隨筆雜談
兒童用最直接的方式來表達他們的情感。常常讓人忍俊不止.記錄生活點滴.
聖村有許多以Lewis 和 Clark 命名的地方，今天把Lewis 和 Clark 遠征曆史翻譯介紹一下。
Captain Meriwether Lewis 是US Army officer。出生於August 18, 1774，卒於 October 11, 1809（死於槍殺，據說是自殺，但家人認為是他殺），享年35歲。Captain William Clark也是US army officer。出生於August 1,1770，卒於 September 1, 1838，享年68歲. 由於Lewis英年早逝，沒有孩子。Clark的第一個孩子以Lewis為名以此紀念好友。
1803, President Thomas Jefferson picks Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition through the Northwest and gives him to following instruction:
1803年，美國第三屆總統Jefferson指定Lewis組建遠征探險隊。給Lewis如下的命令：
The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal stream of it, as, by it’s course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or any other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent for the purposes of commerce.
你任務的目的是探索Missouri河和它的主流枝幹，通過與之相通的Columbia, Oregon, Colorado河流或者別的河流來找到最直接和實際可行的橫跨大陸的水路到達太平洋以供商用。
Meriwether Lewis began preparing for the military expedition in March 1803. He ordered custom-made weapons from the US armory in Harpers Ferry. He also supervised construction of a collapsible iron boat frame, designed to be covered with animal skins，that he thought might prove useful. In Pittsburgh he ordered a keelboat and got a Newfoundland dog he named Seaman. In Philadelphia he took crash courses in medicine, natural history, and the use of scientific instruments, He also bought clothing, trade goods, paper, medicines, and other supplies. In Lancaster he learned to use celestial navigation tools.
1803年三月，Lewis 開始籌備這次軍事遠征。他從美國Harpers Ferry軍工廠訂特製的武器。他也親自監造一艘他認為會有用的，用獸皮覆蓋，可折疊的鐵架船。在Pittsburgh，他定了一艘適合在河流裏航行的keelboat和一條友好的叫Seaman的Newfoundland狗。在Philadelphia，他學了一係列速成班，包括醫療，自然曆史，如何用科學器皿。他還購買了衣物，物品，紙張，藥品和別的用品。在Lancaster，他學會用天文導航工具。
From Philadelphia Lewis wrote to William Clark, a fellow Virginian under whom he once served, asking him to join as co-commander. Clark, brother of George Rogers Clark of American Revolution fame, accepted and began to recruit “some good hunters, stout. healthy, unmarried men, accustomed to the woods, and capable of bearing bodily fatigue in a pretty considerable degree. “
在Philadelphia，時年29歲的Lewis寫信邀請33歲的Clark，一位他曾經服務過的Virginian年輕人，作為共同領導人加入遠征隊。Clark，美國革命名人George Rogers Clark的弟弟，接受使命後開始招“一些好獵人，偵探，健康，未婚男子，習慣叢林生活，能吃苦耐勞。”
Lewis and Clark establish Camp River Dubois on the Illinois side of the Mississippi river, where they prepare the men for a spring departure.
Lewis和Clark在密西西比河Illinois邊建立Dubois營地，訓練隊員準備春季出發。
May 14, 1804
Expedition begins and “proceeded on under a gentle breeze up the Missouri.”
1804年五月14日，考察遠征隊啟程在Missouri河的微風中逆流而上。
July 4, 1804
Expedition marks first 4th of July west of the Mississippi by firing the keelboat's canon, and naming Independence Creek near present-day Atchison, KS.
探險隊紀念第一個七月四日。一是在密西西比河的西邊由keelboat鳴炮，二是命名如今在Kansas州的Atchison的“獨立小溪”。
August 3, 1804
Corps holds first official council between US representatives and Otoe-Missouria Indians near present-day Fort Atkinson State Park, NE.
遠征隊在今天Nebraska州的Atkinson State Park舉行了介於美國代表和Otoe-Missouria印第安人之間的第一次正式會議。
August 20, 1804
Near present-day Sioux City, IA, Sgt. Charles Floyd dies of probable burst appendix. Captains name the hilltop where he is buried “Floyd’s Bluff” and nearby stream “Floyd’s River.”
在今天Iowa州Sioux城附近，中士Charles Floyd不幸病死，估計是急性闌尾炎。上尉們把埋葬他的山頭命名為“Floyd’s Bluff”和附近小溪命名為“Floyd’s River”.
August 30, 1804
Friendly council held with Yankton Sioux.
和Yankton Sioux友好的會議.
September 7, 1804
The men successfully flush a prairies dog out of its hole for shipment back to Jefferson.
人們成功地用水把土拔鼠從它的洞裏衝出來，裝上送給總統Jefferson的物品。
Lewis called prairies dogs “barking squirrels” because of the sound they made when approached. In all, Lewis and Clark wrote the first reports on 122 animals previously unknown to western science.
Lewis把土拔鼠稱為“吠的鬆鼠”因為它被接近時發出的聲音。他們一共報告了122種以前不為西方科學界所知的動物。
September 25, 1804
Misunderstanding with Teton Sioux leads to a confrontation that is resolved peaceably by Chief Black Buffalo, Expeditions stays with tribe for three more days.
和Teton Sioux土著的誤會引起了衝突，但最後被首領Black Buffalo和平處理。考察隊在土著部落多停留了三天。
October 24, 1804
Expedition encounters earthlodge villages of Mandan and Hidatsa Indians. The captains decide to build Fort Mandan across the river from the main village.
探險隊遇到Mandan和Hidatsa印第安土屋村。上尉們決定在主村落的河對岸建一個Mandan堡壘過冬。
November 4, 1804
Toussaint Charbonneau, A French-Canadian fur trapper living with the Hidatsa, is hired as an interpreter. His wife Sacagawea, a Shoshone, is instrumental as a translator and in obtaining horses from the Shoshones.
Toussaint Charbonneau，住在Hidatsa的法國-加拿大皮毛獵人，被雇傭為翻譯。他的妻子Sacagawea，是Shoshone土著，也被雇傭為翻譯和負責從她所在的部落購買馬匹。
December 24, 1804
Fort Mandan is completed and the expedition moves in. Mandans provide food and other sustenance during brutally cold winter.
探險隊搬進了新建成的Mandan堡壘。當地人提供食品的別的用品度過嚴寒的冬天。
February 11, 1805
Sacagawea gives birth to a boy, Jean Baptiste, who travels the entire length of the expedition.
Sacagawea生了一個男孩，Jean Baptiste，他和大家一起走完了全程。
April 7, 1805
Lewis and Clark send the keelboat and 12 men back downriver with maps, reports, Indian artifacts, and scientific specimens for Jefferson. The permanent party of 33 heads west.
Lewis 和Clark派遣12人乘坐keelboat帶著他們描繪的地圖，寫的報告，印第安人的物品，和科學樣品順流而下送給總統Jefferson。剩下的33人繼續向西前進。
April 29, 1805
Lewis and another hunter kill a large grizzly bear, a species previously unknow to western science.
Lewis 和另外一個獵人殺了一頭以前不為西方科學界所知的大灰熊。
May 29-30, 1805
Clark names the Judith River in honor of Julia (Judy) Hancock, a girl in Virginia whom he hopes to marry. Lewis classifies the White Cliffs area as another of the never-ending “scenes of visionary enchantment“ encountered on the journey.
Clark以他的意中人Julia來命名Judith 河。Lewis把白岩地區稱為無盡的“迷幻視覺美景”
June 3, 1805
The expedition reaches a fork in the river. Most of the men believe the north fork, now the Marias River, to be the continuation of the Missouri. The captains choose the south fork. Lewis later writes that, while the men are not convinced that he and Clark had made the right choice. “they were ready to follow us any where we thought proper to direct.”
探險隊到了一個河流分叉口，多數人都把北分流，現在的Marias河，當成Missouri河。但上尉們選了南邊的分叉。Lewis後來寫道，雖然隊員們不認為我和Clark做出了正確的決定。但“他們繼續跟著我們認為是對的方向走。”
June 13, 1805
Scouting ahead of the rest of the expedition, Lewis reaches the Great Falls of the Missouri. He also discovers four more waterfalls farther upstream. The expedition’s 18-miles portage around the falls takes nearly a month.
Lewis 一人在前探險，他到達了Missouri大瀑布，他還發現更遠的上遊有四個瀑布。探險隊花了將近一個月抬著船隻繞過瀑布走了18英裏。
July, 1805
Lewis assembles his iron-frame boat above the Great falls, but it sinks and is abandoned. The expedition reaches the three forks of the Missouri River, and names them after Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin, Secretary of State James Madison, and President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition continues to the southwest, up the Jefferson.
Lewis在大瀑布上遊組裝了鐵架船，可惜船沉底就被遺棄了。探險隊到了Missouri河的三叉口，就以財政部長Albert Gallatin。國務卿James Madison，和總統Thomas Jefferson命名。探險隊繼續沿著西南方的Jefferson分叉前進。
August 8, 1805
Sacagawea recognizes Beaverhead Rock and ways there are nearing the homeland of her people. The Shoshones, Lewis and three others scout ahead.
Sacagawea認出鴨嘴獸頭石頭，她說快到她的部落了。Lewis帶三人先去探路。
August 12, 1805
Lewis crosses Lemhi Pass expecting to find the direct water routes to the Pacific that he and Jefferson were seeking but discovers only more and more mountain ahead, creating what he called a “snowey barrier to the Pacific.”
Lewis穿過Lemhi Pass希望找到一條直接水道通向太平洋但發現越來越多的高山。他稱為
“雪堵太平洋”。
August 15-17, 1805
Shoshones lead Lewis to their villages, where he negotiates for horses. After Clark and the rest of expedition arrive, Sacagawea meets her brother, Cameahwait, one of the Shoshone leaders, Camp Fortunate is established. On August 20, an elderly Shoshone agrees to lead the expedition across the Bitterroots to the headwaters of the Columbia.
土著Shoshones領Lewis到他們的村裏去買馬匹。Clark和隊員們都到後，Sacagawea見了她兄弟，Cameahwait，是土著Shoshones的首領之一。八月20日，一位年長的Shoshones土著人同意做向導帶他們穿過Bitterroots山到達Columbia河的源頭。
September 11, 1805
After breaking camp south of present-day Missoula, MT, the expedition ascends into the Bitterroot Mountain which Sergeant Patrick Gass calls “the most terrible mountains I ever beheld“. A week later with food running out, the men are forced to eat three colts and a stray horse. Clark names a near stream “Hungry Creek” to describe their condition.
離開今天Montana州Missoula之南的營地後，探險隊爬上Bitterroot山，中士Patrick Gass稱之為“最可怕的山“。一周後食品吃盡了，他們不得不吃了三隻小馬駒和一匹流浪馬。Clark給附近一個小溪命名為”饑餓小溪“
September 22, 1805
Nearing starvation, the expedition emerges from the Bitterroots near today’s Weippe ID, where their lives are spared by a Nez Perce woman, Watkuweis, they are fed and cared for by the Nez Perce.
差點餓死，探險隊從今天的Idaho州的Weippe穿出Bitterroots山，Nez Perce婦女，Watkuweis，救了他們。給他們吃的和照料他們。
October 16, 1805
The expedition reaches the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers, and Clark notes a dense population of tribes.
探險隊到了Columbia and Snake河的交會口，這裏，Clark寫下土著人口稠密。
October 31, 1805
Clark sees Beacon Rock and first sign of tidal water, indicating they are near the ocean.
Clark看到Beacon石頭和首次潮水，表示他們靠近大海了。
November 7, 1805
Clark, who believes he can see the ocean, pens his most famous journal entry: “Ocian in view! O! the joy.” The expedition is still a considerable distance from the sea, which Lewis finally reaches on the 15th. Terrible storms halt the expedition for nearly three weeks.
Clark，自信看到了大海，寫下了他最著名的日記： “大海在前！啊！快樂。” 探險隊離大海還有一段距離，Lewis在15號到達。可怕的風暴延誤探險隊接近三周。
November 24, 1805
Members of the expedition, including York and Sacagawea, vote to set up winter quarters on the south side of the Columbia River where Clatsop Indians told them they would find plenty of elk for food and clothing.
探險隊的成員，包括Clark的奴隸York和Sacagawea，投票在Columbia河南岸建立過冬的住處，Clatsop印第安土著告訴他們那裏有許多駝鹿可做為食品和衣服。
December 8, 1805
Construction of Fort Clatsop as winder quarters begins. The fort, says Clark, is built of the “straightest and most butifullest logs。“ The fort is named after the local Indians.
開始建立Clatsop堡壘作為過冬的住所。Clark說這個堡壘用“最直最美的圓木”建成。Clatsop堡壘以當地印第安人為名。
January 5, 1806
A saltmaking camp is established 15 miles southwest of Fort Clatsop. An essential dietary supplement, salt is also needed to preserve meat on the return trip.
在Clatsop堡壘西南15英裏的地方建了一個製鹽營地。鹽是飲食調料的必需品，也需要用鹽來保存回程的肉製食品。
March 23, 1806
With little ceremony, the Corps of Discovery departs Fort Clatsop and begins its long journey home.
沒有任何典禮，探險隊離開Clatsop堡壘，開始漫長的回程。
May – June 1806
The expedition reaches the Bitterroot Mountains but must wait for the snow to melt before crossing. For the time being, the expedition again stays with Nez Perce, whom Lewis considers “the most hospitable, honest, and sincere people that we have met with in our voyage.”
探險隊到達了Bitterroot山，但必須等雪融化。在這之間，他們還住在Nez Perce部落裏。Lewis認為他們是“在他們航行中遇到的最好客，誠實，和真誠的人。“
July 3, 1806
Recovering some horses from the Nez Perce and buying more, the expedition successfully crosses the Bitterroots, thanks to Nez Perce guides. Once across the mountains the Corps breaks into smaller groups to explore ore the Louisiana Territory. Clark and his group travel down the Yellowstone River, while Lewis and his group take the shortcut to the Great Falls. And then head north along the Marias River.
Nez Perce給了馬，他們買了更多的馬匹，感謝Nez Perce的向導，探險隊成功穿過Bitterroot山。過山之後，探險隊兵分兩路，Clark領一隊沿Yellowstone河往下走，Lewis帶一隊從大瀑布超近路沿著Marias河向北走。
July 25, 1806
Near present-day Billings, MT, Clark names a sandstone outcropping “Pompy’s Tower” (now Pompeys Pillar) after Sacagawea’s son, nicknamed Little Pomp. On the rock face Clark inscribes his own name and date.
靠近今天的Montana州的Billings，Clark以Sacagawea’s的兒子，小名Little Pomp，命名一個冒出的沙石“Pompy’s Tower“.
July 26, 1806
On their way back to the Missouri from exploring the Marias, Lewis’ party encounters eight young Piegan Blackfeet. The two groups camp together warily。The following morning the Blackfeet attempt to steal the explorers’ horses and guns. In the resulting fight – the only act of bloodshed during the entire expedition – two Blackfeet are killed.
在從Marias回來的途中，Lewis的隊伍(共四人)遇到八個年輕的Piegan Blackfeet土著。兩撥人相互警惕地露營。第二天清晨，Blackfeet土著試圖偷探險隊的馬和槍。衝突的結果- 整個遠征唯一的流血事件-兩名Blackfeet土著被殺。
August 11, 1806
Lewis is accidentally wounded in the buttocks by Pierre Cruzatte while hunting just east of present-day Williston ND. He survives and proceeds on. The next day the entire expedition is reunited farther downstream,
在今天North Dakota州的Williston東邊，Pierre Cruzatte打獵時不小心打到了Lewis的臀部。他們繼續前進，第二天和Clark分隊在下遊會合。
August 14, 1806
The expedition reaches the Mandan Villages, where Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and Jean Baptist say goodbye. Shehekeshots, A Mandan Indian, agrees to accompany the expedition to Washington, DC, to meet President Jefferson.
探險隊到了Mandan村，和Charbonneau, Sacagawea和他們的兒子Jean Baptist說再見。Shehekeshots，一位Mandan土著，同意一起到華盛頓去見總統Jefferson。
September, 1806
Speeding home with the Missouri’s current, they cover up to 70 miles a day, stopping only to pay their respects at the grave of Charles Floyd, their only casualty.
他們以一天70英裏的速度順流而下，隻在他們唯一逝去的隊員Charles Floyd的墓地稍著停留祭奠。
September 23, 1806
After twos years and four months, Lewis and Clark reach St. Louis where, according to Lewis, they “received the heartiest and most hospitable welcome from the whole village.”
經過兩年和四個月，Lewis 和Clark到達了St. Louis。據Lewis說，他們”受到了全村人的發自內心的友好歡迎。“
Fall 1806
Upon their return to Washington, Lewis and Clark are treated as heroes. The men receive double pay and 320 acres of land as a reward; the captains get 1600 acres. Lewis is named governor of the new Louisiana Territory. Clark is made Indian agent for the West and brigadier general of the territory’s militia.
他們回到華盛頓後，Lewis 和Clark受到英雄般的對待。隊員們收到雙倍工資和320英畝土地的獎勵。上尉們獎勵1600英畝的地。Lewis被命名為新Louisiana地區州長。Clark被任命為西部印第安代理和區域國民兵準將。
比如Lewis的月工資$40, Clark的是$30,中士的是$20, 普通士兵是$10. 我小孩說:現在哪裏有老板隻比員工多一倍的地方？