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憲問篇第十四

(2008-08-25 19:42:59) 下一個

 

 

憲問篇第十四

 

 

【原文】

14·1 (1)問恥。子曰:“邦有道(2),穀(3);邦無道,穀,恥也。”問:“克(4)、伐(5)、怨、欲不行焉,可以為仁矣?”子曰:“可以為難矣,仁則吾不知也。”

 

【注釋】

(1) 憲:姓原名憲,孔子的學生。

(2) 有道:天下太平。

(3)穀:當時以穀物做官員的俸祿,這裏引申為做官。

(4)克:好勝。

(5)伐:自誇。

 

【白話】

原憲問孔子什麽是可恥。孔子說:“天下大治時,可以當官;天下大亂時,當官就是恥辱。”問:“好勝、自誇、怨恨、貪婪,這幾種毛病都沒有的人,可以算仁嗎?”孔子說:“這可以算很難得,但是算不算仁我不知道。”

 

【英譯】

Yuan Xian asked about shame. Confucius said: “When there is a great order across the land, you can be an official. Yet if you still want to be an official when there is a disorder under heaven, you are shameful.” He asked once more: “Loving to excel others, self-praising, resentment, greediness, if a person doesn’t have any of these shortcomings, can it be said that his quality is up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “It’s rare for a person to be up to this standard. But I don’t know whether this can be considered humanity or not.”

 

 

【原文】

14·2 子曰:“士而懷居(1),不足以為士矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)懷居:懷,留戀。居,家居。指戀家。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“士如果戀家,就不配做士了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If a gentleman is reluctant to leave home, he cannot be a gentleman.”

 

【原文】

14·3 子曰:“邦有道,危(1)言危行;邦無道,危行言孫(2)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)危:直,正直。

(2)孫:音義皆同“遜”。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“處於治世,要正言正行;處於亂世,還要正直,但說話要謙和。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “In case of great order across the land, your action and words should be honest, while in case of disorder under heaven, your action and words should still be honest, yet you should be modest and amiable.”

 

 

【原文】

14·4 子曰:“有德者必有言,有言者不必有德。仁者必有勇,勇者不必有仁。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“有好品德的人必定有好言論,有好言論的人未必有好品德。有仁愛之心的人必定有勇氣,有勇氣的人未必有仁愛之心。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “A person with fine characters must necessarily have fine words, yet the one with fine words is not necessarily of fine characters. A person with feelings of humanity must be brave, yet a brave person is not necessarily be of feelings of humanity.”

 

【原文】

14·5 南宮適(1)問於孔子曰:“羿(2)善射,奡蕩(3)(4),俱不得其死然。禹稷(5)躬稼而有天下。”夫子不答。南宮適出。子曰:“君子哉若人!尚德哉若人!”

 

【注釋】

(1)南宮適:適,音義皆同“括”,即南容。

(2)羿:讀“義”,傳說中夏代有窮國的國君,善於射箭,曾奪夏太康的王位,後被其臣寒浞所殺。

(3)奡:讀“傲”,一作“澆”,傳說中寒浞的兒子。後來為夏的後人少康所殺。浞, 讀“卓”,淋。

(4)蕩舟:用手推船。傳說中奡力大,善於水戰。

(5)禹稷:禹,夏朝的開國之君,善於治水,注重發展農業。稷,傳說是周朝的祖先,又為穀神,教民種植莊稼。

 

【白話】

南宮適問孔子:“羿善於射箭,奡善於水戰,最後都不得好死。禹和稷都親自種植莊稼,卻得到了天下。”孔子沒有回答,南宮適出去後,孔子說:“這個人真是個君子呀!這個人真尊重道德。”

 

【英譯】

Nangong Shi asked Confucius: “Yi was good at arrow-shooting, and Ao was good at fighting in water. Yet neither of them died a worthy death. Yu and Ji were engaged in farming but they successfully seized state power.” Confucius didn’t reply. After Nangong Shi left, Confucius said: “He is really a gentleman! He worships virtues indeed.”

 

 

【原文】

14·6 子曰:“君子而不仁者有矣夫,未有小人而仁者也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“隻有不仁德的君子,沒有仁德的小人。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “There are only gentlemen without feelings of humanity, but no vulgarians with feelings of humanity.”

 

【原文】

14·7 子曰:“愛之,能勿勞乎?忠焉,能勿誨乎?”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“愛一個人,你能不為他操勞嗎?忠於一個人,你能不教誨他嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If you love a person, is it possible for you not to work hard for him? If you are honest to a person, is it possible for you not to instruct him?”

 

【原文】

14·8 子曰:“為命(1),裨諶(2)草創之,世叔(3)討論之,行人(4)子羽(5)修飾之,東裏(6)子產潤色之。”

 

【注釋】

(1)命:國家政令。

(2)裨諶:讀“必陳”,人名,鄭國大夫。

(3)世叔:子太叔,名遊吉,鄭國大夫。宰相子產死後,繼任。

(4)行人:外交官,掌管朝覲聘問等對外事務。

(5)子羽:鄭國大夫公孫揮的字。

(6)東裏:地名,鄭國大夫子產居住的地方。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“鄭國發布公文,程序是裨諶起草,世叔提意見,外交官子羽加以修飾,最後由子產做最終的潤色。”

 

【英譯】

When issuing official documents, the common procedure is like this:  Bi Chen made a draft; Shi Shu put forward his proposals; Ztu Yu, official in charge of foreign affairs, proposed amendments and addenda; and Ztu Chan did the final polishing up.

 

 

【原文】

14·9 或問子產。子曰:“惠人也。”問子西(1)。曰:“彼哉!彼哉!”問管仲。曰:“人也(2)。奪伯氏(3)駢邑(4)三百,飯疏食,沒齒(5)無怨言。”

 

【注釋】

(1)子西:這裏的子西指楚國的令尹,名申。

(2)人也:即此人也。

(3)伯氏:齊國的大夫。

(4)駢邑:地名,伯氏的采邑。

(5)沒齒:死。

 

【白話】

有人問子產是個怎樣的人。孔子說:“他這個人真有德。”問子西怎麽樣,孔子說:“他呀!他呀!”問管仲怎樣,孔子說:“他這個人真有才。他剝奪了伯氏封地,但不居功自傲,而是過了一輩子苦日子,到老死也無怨言。” 

 

 英譯】

Someone asked about Ztu Chan. Confucius said: “This man is really of integrity.” This man asked about Ztu Xi. Confucius said: “That guy! That guy!” That man asked about Guan Zhong. Confucius said: “He is really of ability. He deprived Bo family of their feoff but he never claimed credit for himself and became conceited. He had long been living a hard life without any complains till the end of his life.”

 

 

【原文】

14·10 子曰:“貧而無怨難,富而無驕易。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“貧窮而能夠沒有怨恨是很難做到的,富裕而不驕傲是容易做到的。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “It’s difficult for a person to be poor but bear no resentment. It’s easy for a person to be rich but not to be arrogant.

 

【原文】

14·11 子曰:“孟公綽(1)為趙魏老(2)則優(3),不可以為滕薛(4)大夫。”

 

【注釋】

(1)孟公綽:魯國大夫,屬於孟孫氏家族。

(2)老:這裏指古代大夫的家臣。

(3)優:有餘。

(4)滕薛:滕,諸侯國,在今山東滕縣。薛,諸侯國,在今山東滕縣東南。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“孟公綽做趙魏兩家的家臣,是才力有餘的,但不能做滕薛兩國的大夫。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “It’s more than enough for Meng Gongchuo to be a manager in the two families of Zhao and Wei, but it’s not advisable for him to be a minister in the two countries of Teng and Xue.”

 

【原文】

14·12 子路問成人(1)。子曰:“若臧武仲(2)之知,公綽之不欲,卞莊子(3)之勇,冉求之藝,文之以禮樂,亦可以為成人矣。”曰:“今之成人者何必然?見利思義,見危授命,久要(4)不忘平生之言,亦可以為成人矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)成人:十全十美的完人。

(2)臧武仲:魯國大夫臧孫紇。

(3)卞莊子:魯國卞邑大夫。

(4)久要:長期貧困。

 

【白話】 

子路問怎樣做才算完人。孔子說:“如果具有臧武仲的智慧,孟公綽的克製,卞莊子的勇敢,冉求的才藝;再加上知禮懂樂的修養,就可以算完人了。”又說:“現在的完人就不必這樣了,見到利益時,考慮道義;見到危險時,奮不顧身;長期貧窮也不忘平日的諾言,也可以算完人了。” 

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu asked how can be a perfect man. Confucius said: “A person of the wisdom of Zang Wuchong, the restraint of Meng Gongchuo, the courage of Bian Zhuangztu and the skills of Ran Qiu has a good comprehension of proprieties and music he can be considered a perfect man.” Confucius said again: “But the present perfect men don’t need to act this way. So long as they can remember justice when facing benefits, can act regardless of his safety when facing danger, can remember his previous promises when having long been in dire necessity, they can be considered perfect men.”

 

 

【原文】

14·13 子問公叔文子(1)於公明賈(2)曰:“信乎,夫子(3)不言,不笑,不取乎?”公明賈對曰:“以(4)告者過也。夫子時然後言,人不厭其言;樂然後笑,人不厭其笑;義然後取,人不厭其取。”子曰:“其然?豈其然乎?”

 

【注釋】

(1)公叔之子:衛國大夫公孫拔,衛獻公之子。諡號“文”。

(2)公明賈:姓公明字賈。衛國人。

(3)夫子:文中指公叔文子。

(4)以:此處是“這個”的意思。

 

【白話】

孔子向公明賈問公叔文子的情況:“他不說、不笑、不取,是真的嗎?”公明賈答:“這話過講過火了。他該說時才說,人們才不討厭他的說;快樂時才笑,人們才不討厭他的笑;該取時才取,人們才不討厭他的取。”孔子說:“是這樣嗎?難道真是這樣嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius asked Gongming Gu about Gongshu Wenztu: “He doesn’t speak, doesn’t smile and doesn’t take anything. Really?” Gongming Gu said: “Whoever told you this carried it too far. He speaks only when necessary, smiles only when happy and take something only when he should so that people don’t detest him.” Confucius said: “Is it like this? Is it really like this?”

 

 

【原文】 

14·14 子曰:“臧武仲以防求為後於魯,雖曰不要君,吾不信也。”

 

【注釋】

(1) 要:要挾

 

【白話】

孔子說:“臧武仲想以撤離封地作為交換條件,請求魯君在魯國替臧氏後代確立社會地位,雖然有人認為他不是要挾君主,我不相信。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Zang Wuchong wanted to withdraw from his fief and then took it as a condition for him to ask the lord of the country Lu to establish social position for the future generations of Zang family. Some people didn’t consider his action as putting pressure on the lord of the country Lu. But I don’t believe.”

 

【原文】

14·15 子曰:“晉文公(1)(2)而不正,齊桓公(3)正而不譎。”

 

【注釋】

(1)晉文公:姓姬名重耳,春秋時期有作為的政治家,著名的霸主之一。公元前636 - 628年在位。

(2)譎:讀“絕”,欺詐,玩弄手段。

(3)齊桓公:姓薑名小白,春秋時期有作為的政治家,著名的霸主之一。公元前685 - 643年在位。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“晉文公詭詐而不正派,齊桓公正派而不詭詐。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Jin Wen Gong was fraudulent but not honest and upright. Qi Huan Gong was honest and upright but not fraudulent.”

 

 

【原文】

14·16 子路曰:“桓公殺公子糾(1),召忽(2)死之,管仲不死。”曰:“未仁乎?”子曰:“桓公九合諸侯(3),不以兵車(4),管仲之力也。如其仁(5),如其仁。”

 

【注釋】

(1)公子糾:齊桓公的哥哥。齊桓公與他爭位,殺掉了他。

(2)召忽:管仲和召忽都是公子糾的家臣。公子糾被殺後,召忽自殺,管仲歸服於齊桓公,並當上了齊國的宰相。

(3)九合諸侯:指齊桓公多次召集諸侯盟會。

(4)不以兵車:即不用武力。

(5)如其仁:這就是他的仁德。

 

【白話】

子路說:“齊桓公殺公子糾,召忽殉難,但管仲卻不自殺。管仲不能算仁人吧?”孔子說:“桓公多次召集各路諸侯協商解決問題,不用武力,都是管仲在暗中出力呀。這就是他的仁德,這就是他的仁德。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu said: “Huan Gong killed his brother Gongztu Jiu, Zhao Hu died a martyr, but Guan Zhong didn’t commit suicide. Guan Zhong should not be considered a man of humanity, should he?” Confucius said: “Huan Gong called dukes and princes under his regime to handle problems according to the principle of reaching unanimity through consultation instead of arms. It was well done only because Guan Zhong had secretly exerted his efforts. This is the humanity of Guan Zhong. This is the humanity of Guan Zhong.”

 

 

【原文】

14·17 子貢曰:“管仲非仁者與?桓公殺公子糾,不能死,又相之。”子曰:“管仲相桓公,霸諸侯,一匡天下,民到於今受其賜。微(1)管仲,吾其被發左衽(2)矣。豈若匹夫匹婦之為諒(3)也,自經(4)於溝瀆(5)而莫之知也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)微:無,沒有。

(2)被發左衽:被,同“披”。衽,衣襟。“被發左衽”是當時的夷狄之俗。

(3)諒:遵守信用。這裏指小節小信。

(4)自經:上吊自殺。

(5)瀆:小溝渠。

 

【白話】

子貢問:“管仲不能算仁人吧?桓公殺公子糾,他沒有為公子糾殉死,反而做桓公的宰相。”孔子說:“管仲輔佐桓公,稱霸諸侯,匡正天下,老百姓至今還受到他的恩惠。如果沒有管仲,恐怕我們現在還要受到外來侵擾。因此哪能要求管仲像普通百姓那樣拘泥小節,默默無聞地在小山溝裏自殺呢?”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Gong asked: “Guan Zhong should not be considered a man of humanity, should he? Huan Gong killed his own brother Gongztu Jiu. He didn’t sacrifice his life for Gongztu Jiu and worse of all he became Huan Gong’s premier instead.” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong helped Huan Gong unify the whole country by lording it over dukes and princes under his regime. It is only because of this that our people are still enjoying his favor even now. If without Guan Zhong, I’m afraid we are still suffering from foreign invasion.

So, how can we ask Guan Zhong to commit suicide secretly in the wild just like an ordinary people who rigidly adheres to trivial matters only?”

 

【原文】

14·18 公叔文子之臣大夫僎(1)與文子同升諸公(2)。子聞之,曰:“可以為文矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)僎:讀“尋”,人名。公叔文子的家臣。

(2)升諸公:公,公室。這是說僎由家臣升為大夫,與公叔文子同位。

 

【白話】

公叔文子推薦一個傭人做了大夫,與他平起平坐。孔子說:“公叔文子可以稱為‘文’了。”

 

【英譯】

Gongshu Wenztu recommended his manager to be a minister who was on an equal footing with him. Heard this, Confucius said: “Gongshu Wenztu can be considered a gentleman.”

 

 

【原文】

14·19 子言衛靈公之無道也,康子曰:“夫如是,奚而不喪?”孔子曰:“仲叔圉(1)治賓客,祝鮀治宗廟,王孫賈治軍旅,夫如是,奚其喪?”

 

【注釋】

 (1) 仲叔圉:圉,讀“雨”,即孔文子。他與後麵提到的祝鮀(讀“駝”)、王孫賈都是衛國的大夫。 

 

【白話】

孔子講到衛靈公的無道,季康子說:“既然如此,為什麽他沒有垮台呢?”孔子說:“因為他有仲叔圉接待賓客,祝鮀管理宗廟祭祀,王孫賈統率軍隊,像這樣,怎麽會敗亡呢?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius talked about Wei Ling Gong’s incompetence. Ji Kangztu said: “Why could he avert collapse now that the case was like this?” Confucius said: “He had Zhongshu Yu in charge of guest-reception, Zhu Tuo in charge of sacrifice affairs and Wangsun Gu in charge of military. In this case, how could he collapse?”

 

14·20 子曰:“其言之不怍(1),則為之也難。”

 

【注釋】

(1)怍:讀“做”,慚愧的意思。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“說話大言不慚,兌現諾言就難了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If a man boast without shame, it’s hard for him to keep him promise.”

 

【原文】

14·20 陳成子(1)弑簡公(2)。孔子沐浴而朝,告於哀公曰:“陳恒弑其君,請討之。”公曰:“告夫三子(3)。”孔子曰:“以吾從大夫之後(4),不敢不告也。君曰‘告夫三子’者。”之(5)三子告,不可。孔子曰:“以吾從大夫之後,不敢不告也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)陳成子:即陳恒,齊國大夫,又叫田成子。他以大鬥借出,小鬥收進的方法受到百姓擁護。公元前481年,他殺死齊簡公,奪取了政權。

(2)簡公:齊簡公,姓薑名壬。公元前484 - 481年在位。

(3)三子:指季孫、孟孫、叔孫三家。

(4)從大夫之後:孔子曾任過大夫職,但此時已經去官家居,所以說從大夫之後。

(5)之:動詞,往。

 

【白話】

陳成子殺了齊簡公。孔子沐浴後上朝,向魯哀公報告:“陳恒把他的君主殺了,請討伐他。”哀公說:“向三位大夫報告吧。”孔子說:“因為我做過大夫,不敢不報告。君主卻說出‘你去向三位大夫報告’的話!”孔子隻好向三位大夫報告,他們不同意討伐。孔子說:“因為我做過大夫,不敢不報告。”

 

【英譯】

Chen Chengztu killed Qi Jian Gong. After bath, Confucius had an audience with the lord of Ju Ai Gong and make a report: “Chen Heng killed his lord. Please send out troops to suppress him.” Ai Gong said: “Make a report to the three ministers.” Confucius said: “I was once a minister so I don’t dare not to make a report to you. But you should say ‘make a report to the three ministers’!” Confucius had to make a report to these three ministers but they didn’t agree to send out troops to suppress Chen Heng. Confucius said: “I was once a minister so I don’t dare not to make a report to you.”

 

 

【原文】

14·22 子路問事君。子曰:“勿欺也,而犯之。”

 

【白話】

子路問怎樣事奉君主。孔子說:“不能欺騙他,但可以犯顏直諫。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu asked how to serve a lord. Confucius said: “You can’t cheat him but you can advise him outspokenly without worrying that you may angry him.”

 

【原文】

14·23 子曰:“君子上達,小人下達。”

 

【注釋】 上達:追求高尚。下達:追求庸俗。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“君子追求高尚,小人追求庸俗。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek noble things but vulgarians seek vulgar thing.”

 

【原文】

14·24 子曰:“古之學者為己,今之學者為人。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“古人學習是為提高自己,而今人學習是為作秀。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Ancient people study for enhance themselves but present people study for show.”

 

【原文】

14·25 蘧伯玉(1)使人於孔子,孔子與之坐而問焉。曰:“夫子何為?”對曰:“夫子欲寡其過而未能也。”使者出,子曰:“使乎!使乎!”

 

【注釋】

(1)蘧伯玉:蘧,讀“渠”。人名,衛國的大夫,名瑗,也孔子到衛國時曾住在他的家裏。

 

【白話】

蘧伯玉派使者訪問孔子。孔子請使者坐下,然後問:“蘧先生最近在做什麽?”使者回答說:“先生想要減少自己的錯誤,但未能做到。”使者走了以後,孔子說:“好一位使者啊,好一位使者啊!”

 

【英譯】

Qu Boyu sent an envoy to visit Confucius. Confucius let the envoy sit down and asked: “What has Mr. Que been doing?” The envoy replied: “He wants to reduce his mistakes, but he failed.” The envoy left and Confucius said: “What a nice envoy! What a nice envoy!”

 

【原文】

14·26 子曰:“不在其位,不謀其政。”曾子曰:“君子思不出其位。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“不在那個職位,就不要考慮那個職位上的事情。”曾子說:“君子考慮問題,從來不超出自己的職權範圍。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Without being in the position, just don’t think anything related to the position.” Zeng Ztu said: “Whenever considering something, a gentleman never oversteps his authority.”

 

【原文】

14·27 子曰:“君子恥其言而過其行。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“君子認為說到但沒做到是可恥的。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Gentlemen think it shameful to say something but do nothing.”

 

【原文】

14·28 子曰:“君子道者三,我無能焉:仁者不憂,知者不惑,勇者不懼。”子貢曰:“夫子自道也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“君子之道有三個方麵,我都未能做到:仁德的人不憂愁,聰明的人不迷惑,勇敢的人不畏懼。”子貢說:“這正是老師的自我表述啊!”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Gentlemen’s doctrines include three points which I have realized: a man of humanity never worries anything; a wise man is never perplexed; a brave man never fears anything.” Ztu Gong said: “This is just a self-explanation of yours.”

 

【原文】

14·29 子貢方人(1)。子曰:“賜也賢乎哉(2)?夫我則不暇。”

 

【注釋】

(1)方人:評論、誹謗別人。

(2)賜也賢乎哉:疑問語氣,批評子貢不賢。

 

【白話】

子貢評論別人的短處。孔子說:“賜啊,你真的就那麽賢良嗎?我可沒有閑工夫去評論別人。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Gong commented others’ shortcomings. Confucius said: “Ci, are you really nice enough? I have no time to comment others.”

 

【原文】

14·30 子曰:“不患人之不己知,患其不能也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“不怕別人不了解自己,隻怕自己沒本事。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that no one understands you. The only thing we should worry about is that you are not capable.”

 

【原文】

14·31 子曰:“不逆詐(1),不億(2)不信,抑亦先覺者,是賢乎!”

 

【注釋】

(1)逆:迎。預先猜測。

(2)億:同“臆”,主觀地。例如“臆測”,主觀猜測。 此處“臆”即代“臆測”。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“對於別人的欺詐和謊言,不是憑事先的懷疑和猜測,而是靠事先的覺察來知道的人,這才是賢人。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Some people know others’ cheat and lie by detecting but not by suspecting and guessing. The sort of people can be considered worthy persons.

 

【原文】

14·32 微生畝(1)謂孔子曰:“丘,何為是(2)棲棲(3)者與?無乃為佞乎?”孔子曰:“非敢為佞也,疾固(4)也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)微生畝:魯國人。

(2)是:如此。

(3)棲棲:讀“西”,忙碌不安。

(4)疾固:疾,恨。固,固執。痛恨社會頑疾。

 

【白話】

微生畝對孔子說:“孔丘,你為什麽四處奔波、到處遊說呢?你不就是要炫耀自己的口才嗎?”孔子說:“我不想炫耀口才隻是因為痛恨醜惡的社會現實才不得不如此。”

 

【英譯】

Wei Shengmu said to Confucius: “Kong Qiu, why are you so busy running about and peddling your ideas? You just want to show off your eloquence, do you?” Confucius said: “I don’t want to show off  my eloquence. The reason for me to do this is that I hate the social inveterate illness.”

 

 

【原文】

14·33 子曰:“驥(1)不稱其力,稱其德也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)驥:千裏馬。古代稱善跑的馬為驥。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“千裏馬,人們稱讚的不是它的氣力,而是它的品德。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “As for winged-steeds, what people praise is not their strength but their morality.”

 

【原文】

14·34 或曰:“以德報怨,何如?”子曰:“何以報德?以直報怨,以德報德。”

 

【注釋】

(1) 或:有人,某人。

 

【白話】

有人問:“用恩德報答怨恨行嗎?”孔子說:“照你這麽說,可該用什麽來報答恩德呢?依我看,應該用正直來報答怨恨,用恩德來報答恩德。”

 

【英譯】

Someone asked: “Return good for evil. Is that O.K.?” Confucius said: “If according to your point of view, what we should return for good? I think that we should return honesty for evil, return good for good.”

 

【原文】

14·35 子曰:“莫我知也夫!”子貢曰:“何為其莫知子也?”子曰:“不怨天,不尤(1)人。下學而上達(2),知我者其天乎!”

 

【注釋】

(1)尤:責怪、怨恨。

(2)下學上達:下學學人事,也就是學一些普通的知識;上達達天命,也就是懂得了一些高深的道理。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“沒有人了解我啊!”子貢說:“怎麽能說沒有人了解您呢?”孔子說:“我不埋怨天,也不責備人,我學了一些普通的知識,懂得了一些高深的道理。“

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “No one knows me well!” Ztu Gong said: “How can you say no one knows you well?” Confucius said: “I’ve learned some ordinary knowledge and have understood some profound truth.”

 

 

【原文】

14·36 公伯寮(1)(2)子路於季孫。子服景伯(3)以告,曰:“夫子固有惑誌於公伯寮,吾力猶能肆諸市朝(4)。”子曰:“道之將行也與,命也;道之將廢也與,命也。公伯寮其如命何!”

 

【注釋】

(1)公伯寮:姓公伯名寮,字子周,孔子的學生,曾任季氏的家臣。

(2)愬:音義皆同“訴”,告發,誹謗。

(3)子服景伯:魯國大夫,姓子服名伯,景是他的諡號。

(4)肆諸市朝:古時處死罪人後陳屍示眾。

 

【白話】

公伯寮在季孫氏麵前誣蔑子路。子服景伯將此事告訴了孔子,他說:“季孫氏已經被公伯寮的諂言所迷惑,我有能力殺他,並將他陳屍街頭。”孔子說:“道能夠得到推行,是時運決定的;道得不到推行,也是時運決定的。公伯寮能把時運怎樣?”

 

【英譯】

Gongbo Liao spoke ill of Ztu Lu to Ji Sun. Ztufu Jingbo told this matter to Confucius and said: “Ji Sun has been misled by Gongbo Liao’s slander. I have the ability to kill him and make his body displayed in the street.” Confucius said: “If a just cause can be carried out, it depends on luck; if it cannot be carried out, it also depends on luck. How can Gongbo Liao do anything about luck?”

 

【原文】

14·37 子曰:“賢者辟(1)世,其次辟地,其次辟色,其次辟言。”子曰:“作者七人(2)矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)辟:同“避”,逃避。

(2)七人:即伯夷、叔齊、虞仲、夷逸、朱張、柳下惠、少連。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“賢人逃避黑暗的社會,其次逃避動蕩的地域,再次逃避鄙視的目光,最次逃避惡毒的讒言。”孔子又說:“這樣做的已經有七個人了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “People of integrity escape from four aspects including dark society, turbulent area, despising eyes, and vicious slanders.” Confucius said again: “There have already been seven people who can do this.”

 

 

【原文】

14·38 子路宿於石門(1)。晨門(2)曰:“奚自?”子路曰:“自孔氏。”曰:“是知其不可而為之者與?”

 

【注釋】

(1)石門:地名。魯國都城的外門。

(2)晨門:早上看守城門的人。 

 

【白話】

子路夜裏住在石門,看門人問:“你從哪裏來?”子路說:“從孔子那裏來。”看門人說:“是那個明知做不到還偏偏要去做的人嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu stayed overnight at Stone Door. The door-man asked: “Where are you from?” Ztu Lu said: “From Confucius.” The door-man said: “Is that the man who clearly knows he cannot do but just do it?”

 

 

【原文】

14·39 子擊磬(1)於衛,有荷蕢(2)而過孔氏之門者,曰:“有心哉,擊磬乎!”既而曰:“鄙哉!硜硜(3)乎!莫己知也,斯己而已矣。深則厲(4),淺則揭(5)。”子曰:“果哉!末(6)之難(7)矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)磬:讀“慶”,一種打擊樂器的名稱。

(2)荷蕢:荷,肩扛。蕢,讀“愧”,草筐,肩背著草筐。

(3)硜硜:讀“坑坑”,擊磬的聲音。

(4)深則厲:穿著衣服涉水過河。

(5)淺則揭:提起衣襟涉水過河。“深則厲,淺出揭”是《詩經·衛風·匏有苦葉》的詩句。

(6)末:無。

(7)難:責問。

 

【白話】

孔子在衛國敲磬,有個背筐的人從門前走過說:“這個擊磬的人有心計啊!”一會兒又說:“硜硜的聲音不是太庸俗了嗎?沒人理解沒關係,獨善其身就是了。好比過河,水深就索性穿著衣服遊過去,水淺就撩起衣服趟過去。”孔子說:“說得真幹脆,沒有什麽可以責怪他了。”

 

【英譯】

Staying in the country Wei, Confucius once struck chime stone. A man with a basket on his back passed his door and said: “The chime stone striker really sets his mind on it!” But after a while he said: “This sound is really vulgar, isn’t it? It doesn’t matter that no one can understand you. So long as you can maintain personal integrity during chaotic times, it’s all right. This is just like crossing a river. If the water is deep, you just wade across it with your clothing on. And if shallow, you just wade across it with your hand holding up the hem of your jacket.” Confucius said: “What he said is really straightforward. I cannot blame him for anything.” 

 

 

【原文】

14·40 子張曰:“書雲:‘高宗(1)諒陰(2),三年不言。’何謂也?”子曰:“何必高宗?古之人皆然。君薨(3),百官總己以聽於塚宰(4)三年。”

 

【注釋】

(1)高宗:商王武宗。

(2)諒陰:古時天子守喪之稱。

(3)薨:讀“轟”,古時國君之死。

(4)塚宰:官名,相當於後世的宰相。

 

【白話】

子張說:“《尚書》上說,‘高宗守喪,三年不談政事。’這是什麽意思?”孔子說:“不僅是高宗,古人都是這樣。國君死了,百官三年內都聽從宰相安排,各司其職。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Zhang said: “The Book Shang Shusaid: ‘In Shang Dynasty, the lord Gao Zong did nothing about government affairs for three years during funeral period.’ What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No only Gao Zong, but all ancient people faithfully adhered to this principle. If a lord died, all officials obeyed orders by the premier and stayed at their respective posts.”

 

【原文】

14·41 子曰:“上好禮,則民易使也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“領導者尊崇道德規範,群眾就容易指揮。

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If leaders worship moral standards, the masses are easy to lead.”

 

【原文】

14·42 子路問君子。子曰:“修己以敬。”曰:“如斯而已乎?”曰:“修己以安人(1)。”曰:“如斯而已乎?”曰:“修己以安百姓(2)。修己以安百姓,堯舜其猶病諸?”

 

【注釋】

(1)安人:人安樂。

(2)安百姓:使老百姓安樂。

 

【白話】

子路問什麽叫君子。孔子說:“提升自己的道德修養水平,隨時隨地保持恭謹的態度。”子路說:“這樣就夠了嗎?”孔子說:“提升自己的道德修養水平,使他人安樂。”子路說:“這樣就夠了嗎?”孔子說:“提升自己的道德修養水平,使百姓安居樂業。提升自己的道德修養水平,使百姓安居樂業,堯舜不都難於做嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu asked about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and keep a respectful and attentive attitude at any time and anywhere.” Ztu Lu said: “Is this enough?” Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and make others to live easily and comfortably.” Ztu Lu asked: “Is this enough?” Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and make the masses to live and work in peace. Raise your own moral level and make the masses live and work in peace. It’s too difficult even for Yao and Shun to come up to this standard, isn’t it?”

 

 

【原文】

14·43 原壤(1)夷俟(2)。子曰:“幼而不孫弟(3),長而無述焉,老而不死,是為賊。”以杖叩其脛。

 

【注釋】

(1)原壤:魯國人,孔子的舊友。他母親死了,他還大聲歌唱,孔子認為這是大逆不道。

(2)夷俟:夷,雙腿分開而坐。俟,讀“四”,等待。

(3)孫弟:同遜悌,即謙遜,重情義。

 

【白話】

原壤叉開雙腿坐著等待孔子。孔子罵他說:“小時候你不講禮貌,長大了一事無成,老了又總不死,真是害人精。”說著,用手杖敲他的小腿。

 

【英譯】

With his legs stretching casually, Yuan Rang was waiting for Confucius. Confucius scolded him: “When you were young, you showed no civility to anyone. When you became a grown man, you had nothing accomplished. When you are old now, you don’t die. What a pest you are!”

 

 

【原文】

14·44 闕黨(1)童子將命(2)。或問之曰:“益者與?”子曰:“吾其居於位(3)也,見其與先生並行也。非求益者也,欲速成者也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)闕黨:即闕裏,孔子家住的地方。

(2)將命:在賓主之間傳言。

(3)居於位:童子與長者同坐。

 

【白話】

闕裏的一個童子,來向孔子傳話。有人問孔子:“這是個求上進的孩子嗎?”孔子說:“我見他與長輩同坐同行。他不是個要求上進的人,而是個急於求成的人。”

 

【英譯】

A boy in Que Li came to sent words to Confucius. Someone asked Confucius: “Is this a boy who seeks to make progress?” Confucius said: “I saw him sitting and walking together with elders. He is not a boy who seeks to make progress, but a one who is impatient for success.”

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