Affiliations:Department of Chemistry, Stanford University,School

These authors contributed equally to this work.
Meng-Chang Lin, Ming Gong, Bingan Lu & Yingpeng Wu

Affiliations

Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Meng-Chang Lin, Ming Gong, Bingan Lu, Yingpeng Wu, Di-Yan Wang, Mingyun Guan, Michael Angell, Changxin Chen, Jiang Yang & Hongjie Dai
Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
Meng-Chang Lin
School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
Bingan Lu
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
Di-Yan Wang
Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
Di-Yan Wang
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
Bing-Joe Hwang

Contributions

M.-C.L., M.G., B.L. and Y.W. contributed equally to this work. M.-C.L. and H.D. conceived the idea for the project. B.L. prepared the graphitic foam. M.-C.L., M.G., B.L., Y.W., D.-Y.W., M.A. and M. Guan performed electrochemical experiments. M.-C.L., C.C. and J.Y conducted in situ Raman spectroscopy measurements. M.-C.L., M.G., B.L. and Y.W. performed ex situ X-ray diffraction measurements. M.G., M.-C.L., B.L. and Y.W. performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements. M.-C.L., M.G., B.L., Y.W., D.-Y.W., M.A., B.-J.H. and H.D. discussed the results, analysed the data and drafted the manuscript.
Competing financial interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Corresponding author

Correspondence to:

Hongjie Dai