請教一個語法問題

For sculpture, the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, resulting in sculptural qualities even in architecture.

They used firebombs in several instances, causing heavy property damage.

請教一個語法問題，上麵兩句中，causing和 resulting in 是動名詞，修飾前半句話。請問這個語法結構是什麽？怎麽樣用英語表達這個語法結構？多謝！

這個語法結構經常出現在SAT，我們中學就學了，但美國小孩不懂。我想goolge這個語法，但不知道怎樣把這種語法結構翻譯成英文。多謝了！

所有跟帖： 

• this is not a gerund -賈平凸- ♂ (204 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:49:22

• . -randomness- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:56:37

• 樓主例子裏的-ing不是動名詞，動名詞不能做壯語 -lookforward- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 15:00:55

• 不是修飾前半句，是進一步說明補充。這對美國孩子應該不是問題吧？ -兩女寶媽- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:49:38

• These two verb-ing are present participles , not gerunds -zoey@riverside- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:55:36

• 權威語法解說Present Participles (ZT 牛津語法） -網戀無罪- ♂ (19419 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 15:39:05

• Here is what Chat-GPT replied: -JianFromCA- ♂ (81 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 15:49:14