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簡單談談抑鬱症

(2020-01-17 18:42:34) 下一個
 

A.抑鬱症的範疇:

根據《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》(The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders簡稱DSM, 由美國精神醫學學會出版,是一本在美國與其他國家中最常使用來診斷精神疾病的指導手冊),抑鬱症是屬於心境障礙範疇(mood disorders),mood disorders也稱情感性精神障礙,過去曾稱為情感性精神病 (affective psychoses);

心境障礙是由各種原因引起的以顯著而持久的情感或心境改變為主要特征的一組疾病,以心境(情感)顯著而持久地高漲或低落為主要臨床特征的精神障礙,常伴有相應的思維和行為改變。 情感性精神障礙的表現具有很大的變異,較輕的可以是對某種負性生活事件的反應,重的則可成為一種嚴重的複發性甚至慢性致殘性障礙。病情重者可出現幻覺妄想等精神病性(psychosis)症狀。常反複發作,多數可緩解,少數殘留症狀或轉為慢性。這類精神障礙首次發病年齡多在16~30歲之間,15歲以前和60歲以後發病者均少見。 “In the DSM-IV-TR,Mood Disorders Included in this category are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder, mood disorder due to a general medical condition and substance-induced mood disorder ;

在《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》中,mood disorders 還有些相關的disorders,譬如: “Two subtypes of mood disorders include seasonal affective disorder,and postpartum depression,while premenstrual dysphoric disorder, has been proposed as a diagnosis for further study. For each of these mood disorders there are specific criteria that a person's symptoms must meet in order to receive a diagnosis. “

而最常見的,最主要的情感性精神障礙是:嚴重抑鬱症和躁鬱症(兩極型異常)(The primary mood disorders are major depression disorder and bipolar disorder --- also called manic_ depressive illness);
 

 

 


B.抑鬱症的病因&病理因素

MDD Etiology and Pathophysiology

Combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental triggers
Pathophysiology (multifactorial)-
Neurochemical dysregulation (monoamine hypothesis) –
Deficiency in norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin
Neuroendocrine dysregulation
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal system dysregulation
Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Thyroid system dysregulation
Neuroanatomic and Functional Abnormalities
Reduced frontal lobe and limbic system volumes 

 

有多種多樣的情感性精神障礙發病機製理論存在,一般有環境,社會等各種因素的影響, 但主要是生物因素的影響; 這裏, 隻簡單從 neurochemical 和 neuroendocrine 的角度說一說抑鬱症的發病機理 , 譬如:神經回路,單胺類遞質, 神經內分泌,神經免疫功能,以及神經傳導素的遺傳因素。。。 首先,了解一下中樞神經和周圍神經的主要神經傳遞素, 以及各自的功能;

這些主要的神經傳遞素是: Acetylcholine (ACh) --乙酰膽堿; Dopamine --多巴胺; Serotonin -- -羥色胺,血清素; Norepinephrine --副腎上腺素; Endorphins --內啡呔; Glutamate --穀氨酸;GABA --- r-氨基丁酸; Glycine ---甘氨酸。。。。

他們的 主要功能 見下圖, 一目了然;

Major Neurotransmitters and their Functions:

淺顯易懂:




結構功能原理:





綜合看看:

 



從上圖中, 我們不難看出, 對抑鬱症有影響的主要是: serotonin 和 norepinephrine; 另外, acetylcholine 和 dopamine 也聯係到 mood disorder;

Serotonin -- 羥色胺,血清素, Involved in the regulation of sleep, dreaming, mood, eating, pain, and aggressive behavior; 如果缺少, 則  Implicated in depression.

Norepinephrine --副腎上腺素Affects arousal, wakefulness, learning, memory, and mood; Norepinephrine levels may be deficient in depression, and increased in mania;
 
Dopamine - 多巴胺Involved in a wide variety of behaviors and emotions, including pleasure. Implicated in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.  Dopamine levels may be deficient in depression, and increased in mania;


”基因研究及臨床觀察, 某些病人具有明顯家族遺傳史。調查發現抑鬱症先證者患病機率遠高於一般人群的10—30倍,血緣關係愈近,患病機率愈高。抑鬱症產生的生物學假說有多種,抑鬱症與這些假說相關基的關聯研究均有報道。其中與單胺能神經遞質代謝,轉運,調節等相關的基因一直是抑鬱症關聯研究的熱點,包括5-羥色胺(5-HT)多個受體亞型及轉運體(5-HTT)基因、色氨酸羥化酶(TPH)1,2基因、單胺氧化酶(MAO)A基因等"
 
 
 
 
 

C.抑鬱症的臨床表現

MDD Manifestations
Depressed mood
Diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities
Notable weight loss or gain (>5% of body weight in a month)
Decrease or increase in appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia 
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings or worthlessness
Excessive or inappropriate guild
Diminished ability to concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or attempted suicide 


一般來說,女性抑鬱症患病率高,但男性抑鬱症自殺率較高。有的情感性精神障礙發病與應激性事件或生活處境有關。急性或亞急性起病躁狂症以春末夏初發病較多,而抑鬱症發病多見於秋冬季。有些女病人發作與月經周期有關或在月經期病情加重。臨床上可分為抑鬱發作,躁狂發作,雙相障礙,和持續性心境障礙4個類型。

抑鬱發作包含許多心理學的症狀,心理學伴隨症狀,譬如:焦慮, 自責自罪, 精神病性症狀, 認知症狀以及自殺觀念和行為,自知力。。。。。; 精神運動性症狀, 譬如:精神運動性興奮與精神運動性激越等)。軀體症狀,譬如:睡眠紊亂,食欲紊亂,性功能減退,精力喪失,疼痛,周身不適,自主神經功能紊亂。。。。;


抑鬱症發作的臨床表現有個體差異,有些病例的發生,會因激惹,酗酒,突發事件,或原生的恐懼強迫症狀所掩蓋。 盡管如此,某些症狀對抑鬱症的診斷具有很重要的意義;抑鬱症的核心症狀包括心境或情緒低落,興趣缺乏,和樂趣喪失,這是抑鬱的關鍵症狀,
 

 

 

 

D.抑鬱症的診斷

DSM-5-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
 
Five or more of the following have been present during the same 2 week period. At least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure:
 
Depressed mood
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities
Weight loss
Insomnia or hypersomnia 
Behavioral agitation or retardation
Loss of energy
Loss of concentration or indecisiveness
Recurrent thought of death of suicide


診斷抑鬱狀態時至少應包括depressed mood or loss of interest 症狀中的1個,至少持續兩個星期,一般早晨抑鬱加重;除此,另外還要包括上述症狀中的5個:such as anhedonia, change in weight, sleep, energy, concentration, decision making, self-esteem, and goals;

 

Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Episodes
DSM-IV Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) ,可以參見下圖:




 
 這個更清楚:

 
  
 
 
 

 E. 抑鬱症的治療和預防:

Treatment of MDD

Psychotherapy
  1. Cognitive therapy
  2. Interpersonal therapy
Pharmacotherapy
  1. SSRI
  2. SNRI
  3. Tricyclics 
  4. MAO
ECT
Other

主要是: 藥物治療, 藥物治療與心理治療相結合;  另外,Electroconvulsive Therapy,  Behavior Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Transcranial  Magnetic  Stimulation, 等等。。。。。

 

 



有病一定要看醫生, 不能道聽途說!!

Suicide  is always a primary consideration when treating patient with depression!!




 

 

 

BTW: MDD evaluation

  • Thorough history
    • medical history
    • medication / supplements intake
    • social history
    • family history
  • ROS
  • Physical examination
  • CBC, CMP, TSH, urinalysis
  • Depression screening questionnaires
    • PHQ-9, BDI-II


附一個抑鬱症screening questionnaires:

 




 

 




 

 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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