花間書齋
成功之門原來虛掩著
顏淵篇第十二
【原文】
12·1 顏淵問仁。子曰：“克己複禮(1)為仁。一日克己複禮，天下歸仁焉(2)。為仁由己，而由人乎哉？”顏淵曰：“請問其目(3)。”子曰：“非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動。”顏淵曰：“回雖不敏，請事(4)斯語矣。”
【注釋】
(1)克己複禮：克製自己，使言行符合禮的要求。
(2)歸仁：歸，歸順。仁，即仁道。
(3)目：具體條目。
(4)事：從事。
【白話】
顏淵詢問仁的問題。孔子說：“克製自己，行動以禮為準繩就是仁。一旦這樣做，社會就能納入仁的軌道。實行仁完全在於自己，哪裏在於別人？”顏淵說：“請問實行仁的具體做法是什麽。”孔子說：“不合禮法的事不要看，不要聽，不要說，不要做。”顏淵說：“我雖愚笨，也一定要照您的話去做。”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “Set strict demands on ourselves so as to make our action conform to standards of proprieties. This is humanity. So long as we do this way, our society will be put on tract of humanity. It completely depends on oneself to make his action conform to standards of humanity. How can it be that it depends on others?” Yan Yuan said: “Would you please tell me the concrete way to do it?” Confucius said: “As to things going against humanity, you just don’t look at, don’t listen to, don’t speak, and don’t do.” Yan Yuan said: “I’m very simple, yet I’m willing to do everything according to your remarks.”
【原文】
12·2 仲弓問仁。子曰：“出門如見大賓，使民如承大祭(1)；己所不欲，勿施於人；在邦無怨，在家無怨(2)。”仲弓曰：“雍雖不敏，請事(3)斯語矣。”
【注釋】
(1)出門句：出門辦事和役使百姓，都要像迎接貴賓和進行大祭時那樣恭敬嚴肅。
(2)在邦句：邦，諸侯國家。家，卿大夫的封地。
(3)事：從事，照著做。
【白話】
仲弓詢問仁的問題。孔子說：“出門辦事如同去見貴賓，使喚百姓如同舉行盛大祭典。自己不願意要的，不要強加於別人；同事中不結怨，親屬中和睦相處。”仲弓說：“我雖不才，也要照您的話去做。”
【英譯】
Zhong Gong asked what sort of action can be considered humanity. Confucius said: “Go out to manage business respectfully and seriously as meeting with distinguished guests. Order people about as if hold grand sacrificial rites. Do not do to others what you would not have them to do to you. Do not breed enmity with colleagues; live in harmony at home.” Zhong Gong said: “I’m quite simple, but I’m willing to act according to your remarks.”
【原文】
12·3 司馬牛(1)問仁。子曰：“仁者，其言也訒(2)。”曰：“其言也訒，斯(3)謂之仁已乎？”子曰：“為之難，言之得無訒乎？”
【注釋】
(1)司馬牛：姓司馬名耕，字子牛，孔子的學生。
(2)訒：讀“認”，有口難言。此處指出言謹慎。
(3)斯：就。
【白話】
司馬牛詢問仁的問題。孔子說：“仁人說話十分謹慎。”司馬牛說：“說話謹慎，這就叫做仁了嗎？”孔子說：“做起來很難，說的時候能不謹慎嗎？”
【英譯】
Sima Niu asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Noble-minded people speak cautiously.” Sima Niu said: “Speaking cautiously is humanity?” Confucius said: “Doing something is very difficult. In view of this, how can it be advisable for us not to speak cautiously?”
【原文】
12·4 司馬牛問君子。子曰：“君子不憂不懼。”曰：“不憂不懼，斯謂之君子已乎？”子曰：“內省不疚，夫何憂何懼？”
【白話】
司馬牛詢問有關君子的問題。孔子說：“君子不憂愁，不恐懼。”司馬牛說：“不憂愁，不恐懼，這樣就可以叫做君子了嗎？”孔子說：“自己問心無愧，那還有什麽可憂可懼的呢？”
【英譯】
Sima Niu asked questions about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither worry about nor fear anything.” Sima Niu said: “Worrying about or fearing nothing can be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “If one has nothing on his conscience, then what in the world can make him worry about and fear anything?”
【原文】
12·5 司馬牛憂曰：“人皆有兄弟，我獨亡。”子夏曰：“商(1)聞之矣：死生有命，富貴在天。君子敬而無失，與人恭而有禮，四海之內，皆兄弟也。君子何患乎無兄弟也？”
【白話】
司馬牛憂傷地說：“別人都有兄弟，唯獨我沒有。”子夏說：“我聽說過：‘死生有命，富貴在天。’君子隻要敬業不出差錯，對人恭敬合乎於禮，天下人就都是自己的兄弟。君子何愁沒有兄弟呢？”
注釋：
(1)商：我。
【英譯】
Sima Niu said sadly: “All others have brothers. Only I have no.” Zi Xia said: “I heard: ‘Life and death depend on fate; riches and honors depend on Heaven.’ So long as a gentleman works selflessly making no mistakes and treats people according to proprieties, he’ll find that all people in the world are his friends. What’s the need for a gentleman to worry about having no friend?”
【原文】
12·6 子張問明(1)。子曰：“浸潤之譖(2)，膚受之愬(3)，不行焉，可謂明也已矣。浸潤之譖，膚受之愬，不行焉，可謂遠(4)也已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)明 ：明智。
(2)譖，譖，讀“怎”第四聲，讒言。
(3)愬：愬，讀“訴”，誣告。
(34遠：明之至，明智的最高境界。
【白話】
子張問怎樣做才算明智。孔子說：“像水暗中浸潤物體那樣的誹謗，像刀狠狠切皮膚那樣的誣陷，在你那裏都行不通，那你就算明智。像水暗中浸潤物體那樣的誹謗，像刀狠狠割皮膚那樣的誣陷，在你那裏都行不通，那你就算有遠見。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked questions about sensibility. Confucius said: “Some slanders are like water soaking into something secretly. Some frames are like knives cutting skin ruthlessly. If these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of sensibility. And if these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of foresight.”
【原文】
12·7 子貢問政。子曰：“足食，足兵，民信之矣。”子貢曰：“必不得已而去，於斯三者何先？”曰：“去兵。”子貢曰：“必不得已而去，於期二者何先？”曰：“去食。自古皆有死，民無信不立。”
【白話】
子貢詢問如何處理政務。孔子說，“要做到糧食充足，軍備充足，百姓信任。”子貢說：“如果不得不去掉一項，那麽在三項中先去掉哪一項呢？”孔子說：“去掉軍備充足。”子貢說：“如果不得不再去掉一項，那麽剩下的兩項中去掉哪一項呢？”孔子說：“去掉糧食充足。自古以來人總是要死人的，如果百姓不信任，國家就不能存在了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “You should have abundant grain, sufficient troops and people’s trust.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove one of them, which one should be taken off first?” Confucius said: “Take off sufficient troops.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove another one, which one should be taken off?” Confucius said: “Take off abundant grain. There must have people to die ever since ancient times. If you lose people’s trust, the state will be unable to exist.”
【原文】
12·8 棘子成(1)曰：“君子質而已矣，何以文為？”子貢曰：“惜乎夫子之說君子也！駟不及舌(2)。文猶質也，質猶文也，虎豹之鞟(3)猶犬羊之鞟。”
【注釋】
(1)棘子成：衛國大夫。古代大夫都可以被尊稱為夫子，所以子貢這樣稱呼他。
(2)駟不及舌：就是常說的“君子一言，駟馬難追”。指話一說出口，就收不回來了。駟，拉一輛車的四匹馬。此處旨在奉勸對方說話要謹慎，否則產生負麵影響是無法消除的。
(3)鞟：讀“闊”，去掉毛的皮，即革。
【白話】
棘子成說：“君子隻要重視品質就行了，何必重視文化呢？”子貢說：“真可惜呀，夫子您居然這樣談論君子。一言既出，駟馬難追。品質就像文化，文化就像品質，兩者同等重要。去毛的虎豹皮，就如同去毛的犬羊皮一樣。”
【英譯】
Ji Chengztu said: “Gentlemen should lay stress on qualities. What’s the need to attach importance to culture?” Ztu Gong said: “What a pity! As a master, you should talk about gentlemen like this. A word once out of the lips cannot be recovered even by swift horses. Qualities are like culture, and vice versa. Tiger or leopard leather is just like dog or sheep leather.”
【原文】
12·9 哀公問於有若曰：“年饑，用不足，如之何？”有若對曰：“盍徹乎(1)？”曰：“二(2)，吾猶不足，如之何其徹也？”對曰：“百姓足，君孰與不足？百姓不足，君孰與足？”
【注釋】
(1)盍徹乎：盍，何不。徹，十一稅，即征收十分之一的稅。西周奴隸主國家的一種田稅製度。舊注曰：“什一而稅謂之徹。”
(2)二：抽取十分之二的稅。
【白話】
魯哀公問有若說：“遭饑荒，國家財政困難，怎麽辦？”有若回答說：“為什麽不實行十一稅？”哀公說：“現在抽十分之二，我還不夠，怎麽能實行十一稅呢？”有若說：“如果百姓富足，您怎麽會不跟著富足呢？如果百姓貧窮，您又怎麽能富足呢？”
【英譯】
Ai Gong, the lord of the country Lu asked You Ruo: “Our country is suffering from financial difficulties due to the famine. How can we do?” You Ruo replied: “Whe don’t you carry out the One Tenth Tax?” Ai Gong said: “Even Two Tenth is not enough, let alone One Tenth.” You Ruo said: “If the ordinary people are rich, how can it be possible that you’re not rich consequently? And if the ordinary people are poor, how can it be possible that you are rich?”
【原文】
12·10 子張問崇德(1)辨惑(2)。子曰：“主忠信，徙義(3)，崇德也。愛之欲其生，惡之欲其死，既欲其生，又欲其死，是惑也。‘誠不以富，亦祗以異。’(4)”
【注釋】
(1)崇德：提高道德修養。
(2)惑：迷惑，不分是非。
(3)徙義：徙，遷移。向義靠擾。
(4)誠不以富，亦祗以異：這是《詩經·小雅·我行其野》篇的最後兩句。此詩表現了一個被遺棄的女子對其丈夫喜新厭舊的憤怒情緒。孔子在這裏引此句，令人費解。
【白話】
子張問提高道德水平和明辨是非的問題。孔子說：“以忠信為宗旨，弘揚正義，就可以提高品德。對一個人，愛的時候，就希望他長生不老；恨的時候，就希望他馬上就死。既盼他長生，又盼他快死，這就是不辨是非。正如《詩經》所說：‘即使不是嫌貧愛富，也是喜新厭舊。’”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked how to enhance moral level and distinguish between right and wrong. Confucius said: “Taking honesty as purpose and carrying forward justice can enhance a person’s moral level. When you love a person, you wish he could enjoy longevity. But when you hate him, you wish he could die immediately. Wish a person a long life and meanwhile hope he could die at once. Wish a person a long life and at the same time hope he could die immediately. It is that you can’t distinguish right from wrong. It is just like what《The Book of Songs》said: ‘Even if it is not that you dislike the poor and love the rich, it is at least that you love the new and dislike the old.’”
【原文】
12·11 齊景公(1)問政於孔子。孔子對曰：“君君、臣臣、父父、子子。”公曰：“善哉！信如君不君，臣不臣，父不父，子不子，雖有粟，吾得而食諸？”
【注釋】
(1)齊景公：名杵臼，讀“楚舊”，齊國國君，公元前547年--公元前490年在位。
【白話】
齊景公向孔子請教如何處理政務。孔子說：““君象君、臣象臣、父象父、子象子。”齊景公說：“說得好！如果君不象君、臣不象臣、父不象父、子不象子，即使糧食再多，我能吃到嗎？”
【英譯】
Jing Gong, the lord of the country Qi asked Confucius how to manage government affairs. Confucius said：“A lord should be like a lord. A courtier should be like a courtier. A father should be like a father. A son should be like a son.” Jing Gong said: “Quite right! If a lord is not like a lord, a courtier is not like a courtier, a father is not like a father, and a son is not like a son, can I have something to eat even if the grain is sufficient?”
【原文】
12·12 子曰：“片言(1)可以折獄(2)者，其由也與(3)？”子路無宿諾(4)。
【注釋】
(1)片言：訴訟雙方中一方的言辭，即片麵之辭，古時也叫“單辭”。
(2)折獄：獄，案件。即斷案。
(3)其由也與：大概隻有仲由吧。
(4)宿諾：宿，一夜；也指時間久。宿諾，拖很久而沒有兌現的諾言。
【白話】
孔子說：“隻憑單方供詞就可判案的，大概隻有仲由吧。”子路履行諾言從不過夜。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Decide a case only according to one-side story. Maybe only Zhong You can do it.”
【原文】
12·13 子曰：“聽訟(1)，吾猶人也。必也使無訟乎！”
【注釋】
(1)聽訟：訟，讀“宋“，訴訟。審理訴訟案件。
【白話】
孔子說：“審理訴訟案，我和別人一樣。重要的是杜絕訴訟案件的發生！”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for trying a case, mine is identical with the way of others. The most important thing is that we should do our best to prevent any lawsuit cases from occurring!”
【原文】
12·14 子張問政。子曰：“居之無倦，行之以忠。”
【白話】
子張問如何理政。孔子說：“勤勉為民，精忠報國。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Assiduously serve the people and loyally repay the country.”
【原文】
12·15子曰：“君子博學於文，約(1)之以禮，亦可以弗畔(2)矣夫(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)約：一種釋為約束；一種釋為簡要。
(2)畔：同“叛”。
(3)矣夫：語氣詞，表示較強烈的感歎。
【白話】
孔子說：“君子廣泛學習，遵紀守法，也就不會誤入歧途！”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Song long as keeping extensive study, observing disciplines and abiding by the law, a gentleman can avoid going astray.”
【原文】
12·16 子曰：“君子成人之美，不成人之惡。小人反是。”
【白話】
孔子說：“君子成全別人的好事，而不助長別人的醜事。小人則與此相反。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen help others achieve a desired end but do not encourage others to do evil. But vulgarians run counter to it.”
【原文】
12·17 季康子問政於孔子。孔子對曰：“政者正也。子帥以正，孰敢不正？”
【白話】
季康子問孔子如何理政。孔子回答說：“政就是正。您帶頭走正路，誰敢不跟著走？”
【英譯】
Ji Kangztu asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “By saying government affairs, it means that everything must be done correctly. Since you take a lead in taking a right way, who dare not to follow you?”
【原文】
12·18 季康子患(1)盜，問於孔子。孔子對曰：“苟子之不欲，雖賞之不竊。”
【譯文】
季康子苦於盜竊成災，問孔子怎麽辦。孔子回答說：“假如你自己不貪財謀利，即使獎勵偷竊，也沒有人去幹。”
【注釋】
(1)患：憂慮。
【英譯】
Distressed about being infested with robbers and thieves, Jin Kangztu asked Confucius how to deal with it. Confucius said: “If you yourself seek no personal gain, no one is willing to commit theft even if you give awards to him.”
【原文】
12·19 季康子問政於孔子曰：“如殺無道(1)，以就有道(2)，何如？”孔子對曰：“子為政，焉用殺？子欲善而民善矣。君子之德風，人小之德草，草上之風(3)，必偃(4)。”
【注釋】
(1)無道：指無道的人。
(2)有道：指有道的人。
(3)草上之風：指風加之於草，即風吹在草上。
(4)偃：仆，倒。
【白話】
季康子問孔子如何理政，說：“如果殺掉歹徒來成全好人，怎麽樣？”孔子說：“您治理政事，哪用得著殺戮呢？您想行善，百姓也會跟著行善。地位高的人品德好比風，地位低下的人的品德好比草，風吹到草上，草必然會倒。”
【英譯】
Ji Kangztu asked Confucius how to manage government affairs and said: “If I kill evil doers to help good people, how do you think about it?” Confucius said: “How can you manage government affairs by killing? If you want to do good works, people will follow you. A person in high position is just like wind. While a person in low position is just like grass. When wind blows on grass, grass will certainly topple and fall.”
【原文】
12·20 子張問：“士何如斯可謂之達(1)矣？”子曰：“何哉，爾所謂達者？”子張對曰：“在邦必聞(2)，在家必聞。”子曰：“是聞也，非達也。夫達也者，質直而好義，察言而觀色，慮以下人(3)。在邦必達，在家必達。夫聞也者，色取仁而行違，居之不疑。在邦必聞，在家必聞。”
【注釋】
(1)達：通達，顯達。
(2)聞：有名望。
(3)下人：下，動詞。對人謙恭有禮。
【白話】
子張問：“怎樣才能顯達呢？”孔子說：“你所說的顯達是什麽意思？”子張說：“國外有名，國內有名。”孔子說：“這是名，不是達。所謂顯達，就是品質正直，崇尚道義，善於察言觀色，甘心處於人下。這樣就會國外顯達，國內也顯達。誠然如此，但表麵仁義而內心相反、以仁義自居而不疑的人，也能騙取國內外的名聲。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked: “How to become illustrious and influential?” Confucius said: “What do you mean by saying illustrious and influential?” Ztu Zhang said: “Well known both at home and abroad.” Confucius said: “This is only the problem of being well known but not the one of being influential. By saying illustrious and influential, we mean the moralities including being honest, just, good at feeling somebody out by examining his words and observing his countenance, and willing to be in low position. Only by doing so, can a person become illustrious and influential both home and abroad. Indeed so, but some other people can also get good reputations home and abroad by cheating who show only superficial humanity but they are entirely different from reality and who consider themselves to be men of integrity without a shadow of doubt.”
【原文】
12·21 樊遲從遊於舞雩(1)之下，曰：“敢問崇德、修慝(2)、辨惑。”子曰：“善哉問！先事後得(3)，非崇德與？攻其惡，無攻人之惡，非修慝與？一朝之忿(4)，忘其身，以及其親，非惑與？”
【注釋】
(1)舞雩：雩，讀“於”，古代求雨的祭禮。舞雩，指為舉行求雨祭禮搭建的舞台，即祭壇。
(2)修慝：慝，讀“特”，邪惡。修，改正。這裏是指改正邪惡的念頭。
(3)先事後得：先做事，後考慮利祿得失；吃苦在先，享受在後。
(4)忿：氣憤。
【白話】
樊遲陪孔子在祭壇下散步時說：“請問怎樣才能提高品德、改正錯誤、明辨是非？”孔子說：“問得好！吃苦在前，享受在後，不就能提高品德嗎？進行自我批評，不去批評別人，不就能改正錯誤嗎？忍不住一時之氣，忘了自己和親人的安危，這難道不就是糊塗嗎？”
【英譯】
Walking under the sacrificial altar in company with Confucius, Fan Chi said: “How to enhance moral level, correct mistakes and distinguish between truth and falsehood?” Confucius said: “An excellent question! Bear hardship first and then enjoy comforts. It helps a person to enhance moral level, doesn’t it? Do self- criticism but don’t criticize others. It helps a person to correct mistakes, doesn’t it? Some people cannot endure uncomplainingly for a while and forget the dangers he himself and his beloved are faced with. Surely it doesn’t mean that they are not bewildered.”
【原文】
12·22 攀遲問仁。子曰：“愛人。”問知。子曰：“知人。”樊遲未達。子曰：“舉直錯諸枉(1)，能使枉者直。”樊遲退，見子夏曰：“鄉(2)也吾見於夫子而問知，子曰‘舉直錯諸枉，能使枉者直’，何謂也？”子夏曰：“富哉言乎！舜有天下，選於眾，舉皋陶(3)，不仁者遠(4)矣。湯(5)有天下，選於眾，舉伊尹(6)，不仁者遠矣。”
【注釋】
(1)舉直錯諸枉：錯，同“措”，放置。諸，這是“之於”二字的合音。枉，不正直，邪惡。
(2)鄉：音義皆同“向”，過去，如“向來”中的“向”，就有此意。
(3)皋陶：讀“高姚”。舜時地刑法大臣。
(4)遠：動詞，遠離，遠去。
(5)湯：商朝的第一個君主，名履。
(6)伊尹：湯的宰相，曾輔助湯滅夏興商。
【白話】
樊遲問什麽是仁。孔子說：“對人慈愛。”問智，孔子說：“對人了解。”樊遲不理解。孔子說：“以正壓邪，能使邪者正。”樊遲退出來，見到子夏說：“剛才我見到老師，問什麽是智，老師說：‘以正壓邪，能使邪者正’，是什麽意思？”子夏說：“這話很深刻！舜管理天下，從群眾中選拔人才，選了皋陶，邪惡之徒從此銷聲匿跡。湯管理天下，從群眾中選拔人才，選了伊尹，不法之徒從此無影無蹤。”
【英譯】
Pan Chi asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Love people.” Pan Chi asked questions about wisdom. Confucius said: “Understand people.” Pan Chi didn’t understand. Confucius said: “Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.” Came out and saw Ztu Xia, Pan Chi said: “I saw our master and asked him something about wisdom. He said: ‘Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.’ What does it mean?” Ztu Xia said: “Extremely profound! When administering his state,
【原文】
12·23 子貢問友。子曰：“忠告而善道之，不可則止，毋自辱也。”
【白話】
子貢問怎樣對待朋友。孔子說：“誠懇地加以勸告，恰當地加以引導，如果不聽也就罷了，不要自取其辱。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked the way to treat friends. Confucius said: “Honestly advise and probably guide them. If they don’t listen to you, just leave it at that and don’t get self-insulted.”
【原文】
12·24 曾子曰：“君子以文會友，以友輔仁。”
【白話】
曾子說：“君子以學問交朋友，靠朋友幫助來提高自身素質。”
【英譯】
Zeng Ztu said: “Gentlemen make friends with knowledge and better their own qualities with the help of friends.”
