to handle interpersonal relations. (部分倒裝——助動詞或情態動詞提到主語前,形成助動詞+主語+謂語動詞)

4Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on mass media blindly.

5So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it.(So that語句中,so+完全倒裝+that,或主謂倒裝)

6Nowadays, most dangerous for youngsters is the tendency to indulge in playing PC games.

七、強調句

  寫作時為了突出句子的某一成分,常常使用強調句。

1It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.

2It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care.

3Nothing in the world is more valuable than health.

八、比較句

  正確地使用比較結構可以使文章的句式增加變化,有利於提高寫作成績。

1Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households.(同級比較)研究表明來自單親家庭的青少年犯罪率是來自傳統家庭的兩倍。

2Generally speaking, people in moderntimes enjoy less leisure time than they did previously.(比較級)一般說來,現代人比過去享有更少的休閑時間。

3Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 與不同能力的孩子相比,聰明的孩子在學業和智力測驗方麵表現更加突出。

4Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their society.與明星不同,其他專業人員如醫生和教師為社會創造了真正的價值。

5Air is to human what (as) water is to fish. 空氣對人類就如同水對魚一樣。

九、插入語

  插入語是對一句話做一些附加說明或解釋。最常見的位置於句中,一般用逗號或破折號與句子隔開。用得恰當,不僅可以增加字數,而且使文章更顯地道和精彩。

1Computers, most important of all, create wide communication around the world.

2Providing more parking areas, in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world.

3Observing local culture, consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict.

4Space exploration, some people believe, will bring some unexpected discoveries.

十、原因句

  幾乎所有的寫作試題都要求寫原因或者可以寫原因。議論文的講道理實際就是說明原因。因此,掌握好表達原因的結構是十分重要的。

1Violent films can do harm to youngpeople, because they contains numerous negative information.

2Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction.

3We should attribute(ascribe) medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment.

4Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one ofthe most serious problems.

5Owing to the fierce competition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure.

 

  結語:句式變換直接影響到論文寫作的成敗。在此,衷心希望“十大句式”能為廣大科技論文科研人員提供一條快速、高效的提高句式寫作的途徑,真正做到學以致用,“以不變應萬變”。

 



http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1813407-1003288.html

應試考試記憶英語單詞

已有 560 次閱讀 2015-9-20 07:20 |係統分類:科研筆記|關鍵詞:記憶英語 單詞    推薦到群組

人大腦的記憶規律

德國哲學先驅康德在《純粹理性批判》中論述了人的認知事物的過程:人對事物的認知分為感性(perceptual)、知性(intellectual)、理性(rational)三個過程。就詞匯認知來說,個人認為記憶一個陌生單詞要先使它成為被動詞匯,再轉化為主動詞匯。陌生單詞到被動單詞是感性認識階段,被動單詞到主動單詞是知性和理性認識的階段。也就是說記憶單詞的過程就是讓更多的陌生單詞變成被動單詞,讓更多的被動單詞變成主動單詞的過程。

陌生單詞-----(感性認識)----->被動單詞----(知性、理性認識)------->主動單詞

很多人在第一次背單詞時就想背下來它所有的方麵,包括拚寫、多個含義、用法等諸多特性,通常是反反複複看幾個詞,忘的也快。要想剛認識一個單詞就直接上升到理性認知階段是不太可能的,而是需遵循大腦的記憶規律先將陌生單詞轉化為被動單詞形成感性認識。而感性地認識某個陌生的單詞需要做到多次在不同的地方見到同一個詞,見得多了自然也就記住了。

感性認識——“找”單詞、“看”單詞

考慮到我們的考試中除“作文”部分外,其他部分並不考察單詞的拚寫,因此,建議大家在複習單詞的時候要以“見到英文想起中文、相近詞辨析、單詞造句”為目標,先“找”單詞,然後“看單詞”。

“找”單詞找的就是陌生單詞。具體的做法是拿到一本詞匯書,從頭到尾仔細瀏覽一遍,瀏覽過程中把已經認識的單詞刪去,隻剩下陌生詞匯。“看”單詞的具體操作法是每個單詞看30秒左右,重點關注發音、詞性、釋義(每個詞性一個釋義)、例句(每個詞性一個例句),其中中文釋義要看得快,例句要看得慢。如果這個單詞是前些天看過幾遍的單詞,可快速掠過。

在第一次記一個單詞的時候隻要求成為被動詞匯,再次看到它時即使不能立刻想起其意思,但也肯定知道以前背過,再去查查詞典加深印象。這些高頻常用詞複現多次,自然而然能轉化成主動詞匯,到了該用的地方就能自然而然地想起怎麽使用。

知性、理性認識——“背”單詞

有人會問:我昨天看了好幾十個單詞,今天一看全忘了,怎麽辦?。這個問題直接表明你犯了兩個錯誤:第一個錯誤,單詞看一遍是肯定記不住的,要看的遍數多,每次看得快。同樣是花三分鍾看一個詞,一次連看三分鍾和連續十天每天看一次、每次二十秒,結果完全不同;第二個錯誤,檢測單詞是否記住,靠的是讀文章,也就語感和上下文的語境,不是靠中文釋義對應來檢測。所以這裏指的“背”單詞並不是說單純的死記硬背,建議大家把單詞放在閱讀中去,以文代詞,結合上下文語境去“背”單詞,自然而然就能記住。

具體的做法是多做閱讀材料尤其是真題,將文中的陌生詞匯查找出來,然後逐一標注其重點含義、常用搭配等,整理成冊反複記憶。

當然也不要認為可以讓所有背過的單詞都成為主動詞匯,一門語言中的主動詞匯隻占一個人這門語言整體詞匯量的小部分,母語亦是如此。

總結

記單詞貴在堅持。在記單詞的第一個月最為艱難,每個人都處在記了忘、忘了記的狀態。隻要挺過這段艱難的時期,記完了一個級別詞匯的大部分,對常見的詞根詞綴有了一定的了解之後,再往後擴展就會發現順利得多,就像滾雪球原理

最後推薦一個看詞匯書做時間預算的方法。先把詞匯書看一部分,每天看完後在這一頁的最下麵記錄下當天的日期時間,根據花去的時間、看過的頁數和整本書的頁碼折算出看完整本書所需的時間記錄到詞匯書的最後一頁。但是,隨著時間的推移,看書速度會提高,當第二次做預算的時候時間會縮短,之後再進行第三次預算,最後會發現看完這本書所需的時間會遠遠短於預算時在最後一頁寫下的實際完成時間,這能極大地提高學習自信。

Some Tricks or Tips

1. 短單詞按照詞根來記憶,長單詞按照發音來記憶

       2. 每個單詞的每個詞性記一個含義,各詞性記一個例句

       3. 同一單詞,不同的轉換形式,記一個即可

       4. 陌生單詞查一下英英翻譯,或搜索圖件進行圖形記憶

       5. 具有相同suffixprefix的詞,可以歸類到一塊記憶

       6. 意思相近的詞,可以歸類到一塊記憶

 



http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1813407-922222.html

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