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泰伯篇第八

(2008-08-25 20:04:24) 下一個

 

泰伯篇第八

 

 

【原文】

8·1 子曰:“泰伯(1),其可謂至德也已矣。三(2)以天下讓,民無得而稱焉(3)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)泰伯:周代始祖古公亶父的長子。傳說古公亶父知道三子季曆的兒子姬昌有聖德,想傳位給季曆,泰伯知道後便與二弟仲雍一起避居到吳。古公亶父死,泰伯不回來奔喪,後來又斷發文身,表示終身不返,把君位讓給了季曆,季曆傳給姬昌,即周文王。武王時,滅了殷商,統一了天下。這一曆史事件在孔子看來,是值得津津樂道的,三讓天下的泰伯是道德最高尚的人。隻有天下讓與賢者、聖者,才有可能得到治理,而讓位者則顯示出高尚的品格,老百姓對他們是稱讚無比的。

(2)三:多次的意思,不必拘泥於三次。

(3)民無得而稱焉:百姓找不到合適的詞句來讚揚他。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“泰伯可以說是品德最高尚的人了,幾次讓出王位,老百姓都找不到合適的詞句來稱讚他。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “You may well say that Tai Bo is the noblest person. He renounced sovereign authority several times. People just can’t find proper words to praise him.”

 

 

【原文】

8·2 子曰:“恭而無禮則勞(1),慎而無禮則葸(2),勇而無禮則亂,直而無禮則絞(3)。君子篤(4)於親,則民興於仁,故舊(5)不遺,則民不偷(6)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)勞:辛勞,勞苦。

(2)葸:讀“喜”,拘謹,畏懼。

(3)絞:說話尖刻,出口傷人。

(4)篤:厚待、真誠。

(5)故舊:故交,老朋友。

(6)偷:淡薄。

 

【白話】

 孔子說:“恭敬而無禮則徒勞,謹慎而無禮則膽怯,勇敢而無禮則闖禍,直率而無禮則尖刻。如果領導能真心愛護親屬,則百姓就會崇尚仁愛;如果君子能真心愛護故舊,則百姓就不會冷漠無情。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Without proprieties, respectfulness is futile; without proprieties, cautiousness will lead to cowardice; without proprieties, braveness will cause trouble; without proprieties, frankness will become acridness. If leaders sincerely love their kinsfolk, people will uphold love and humanity; if gentlemen truly take care of their old friends, people couldn’t be indifferent.”

 

【原文】

8·3 曾子有疾,召門弟子曰:“啟(1)予足!啟予手!詩雲(2):‘戰戰兢兢,如臨深淵,如履薄冰。’而今而後,吾知免(3)夫,小子(4)!”

 

【注釋】

(1)啟:開啟,曾子讓學生掀開被子看自己的手腳。

(2)詩雲:以下三句引自《詩經·小雅·小旻》篇。

(3)免:指身體免於損傷。

(4)小子:對弟子的稱呼。

 

【白話】

曾子有病,把門下弟子召集到身邊說:“看看我的腳!看看我的手有沒有損傷!《詩經》上說:‘小心謹慎,好像站在深淵旁邊,好像踩在薄冰上麵。’從今以後,我知道自己不再會受傷了,弟子們!”

 

【英譯】

Zeng Tzu was ill and called his disciples together before him and said: “Look at my hands! Look at my feet! Poemssaid: ‘Trembling with fear, as if facing an abyss, as though walking on thin ice.’ From now on, I know that I won’t be wounded any longer, my disciples!”

 

 

【原文】

8·4 曾子有疾,孟敬子(1)(2)之。曾子言曰:“鳥之將死,其鳴也哀;人之將死,其言也善。君子所貴乎道者三:動容貌(3),斯遠暴慢(4)矣;正顏色(5),斯近信矣;出辭氣(6),斯遠鄙倍(7)矣。籩豆之事(8),則有司(9)存。”

 

【注釋】

(1)孟敬子:即魯國大夫孟孫捷。

(2)問:探望、探視。

(3)動容貌:內心情感表露於麵容。

(4)暴慢:粗暴、放肆。

(5)正顏色:使臉色莊重嚴肅。

(6)出辭氣:說話的口氣。

(7)鄙倍:鄙,粗野。倍,同“悖”,讀“被”,即悖理,違背常理。

(8)籩豆:籩,讀“邊”,和豆都是古代祭祀典禮的器具。

(9)有司:主管某一方麵事務的官吏,這裏指主管祭祀、禮儀事務的官吏。

 

【白話】

曾子有病,孟敬子去看望他。曾子說:“鳥臨死時,叫聲悲哀;人臨死時,說話和善。君子應重視三方麵道德:容貌莊重,可避免粗暴;臉色嚴肅,可接近誠信;說話語氣得當,可避免粗野悖理。至於祭祀器皿一類的事,自有人管理。”

 

【英譯】

Zeng Tzu was ill and Meng Jingtzu visited him. Zeng Tzu said: “In dying hour, birds cry sadly; in face of death, people speak genially. Gentlemen should pay attention to three points about virtue: a solemn appearance can avoid rudeness; a severe expression is near honesty; a proper tone can avoid rudeness and going against common sense. As for matters concerning the tools of etiquette and ceremony, there are certainly some people to manage.”

 

 

【原文】

8·5 曾子曰:“以能問於不能,以多問於寡,有若無,實若虛;犯而為校(1) -- 昔者吾友嚐從事於斯矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)校:讀“叫”,同較,計較。

 

【白話】

曾子說:“有才能卻向沒才能的人請教,知識多卻向知識少的人請教,有學問卻謙虛得像沒學問一樣;滿腹經綸卻大智若愚;被冒犯卻從不計較 -- 從前我的朋友就這樣做過了。”

 

【英譯】

Zeng Tzu said: “A man who is capable yet seeks advices from someone is incapable; a man who enjoys profound and extensive learning yet consults a person who is lack of knowledge and information; a man of letters is so modest that he acts as if he has no knowledge at all; a man of great learning is so modest that he behaves just like a foolish man; a person never bothers about anyone who offends him. In the past, a friend of mine conducted just like this.”

 

 

【原文】8·6 曾子說:“可以托六尺之孤(1),可以寄百裏之命(2),臨大節而不可奪也。君子人與?君子人也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)托六尺之孤:孤,死去父親的小孩叫孤,六尺指十五歲以下,古人以七尺指成年。托孤,受君主臨終前的囑托輔佐幼君。

(2)寄百裏之命:寄,寄托,委托。百裏之命,指掌握國家江山社稷。

 

【白話】

曾子說:“可以托付孤兒,可以托付江山,生死關頭,不屈不撓。這樣的人是君子嗎?當然是。”

 

【英譯】

Zeng Tzu said: “A man is so reliable that you can leave an ophen to him, you can entrust the country to him. And moreover, he is dauntless and unyielding in critical moment of life and death.  A man of this sort is a gentleman? Certainly is.”

 

【原文】

8·7 曾子曰:“士不可以不弘毅(1),任重而道遠。仁以為己任,不亦重乎?死而後已,不亦遠乎?”

 

【注釋】

(1)弘毅:弘,廣大。毅,強毅。

 

【白話】

曾子說:“有誌者不可以不培養堅強的毅力,因為他責任重大,道路遙遠。把實現仁作為自己的責任,難道還不重大嗎?奮鬥終身,至死不變,難道路程還不遙遠嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Zeng Tzu said: “As for a person of resolution and integrity, he cannot but cultivate an unyielding will because his burden is heavy and his way ahead is long. He considers putting humanity into practice as his responsibility. Surely it doesn’t mean that his burden isn’t heavy. He keeps on fighting throughout his life and remains unyielding unto death. Could it be said that his way ahead isn’t long?”

 

【原文】

8·8 子曰:“興(1)於詩,立於禮,成於樂。”

 

【注釋】

(1)興:開始。

 

【白話】

一譯:孔子說:“培養修養從學《詩》開始,立誌從學禮開始,最後通過學樂而臻於完美。” 

二譯:孔子說:“依靠吟詩獲得興致,根據禮法建功立業,憑借音樂愉悅身心。“

 

 

【英譯】

Translation No.1:

Confucius said: “Self-cultivation begins from learning poems; making up mind starts from learning proprieties and perfection is completed through learning music.”

 

Translation No.2:

Confucius said: “Taking pleasure in reciting poems; carving out career and performing merits according to proprieties; and be in a good mood through enjoying music.”

 

【原文】

8·9 子曰:“民可使由(1)之,不可使知之。”

另一種斷句:子曰:“民可(2),使由之;不可,使知之。”

 

【注釋】

(1)由:做。

(2)可:讚同,許可。

 

【白話】

1.孔子說:“對於老百姓,隻能使他們按照我們的意誌去做,不能使他們懂得為什麽要這樣做。”

2.孔子說:“民眾讚同的,就要執行;民眾不理解的,就要向他們解釋清楚。”

 

【英譯】

Translation 1:

Confucius said: “You can only let people do something, but not let them know why.”

Translation 2:

 Confucius said: “We should do whatever the people approve; we should give them a clear              explanation about whatever they can’t understand.”

 

【原文】

8·10 子曰:“好勇疾(1)貧,亂也。人而不仁(2),疾之已甚(3),亂也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)疾:恨、憎恨。

(2)不仁:不符合仁德的人或事。

(3)已甚:已,太。已甚,即太過份。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“勇敢而又嫌自己太窮,就會作亂。疾惡如仇太過分,也會惹禍。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If a person is very brave but hates poverty, he may cause trouble. If he hates evil men and ugly things too bitterly, he can also court disaster.”

 

【原文】

8·11 子曰:“如有周公之才之美,使驕且吝,其餘不足觀也已。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“一個人即使有周公那樣美好的才能,如果驕傲自大而又吝嗇小氣,那其它方麵也就不值得一看了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “A person is capable even as Zhou Gong, his other aspects are still not worth looking at if he is either arrogant or mean.”

 

【原文】

8·12 子曰:“三年學,不至於穀(1),不易得也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)穀:古代以穀作為官吏的俸祿,這裏用“穀”字代表做官。不至於穀,即無官可做。 孔子辦教育的主要目的就是能做官的人才,古時一般學習三年為一個階段,此後便可做官。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“學了三年,還做不了官的,這樣的人是不易找到的。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “It’s difficult to find a man who has already studied three years but cannot gain an official post.”

 

【原文】

8·13 子曰:“篤信好學,守死善道,危邦不入,亂邦不居。天下有道則見(1),無道則隱。邦有道,貧且賤焉,恥也;邦無道,富且貴焉,恥也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)見:音義皆同“現”。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“堅守誠信努力學習,堅持原則終生不渝。危險的國家不去,動亂的國家不住。天下太平就大顯身手;天下大亂就韜光養晦。天下太平而自己貧賤,是恥辱;天下大亂而自己富貴,也是恥辱。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Keep promise and study hard; uphold principles unswervingly all one’s life. Do not go to dangerous countries; do not live in turbulent countries. Fully display one’s talent during great order under heaven; conceal one’s capacities during great disorder across the land. Being poor during great order across the land, it’s shameful; being rich during great disorder under heaven, it’s shameful too.”

 

 

【原文】

8·14 子曰:“不在其位,不謀其政。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“不在那個職位上,就不考慮那職位上的事。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Think of nothing concerning a post you don’t enjoy.”

 

【原文】

8·15 子曰:“師摯之始(1),《關睢》之亂(2),洋洋(3)乎盈耳哉!”

 

【注釋】

(1)師摯之始:師,魯國的太師。摯,人名。“始”是樂曲的開端,即序曲。古代奏樂,開端叫“升歌”,一般由太師演奏,摯是太師,所以這裏說是“師摯之始”。

(2)《關睢》之亂:“始”是樂曲的開端,“亂”是樂曲的終了。“亂”是合奏樂。此時奏《關睢》樂章,所以叫“《關睢》之亂”。

(3)洋洋:豐富。

 

【白話】 

孔子說:“從太師摯演奏的序曲開始,到最後演奏《關睢》的結尾,豐富而優美的音樂在我耳邊回蕩。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “From the very beginning of prelude played by the great musician Zhi thru to the end of Guan Ju, rich and beautiful music constantly rang in my ears.”

 

【原文】

8·16 子曰:“狂(1)而不直,侗(2)而不願(3),悾悾(4)而不信,吾不知之矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)狂:急躁、急進。

(2)侗:讀“同”,幼稚無知。

(3)願:謹慎、小心、樸實。

(4)悾悾:讀“空”,誠懇的樣子。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“狂妄而不正直,無知而不謹慎,表麵誠懇卻不守信,我真不知道這類人為什麽這樣。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Frantic but not upright, childish but not cautious, honest outwardly but unable to keep promise. I really don’t know why some people conduct this way.”

 

【原文】

8·17 子曰:“學如不及,猶恐失之。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“孔子說:“學習如同賽跑,總怕趕不上,可趕上了,又怕被超過。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Study is just like race. You’re always afraid of being unable to catch up. Yet when you catch up, you’ll be afraid of being overtaken.”

 

【原文】

8·18 子曰:“巍巍(1)乎,舜禹(2)之有天下也而不與(3)焉!”

 

【注釋】

(1)巍巍:崇高,高大。

(2)舜禹:舜是傳說中的聖君明主。禹是夏朝的第一個國君。傳說古時代,堯禪位給舜,舜後來又禪位給禹。

(3)與:參與,奪取。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“多麽崇高啊!舜和禹不靠暴力手段奪取天下。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “How noble they are! Yao and Shun didn’t seize state power by means of violence.”

 

【原文】

8·19 子曰:“大哉堯(1)之為君也!巍巍乎,唯天為大,唯堯則(2)之。蕩蕩(3)乎,民無能名(4)焉。巍巍乎其有成功也,煥(5)乎其有文章!”

 

【注釋】

(1)堯:中國古代傳說中的聖君。

(2)則:效法。

(3)蕩蕩:浩大,舊時常有“皇恩浩蕩”之說。

(4)名:形容、稱說、稱讚。

(5)煥:光輝。

 

【白話】孔子說:“作為一代明君,堯真偉大啊!。多麽崇高啊!隻有天最高,也隻有堯才能效法天。他真是恩深似海,百姓不知道該用什麽語言稱讚。他的功勞有多大,他製定的禮儀製度有多完美啊!”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “As an enlightened lord, how great Yao is! What a noble lord he is! Only heaven is the highest one, and only Yao could follow the example of heaven. His kindness is as deep as the sea and people don’t know what sorts of words to choose to praise him. How great his contributions are! What a perfect propriety-system he made!”

 

【原文】

8·20 舜有臣五人(1)而天下治。武王曰:“予有亂臣十人(2)。”孔子曰:“才難,不其然乎?唐虞之際(3),於斯(4)為盛,有婦人焉(5),九人而已。三分天下有其二(6),以服事殷。周之德,其可謂至德也已矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)舜有臣五人:傳說是禹、稷、契、皋陶、伯益。契:讀“謝”;陶:讀“搖”。

(2)亂臣:據《說文》:“亂,治也。”此處所說的“亂臣”,應為“治國之臣”。

(3)唐虞之際:傳說堯在位的時代叫唐,舜在位的時代叫虞。

(4)斯:指周武王時期。

(5)有婦人焉:指武王的亂臣十人中有武王之妻邑薑。

(6)三分天下有其二:相傳當時分九州,文王得六州,是三分之二。

 

【白話】

舜有五位賢臣就能治理好天下。武王說:“我有十個賢才。”孔子說:“人才難得,難道不是這樣的嗎?堯、舜、武王時期,人才最多。武王的十個賢人中還有一個女性,因此實際上隻有九個而已。周文王掌控三分之二的江山,卻仍然服從中央的領導。他的品德,真算是至高無上了。”

 

【英譯】

Yao had five worthy courtiers to help him get his country well governed. The lord Wu said: “I have ten worthy courtiers.” Confucius said: “It’s difficult to get talented people, isn’t it? During the periods of Yao, Shun and Wu, there was the largest number of talented people. There was a woman among Wu’s ten talented people, so in fact he only had nine. Lord Wen of Zhou Dynasty controlled two thirds of the sate power, yet he can still obey the leadership of the central government. His virtues are really most lofty.”

 

 

【原文】

8·21 子曰:“禹,吾無間(1)然矣。菲(2)飲食而致(3)孝乎鬼神,惡衣服而致美乎黻冕(4);卑(5)宮室而盡力乎溝洫(6)。禹,吾無間然矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)間:空隙的意思。此處用作動詞。

(2)菲:菲薄,不豐厚。

(3)致:致力、努力。

(4)黻冕:讀“福免”,祭祀時穿的禮服叫黻;祭祀時戴的帽子叫冕。

(5)卑:低矮。

(6)溝洫:洫,讀“序”,溝渠。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“對於禹,我無可挑剔;他粗茶淡飯卻盡力孝敬鬼神;他麻衣布鞋,而祭祀時卻華裝麗服,他宮室低矮,卻致力修治水利。對於禹,我確實無可挑剔。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Yu had no fault for me to find. He led a thrifty and simple live but he did his best to serve spirits and ghosts. He was simply dressed but always turned himself out smartly when serving sacrifices. His palace was low and humble, but he devoted himself to water projects wholeheartedly. As for Yu, I can find no fault.”

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